In re: William Spencer Reingold and Alida Ann Reingold

FILED MAR 19 2013 1 SUSAN M SPRAUL, CLERK U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT 2 3 UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL 4 OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT 5 In re: ) BAP Nos. CC-12-1112-PaDKi ) CC-12-1141-PaDKi 6 WILLIAM SPENCER REINGOLD and ) (Cross Appeals) ALIDA ANN REINGOLD, ) 7 ) Bankr. No. 10-24329-RN Debtors. ) 8 ___________________________________) Adv. Proc. No. 10-01903-RN ) 9 WILLIAM SPENCER REINGOLD, ) ) 10 Appellant and ) Cross-Appellee, ) 11 ) v. ) M E M O R A N D U M1 12 ) SHARON SHAFFER, ) 13 ) Appellee and ) 14 Cross-Appellant. ) ___________________________________) 15 Argued and Submitted on February 22, 2013, 16 at Pasadena, California 17 Filed - March 19, 2013 18 Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Central District of California 19 Honorable Charles E. Rendlen, III, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding 20 21 Appearances: Shai S. Oved argued for appellant William Spencer Reingold; Philip Dennis Dapeer argued for appellee 22 Sharon Shaffer. 23 Before: PAPPAS, DUNN and KIRSCHER, Bankruptcy Judges. 24 25 26 1 This disposition is not appropriate for publication. 27 Although it may be cited for whatever persuasive value it may have (see Fed. R. App. P. 32.1), it has no precedential value. See 9th 28 Cir. BAP Rule 8013-1.

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1 Chapter 72 debtor William Spencer Reingold (“Reingold”) 2 appeals from a decision of the bankruptcy court determining that 3 $76,000 of a total debt of $126,000 he owed to creditor Sharon 4 Shaffer (“Shaffer”) was excepted from discharge under 5 § 523(a)(2)(A). Shaffer cross-appeals, arguing that the total 6 debt should be excepted from discharge under § 523(a)(2)(A). We 7 AFFIRM. 8 FACTS 9 Reingold is a contractor and real estate developer. In 2008, 10 he hoped to purchase and rehabilitate a single-family residence in 11 Santa Barbara that had been damaged by fire (the “Property”). At 12 some point not clear in the record, but before having contact with 13 or receiving any funds from Shaffer, Reingold withdrew money from 14 his children’s IRA accounts and made a deposit of $32,000 into 15 escrow for the purchase of the Property. 16 Reingold did not have sufficient funds from his available 17 resources to complete the acquisition of and work on the Property, 18 nor to meet his other business expenses. Reingold enlisted 19 Shaffer’s financial aid. 20 On October 24, 2011, Shaffer gave Reingold a check for 21 $50,000. Reingold cashed it and the check cleared the bank on 22 October 28, 2011. Reingold asserts that the money given to him by 23 Shaffer was intended to be a general purpose loan to support his 24 business. Shaffer disputes this, and contends that the loan was 25 26 2 Unless otherwise indicated, all chapter, section and rule references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532, and 27 to the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, Rules 1001-9037. The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure are referred to as Civil 28 Rules.

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1 intended solely for Reingold’s use to acquire and improve the 2 Property. 3 On October 31, 2011, Reingold and Shaffer signed a Loan 4 Agreement and Promissory Note (the “Loan Agreement”), prepared by 5 Reingold, containing, in part, the following terms: 6 [SHAFFER] agrees to loan [REINGOLD] the sum of $126,000 dollars (Hereinafter, “the Loan Amount”) to be used for 7 purchase and rehabilitation of [the Property]. FOR VALUE RECEIVED, [REINGOLD] promises to pay to the order 8 of [SHAFFER] the sum of $150,000 dollars within one year. . . . If the Loan Amount is not repaid within one 9 year interest thereafter will accrue at a rate of 16% annually on any unpaid principal or interest. Upon 10 acquisition of the [Property] [REINGOLD] grants [SHAFFER] an immediate secured interest in [the 11 PROPERTY] as a secondary lienholder. 12 On November 17, 2008, Shaffer gave Reingold a second check, 13 this one for $76,000. The check cleared the bank on November 25, 14 2011. 15 On April 20, 2009, Reingold canceled the escrow on the 16 Property and the $32,000 deposit was refunded to him. 17 On July 21, 2009, Shaffer sued Reingold in state court for 18 breach of contract and to collect on the promissory note. Shaffer 19 conceded in the bankruptcy court that she did not assert a cause 20 of action for fraud against Reingold in state court. The state 21 court granted a default judgment against Reingold in favor of 22 Shaffer on November 4, 2009, for $126,000 in damages, $12,047.00 23 interest, $43,069.00 attorney’s fees, and $2,595.00 costs, for a 24 total of $183,711.00. 25 Reingold and his wife filed a petition under chapter 7 on 26 April 14, 2010. 27 Shaffer filed an adversary complaint against Reingold on 28 May 24, 2010, and a First Amended Complaint (“FAC”) on August 24,

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1 2010. In the FAC, Shaffer sought a determination that the debt 2 owed by Reingold3 to her was excepted from discharge in bankruptcy 3 under § 523(a)(2)(A). Specifically, Shaffer alleged that the 4 representations made to her by Reingold in the Loan Agreement — 5 that the loan proceeds would be used for the purchase and 6 rehabilitation of the Property — were false and fraudulent at the 7 time they were made; that Reingold was aware of that falsity; that 8 Reingold made those representations with the intent to obtain the 9 loan and to defraud Shaffer; and that Shaffer relied on those 10 representations and was proximately damaged by them. Reingold 11 filed an answer on September 21, 2010, admitting that he signed 12 the promissory note and Loan Agreement, but generally denying the 13 remaining allegations. 14 Shaffer submitted a trial brief to the bankruptcy court in 15 which she argued that: (1) Reingold obtained the loan proceeds of 16 $126,000 based on false statements, which were compounded by 17 Reingold’s concealment of material facts, such as his financial 18 inability to acquire the Property and his intention to use the 19 funds for purposes other than the Project; (2) Reingold never 20 intended to use the loan proceeds for the purpose he represented 21 to Shaffer; (3) Reingold did not use the proceeds for their 22 intended purpose; (4) Shaffer was victimized by Reingold. 23 Reingold’s trial brief acknowledged that he had defaulted on 24 his contractual obligations under the Loan Agreement, but denied 25 that he committed any fraud. Generally, Reingold asserted that he 26 3 In her First Amended Complaint, Shaffer asserted that 27 Reingold’s wife, Alida Ann Reingold, was also responsible for the debt. The parties agreed to dismiss Alida as a defendant with 28 prejudice before the trial in the adversary began.

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1 did not make any material misrepresentations, with knowledge of 2 any falsity, upon which Shaffer relied and sustained injury. 3 The bankruptcy court conducted a trial on November 28, 2011. 4 Shaffer and Reingold were represented by counsel. They were the 5 only two witnesses, and both were subject to cross-examination. 6 At the close of testimony, the court took the issues under 7 advisement. 8 On January 9, 2012, the bankruptcy court announced its oral 9 decision on the record. It found that the debt represented by the 10 $76,000 check given by Shaffer to Reingold was excepted from 11 discharge under § 523(a)(2)(A) because those loan proceeds were 12 obtained by false pretenses and used for purposes other than as 13 specifically represented in the Loan Agreement. 14 On the other hand, the bankruptcy court ruled that the debt 15 represented by the $50,000 check could be discharged. The court 16 found that the money represented a general purpose loan from 17 Shaffer to Reingold for development of the Property. The court 18 would later in its findings observe that a general purpose loan is 19 that “for which the borrower could use the loan for any purpose.” 20 The bankruptcy court entered a judgment in favor of Shaffer 21 and against Reingold on February 16, 2012, for $76,000, which it 22 declared to be excepted from discharge under § 523(a)(2)(A). 23 Reingold timely appealed the judgment. Shaffer filed a timely 24 cross-appeal. 25 JURISDICTION 26 The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1334 27 and 157(b)(2)(I). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 158. 28

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1 ISSUES 2 Whether the bankruptcy court erred in determining that the 3 debt represented by the $50,000 check was not excepted from 4 discharge under § 523(a)(2)(A). 5 Whether the bankruptcy court erred in finding that the debt 6 represented by the $76,000 check was excepted from discharge under 7 § 523(a)(2)(A). 8 STANDARDS OF REVIEW 9 The question whether a claim is excepted from discharge under 10 § 523(a)(2)(A) presents mixed issues of law and fact which we 11 review de novo. Diamond v. Kolcum (In re Diamond), 285 F.3d 822, 12 826 (9th Cir. 2001). We review the bankruptcy court’s findings of 13 fact for clear error. Honkanen v. Hopper (In re Honkanen), 14 446 B.R. 373, 378 (9th Cir. BAP 2011). 15 DISCUSSION 16 Section 523(a)(2)(A) provides that: “A discharge . . . does 17 not discharge an individual debtor from any debt . . . (2) for 18 money, property, services, or an extension, renewal, or 19 refinancing of credit, to the extent obtained, by — (A) false 20 pretenses, a false representation, or actual fraud[.]” To 21 demonstrate to the bankruptcy court that a debt should be excepted 22 from discharge under § 523(a)(2)(A), a creditor must prove five 23 elements: (1) misrepresentation, fraudulent omission or deceptive 24 conduct by the debtor; (2) knowledge of the falsity or 25 deceptiveness of his statement or conduct; (3) an intent to 26 deceive; (4) justifiable reliance by the creditor on the debtor's 27 statement or conduct; and (5) damage to the creditor proximately 28 caused by its reliance on the debtor's statement or conduct.

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1 Ghomeshi v. Sabban (In re Sabban), 600 F.3d 1219, 1222 (9th Cir. 2 2010); Oney v. Weinberg (In re Weinberg), 410 B.R. 19, 35 (9th 3 Cir. BAP 2009). The creditor bears the burden of proving all five 4 elements by a preponderance of the evidence. Grogan v. Garner, 5 498 U.S. 279, 291 (1991); In re Weinberg, 410 B.R. at 35. 6 This appeal focuses on whether Reingold made fraudulent 7 representations to Shaffer to obtain the loans and, if so, when. 8 Reingold argues that he never misrepresented his intent to Shaffer 9 and, thus, the bankruptcy court erred in holding any portion of 10 his debt to Shaffer excepted from discharge. Shaffer defends the 11 decision of the bankruptcy court that the $76,000 she paid to 12 Reingold on November 17 was excepted from discharge, but argues in 13 her cross-appeal that the Loan Agreement signed on October 31, 14 2008, was an integrated contract and, therefore, the bankruptcy 15 court was obliged to treat funds received both on October 24, 16 2008, and November 17, 2008, as a single transaction for purposes 17 of measuring Reingold’s entitlement to a discharge for purposes of 18 § 523(a)(2)(A). 19 I. 20 The bankruptcy court did not err in determining that the debt represented by the $50,000 check was not excepted from 21 discharge under § 523(a)(2)(A). 22 In resolving the issues, we must first examine the timing of 23 the relevant events in this case. The parties hotly dispute 24 whether there was a misrepresentation4 and when it occurred. 25 4 26 The parties and the court have used the terms “misrepresentation,” “false representation” and “false pretenses” 27 interchangeably. Properly viewed, there are distinctions. A false representation is an express misrepresentation, while a 28 (continued...)

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1 Reingold acknowledged at trial that he signed the Loan 2 Agreement on October 31, 2008. 3 Q: [The Loan Agreement] has a date — that’s your signature on page 1-21? 4 REINGOLD: Yes, it is. 5 Q: And it’s dated October 31, 2008. Do you recall 6 signing this at that time? 7 REINGOLD: Yes, sir. 8 Trial Tr. 7:11-13. Shaffer then testified: 9 Q: You signed [the Loan Agreement] on October 31, 2008, correct? 10 SHAFFER: Yes, I did. 11 Q: And Mr. Reingold signed it at the same time, 12 correct? 13 SHAFFER: Yes, he did. 14 Trial Tr. 63:11-14, November 28, 2011. Despite some later 15 equivocation by Shaffer,5 based on the evidence, the bankruptcy 16 4 17 (...continued) false pretense refers to an implied misrepresentation or conduct 18 intended to create and foster a false impression. See In re Young, 91 F.3d 1367, 1374 (10th Cir. 1996) (citing Itaparica, Ltd. 19 v. Hargrove (In re Hargrove), 164 B.R. 768, 772 (Bankr. N.D. Okla. 1994) (recognizing that an implied representation constitutes 20 "false pretenses" for purposes of § 523(a)(2)(A))). The parties have not raised any issue regarding the distinction between false 21 representation and false pretense and so we will not examine the question. Smith v. Young (In re Young), 208 B.R. 189, 199 (Bankr. 22 S.D. Cal. 1997) (“The conceptual difficulty attending such a fine differentiation, however, leads courts to typically ignore the 23 negligible difference between the two phrases.”) 5 24 Shaffer would state under cross-examination that she gave Reingold the $50,000 check at the same time that she signed the 25 Loan Agreement. Trial Tr. 70:2-6. She also indicated that they dated the Loan Agreement for October 31 because “I think silly on 26 my end. I just wanted to extend that year — that year long period, span.” However, she did not give any specific date other 27 than October 24 for delivery of the check and October 31 for signing the Loan Agreement. And to the extent that this 28 (continued...)

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1 court could properly find that the Loan Agreement, with its 2 alleged misrepresentation, was executed by the parties on 3 October 31, 2008. 4 It was also established in the bankruptcy court as a matter 5 of disputed fact that Shaffer gave Reingold the check for $50,000 6 on October 24 or, in other words, before the parties executed the 7 Loan Agreement. The evidence in the record confirms that the 8 check was dated and signed by Shaffer on October 24, and that the 9 check was honored by the bank on October 28, 2008. The proof also 10 showed that the second check for $76,000 was given by Shaffer to 11 Reingold on November 17, 2008, after the Loan Agreement was 12 signed. 13 Against this temporal sequence, the bankruptcy court found 14 that: “[The $76,000] loan proceeds were to be used only for the 15 development of the [Property]. Such representations were the 16 inducement for Plaintiff Sharon Shaffer to make the loan to 17 Defendant William Reingold. The specifics and restrictions, 18 including the material representation that the $76,000 was to be 19 used for this property were established on October 31st, 2008.” 20 H’rg Tr. 4:2-10, Jan. 9, 2012. 21 In her cross-appeal, Shaffer does not challenge the 22 bankruptcy court’s finding that Reingold’s representation 23 concerning his proposed use of the loan funds was made on 24 25 5 (...continued) 26 contradicts both her earlier testimony and the testimony of Reingold, the bankruptcy court did not clearly err in accepting 27 the dates on which both parties’ testimonies agree, that is, October 24 for delivery of the $50,000 check and October 31, 2008, 28 when both parties signed the Loan Agreement.

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1 October 31 in the Loan Agreement. Instead, she argues that, as 2 the Loan Agreement expressly provides, the parties’ agreement was 3 an integrated contract governing the terms of the total loan of 4 $126,000. Under California contract law, since the parties’ 5 intent was that there was but a single loan, Shaffer argues that 6 the bankruptcy court erred by its finding that there were, in 7 fact, two loans made by Shaffer to Reingold. Because there was 8 only one loan, and because that loan was conditioned on the terms 9 in the Loan Agreement restricting Reingold’s use of the loan 10 proceeds to acquiring and developing the Property, Shaffer insists 11 the total debt must be excepted from discharge under 12 § 523(a)(2)(A). 13 Shaffer’s argument misses the point. As it arises in the 14 context of Reingold’s bankruptcy case, this contest does not 15 implicate state contract law, nor the interpretation of the terms 16 of the Loan Agreement. Instead, the critical issue is if and when 17 Reingold engaged in any fraud in connection with Shaffer’s 18 extension of credit to him, and the disposition of that question 19 is through application of § 523(a)(2)(A). 20 There is no dispute that Reingold was indebted to Shaffer for 21 $126,000 as evidenced by the Loan Agreement. Nor is it disputed 22 that the Loan Agreement contains a clause that the loan proceeds 23 were to be used for the purchase and development of the Property. 24 What is disputed is whether that contract clause constituted a 25 misrepresentation, known to be false by Reingold, that was 26 intended to defraud Shaffer, and whether Shaffer relied on that 27 representation and suffered a proximate injury as a result. Those 28 concerns derive exclusively from federal bankruptcy law, not state

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1 law. Grogan, 498 U.S. at 284.6 2 It is perhaps unfortunate that the bankruptcy court seemed to 3 refer to the checks issued on October 24, 2008, and November 7, 4 2008, as independent loans. However, a fair review of the record 5 indicates that the court was attempting to distinguish between the 6 two payments by Shaffer to Reingold in relation to his 7 representation about his intended use of the loan proceeds. In 8 this respect, the bankruptcy court correctly noted that one 9 payment was made by Shaffer before Reingold’s actionable fraud 10 under the bankruptcy law occurred, and the other afterwards. 11 In particular, the facts found by the bankruptcy court were 12 that the $50,000 payment was made to Reingold on October 24, 2008. 13 However, Reingold would not make the misrepresentation that the 14 loan proceeds would be used solely to acquire and develop the 15 Property until the Loan Agreement was presented to Shaffer on 16 October 31, 2008. To except a debt from discharge under 17 § 523(a)(2)(A), the critical misrepresentation must occur at or 18 before the point where “the money was obtained.” Campos v. Beck 19 (In re Beck), 2012 WL 2127751 at *3 (Bankr. D. Ariz. June 11, 20 2012) (“The plaintiff must make an ‘initial showing that the 21 alleged fraud existed at the time of, and has been the methodology 22 23 6 Reingold also attempts to argue principles of contract law are applicable here. He suggests that this is a contest over a 24 breach of contract, which he freely admits he committed, and he concedes that Shaffer holds a dischargeable claim against him for 25 $126,000. But Reingold fails to appreciate the distinction between breach of contract and fraud. As our Court of Appeals 26 explained the critical difference, breach of contract is the “failure to honor one’s promise, but breaking a promise that one 27 intends not to keep is fraud.” United States v. Univ. of Phoenix, 461 F.3d 1166, 1172 (9th Cir. 2006)(citing United States ex rel. 28 Main v. Oakland City Univ., 426 F.3d 914 (7th Cir. 2005).

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1 by which, the money, property or services were obtained.’”), 2 quoting Conn. Attys. Title Ins. Co. v Budnick (In re Budnick), 3 469 B.R. 158, 174 (Bankr. D. Conn. 2012); Aslakson v. Freese 4 (In re Freese), 472 B.R. 907, 918 (Bankr. D.N.D. 2012); 5 In re Woodall, 177 B.R. 517, 523-24 (Bankr. D. Md. 1995); 6 In re Ethridge, 80 B.R. 581, 587 (Bankr. M.D. Ga. 1987). In other 7 words, misrepresentations made by a debtor to a creditor after the 8 credit has been extended have no effect upon the discharge of the 9 debt. 10 Simply put, the target misrepresentation must have existed at 11 the inception of the debt, and a creditor must prove that he or 12 she relied on that misrepresentation. As the Panel has explained, 13 For purposes of [§] 523(a)(2), however, the timing of the fraud and the elements to prove fraud focus on the 14 time when the lender . . . made the extension of credit to the Debtor. . . . In other words, . . . the inquiry 15 of whether a creditor justifiably relied on Debtor's alleged misrepresentations is focused on the moment in 16 time when that creditor extended the funds to Debtor. See McClellan v. Cantrell, 217 F.3d 890, 896 (7th Cir. 17 2000)(Ripple, Circuit Judge, concurring) (noting Congress' use of "obtained by" in § 523(a)(2) "clearly 18 indicates that fraudulent conduct occurred at the inception of the debt, i.e. the debtor committed a 19 fraudulent act to induce the creditor to part with his money or property."). 20 21 New Falls Corp. v. Boyajian (In re Boyajian), 367 B.R. 138, 147 22 (9th Cir. BAP 2007) (citing Bombardier Capital, Inc. v. Dobek 23 (In re Dobek), 278 B.R. 496, 508 (Bankr. N.D. Ill. 2002)). As a 24 leading treatise explains, “if the property and services were 25 obtained before the making of any false representation, subsequent 26 misrepresentations will have no effect on dischargeability.” 27 4 COLLIER ON BANKRUPTCY ¶ 523.08[1] (Alan N. Resnick & Henry J. 28 Sommer, eds., 16th ed., 2012).

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1 Here, the bankruptcy court found that the only representation 2 made by Reingold to Shaffer in connection with the $50,000 check 3 paid on October 24, 2008, was that it was to be a general purpose 4 loan, to be used in conducting his business, which the court 5 characterized as a “loan for which the borrower could use the loan 6 proceeds for any purpose.” H’rg Tr. 5:20-21. Moreover, the court 7 found that Reingold “did use a portion of the $50,000, as well as 8 personal effort and services, toward the project.” H’rg Tr. 5:6- 9 8. 10 Whether the debtor made a misrepresentation is a finding of 11 fact reviewed for clear error. Candland v. Ins. Co. of N. Am. 12 (In re Candland), 90 F.3d 1466 (9th Cir. 1996) (citing In re 13 Lansford, 822 F.2d 902, 904 (9th Cir. 1987)). The bankruptcy 14 court’s finding that no misrepresentation was made by Reingold to 15 Shaffer until October 31, 2008, a week after she gave him the 16 initial $50,000 check, is supported by the record and was not 17 clearly erroneous. Because no misrepresentation occurred at or 18 before the time of the $50,000 payment, the Panel need not review 19 whether the other elements for an exception to discharge under 20 § 523(a)(2)(A) are present as to that payment. The bankruptcy 21 court did not err in determining that the debt represented by the 22 $50,000 check was not excepted from discharge under 23 § 523(a)(2)(A). 24 II. The bankruptcy court did not err in determining that the 25 $76,000 payment was excepted from discharge under §523(a)(2)(A). 26 27 Reingold argues that the bankruptcy court erred when it 28 decided that his debt to Shaffer for the $76,000 payment was

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1 excepted from discharge. He contends that the entire $126,000 2 debt was dischargeable. At bottom, Reingold’s position amounts to 3 a challenge to the bankruptcy court’s fact findings and lacks 4 merit. 5 A. Misrepresentation. As discussed above, the bankruptcy 6 court found that Reingold represented in the Loan Agreement that 7 the $76,000 he received from Shaffer was to be specifically and 8 solely used for acquisition of and work on the Property, and that 9 he would account for his use of the funds to Shaffer. In 10 particular, in the words of the bankruptcy court, through the Loan 11 Agreement, "Debtor [represented that the] loan proceeds were to be 12 used only for the development of the [Property]. Such 13 representations were the inducement for Plaintiff Sharon Shaffer 14 to make the loan to Defendant William Reingold. The specifics and 15 restrictions . . . were established on October 31, 2008." Hr’g 16 Tr. 4:8-10. The court then found that “the $76,000 loan was to be 17 specifically used and accounted for by the Defendant. That the 18 Defendant obtained the loan by false pretenses in that he failed 19 to specifically account, keep the Plaintiff informed and 20 utilize[d] the funds for purposes that can only be assumed for 21 other than specifically intended on the development of the 22 [Property].” H’rg Tr. 5:9-16. The court also found that, at the 23 time he entered into the Loan Agreement, Reingold “concealed from 24 [Shaffer] . . . [his] intention not to use the loan proceeds 25 strictly in accordance with the purpose of the $76,000 loan 26 contract.” H’rg Tr. 6:1-3. Simply stated, the bankruptcy court 27 found that Reingold intentionally concealed his intent to use the 28 $76,000 in loan funds as specifically agreed in the Loan Agreement

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1 for purposes other than acquisition and development of the 2 Property. 3 A debtor’s silence or omission of a material fact can 4 constitute a false representation which is actionable under 5 § 523(a)(2)(A). Citibank (South Dakota), N.A. v. Eashai 6 (In re Eashai), 87 F.3d 1082, 1088-89 (9th Cir. 1996). Moreover, 7 “[t]he nature of a scheme to defraud by false representations can 8 be shown by accumulated evidence . . . and subsequent conduct.” 9 United States v. Gibson, 690 F.2d 697, 701 (9th Cir. 1982). In 10 this case, Reingold’s failure to account to Shaffer for the use of 11 the loan proceeds when she requested that he do so, and his 12 failure to adequately account to the court for the money, could 13 evidence Reingold’s fraudulent intent.7 14 The bankruptcy court considered the testimony of the parties 15 on this topic from both Reingold and Shaffer. Reingold insisted 16 that he never concealed information from Shaffer with the intent 17 to defraud her. Indeed, Reingold testified that he specifically 18 told Shaffer that he would use the funds for purposes other than 19 the Project. Trial Tr. 117:8-10. Shaffer was equally adamant 20 that Reingold never told her that he would use the funds for 21 purposes other than the Project and she would not have provided 22 23 7 Reingold argues that the bankruptcy court’s findings that 24 faulted him for his failure to account to Shaffer, or to the court, for the use of the $76,000 demonstrates that the court 25 conflated the elements for an exception to discharge for fraud or defalcation by a fiduciary under § 523(a)(4) with those required 26 to show actual fraud under § 523(a)(2)(A). This argument is misplaced. Shaffer did not allege a claim for relief under 27 § 523(a)(4). And as discussed above, Reingold’s failure to account for the loan funds was apparently viewed by the bankruptcy 28 court as evidence of Reingold’s intent to conceal his fraudulent conduct. The bankruptcy court did not err in this regard.

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1 the funds to him had she known that Reingold would use them for a 2 purpose outside the restrictions of the Loan Agreement. Trial Tr. 3 64:9-14. As noted above, whether there was a misrepresentation is 4 a question of fact reviewed for clear error. In re Candland, 5 90 F.3d at 1466. "Where there are two permissible views of the 6 evidence, the factfinder's choice between them cannot be clearly 7 erroneous."). Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, NC, 470 U.S. 8 564, 574, (1985). And we must defer to a bankruptcy court’s 9 findings based on testimonial evidence. Rule 8013. 10 Here, the bankruptcy court did not clearly err when it found 11 that Reingold made a misrepresentation to Shaffer concerning his 12 intended use of the $76,000 in loan proceeds. 13 B. Knowledge of the falsity or deceptiveness of a statement, 14 or conduct and an intent to deceive. The bankruptcy court found 15 that Reingold actively concealed his true purpose not to apply all 16 the restricted funds to acquiring or developing the Property. 17 Knowledge of the falsity or deceptiveness of a statement is a 18 question of fact. Runnion v. Pedrazzini (In re Pedrazzini), 19 644 F.2d 756, 758 (9th Cir. 1981) (The existence of scienter is a 20 question of fact, not to be reversed on appeal unless clearly 21 erroneous.). The bankruptcy court had testimony from both parties 22 and its ruling, again based on conflicting testimonial evidence, 23 is not clearly erroneous. 24 Moreover, the bankruptcy court had evidence of Reingold’s 25 behavior subsequent to the Loan Agreement from which it could 26 infer that Reingold did not intend to apply the funds solely to 27 the Property. It is well established that courts can consider 28 subsequent conduct in determining fraudulent intent as long as

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1 that conduct provides an indication of the debtor's state of mind 2 at the time of the false representations. Williamson v. Busconi, 3 87 F.3d 602, 603 (1st Cir. 1996) (explaining that "subsequent 4 conduct may reflect back to the promisor's state of mind and thus 5 may be considered in ascertaining whether there was fraudulent 6 intent at the time the promise was made"); Strominger v. Giquinto 7 (In re Giquinto), 388 B.R. 152, 167 (Bankr. E.D. Pa. 2008) 8 (stating that "[a]n often employed indicia, especially with 9 respect to fraudulent actions under § 523(a)(2)(A), centers on a 10 debtor's subsequent conduct"); Siebanoller v. Rahrig 11 (In re Rahrig), 373 B.R. 829, 834 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio 2007) (same); 12 Stein v. Tripp (In re Tripp), 357 B.R. 544, 548 (Bankr. D. Ariz. 13 2006) (noting that a court "may consider subsequent conduct to the 14 extent that it provides an insight into the debtor's state of mind 15 at the time of the representations"); Lucas v. Lyle (In re Lyle), 16 334 B.R. 324, 334 (Bankr. D. Mass. 2005) (explaining that 17 "subsequent conduct can reflect a debtor's state of mind at the 18 time the representation is made"); Visotsky v. Woolley 19 (In re Woolley), 145 B.R. 830, 836 (Bankr. E.D. Va. 1991) (same); 20 Miller v. Krause (In re Krause), 114 B.R. 582, 606 (Bankr. N.D. 21 Ind. 1988) (same). 22 Shaffer testified that Reingold failed to communicate any 23 information regarding his efforts to acquire and rehabilitate the 24 Property. He provided no written accounting or other financial 25 statements regarding her investment. Trial Tr. 65:12. He did not 26 inform her that he had canceled escrow on the Property and taken 27 the funds back in his own name. Trial Tr. 65:24. Indeed, Shaffer 28 never found out about the canceled escrow until she filed her

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1 state court lawsuit. Trial Tr. 66:20. Reingold did not dispute 2 that testimony. 3 The only documentary evidence produced at trial concerning 4 his use of the loan proceeds was Reingold’s selection of checks 5 that he alleged represented expenditures from Shaffer’s funds on 6 the Project. However, in his testimony, Reingold was unable to 7 link the checks to the Property or establish that the funds were 8 provided by Shaffer. For example: (1) Check 1033 for $2,000, for 9 “taxes for IEG Corporation” for the period 2006-2007, well before 10 Shaffer was involved with Reingold or the Project.” Trial Tr. 11 33:3-5. (2) Check 1037, dated December 23, 2008, for $5,000, for 12 “expenses and salary for subs.” Reingold testified that he did 13 not know what work was done for that $5,000. Trial Tr. 35:1. 14 (3) Two checks not identified in Reingold’s testimony totaling 15 $23,000. Reingold was not able to state whether the $23,000 was 16 partly or fully attributed to the Project. Trial Tr. 35:16-22. 17 (4) Check 4157 for $5,187 to the California Franchise Tax Board 18 for “state taxes.” In testimony, Reingold admitted “I don’t know 19 if it had anything to do with [the Project]. Probably nothing.” 20 Trial Tr. 36:20-21. (5) Check 4176 for $3,000 to Natalia 21 Avenegas. Reingold testified, “I don’t remember who she was.” 22 Trial Tr. 38:4. (6) A check in October 2008 to IEG (a wholly 23 owned corporation of Reingold) for $17,000 marked “Loan to IEG.” 24 Reingold testified that the $17,000 was for “construction projects 25 that I had running at that time.” Trial Tr. 38:20-21. In short, 26 on their faces, the checks submitted by Reingold in discovery and 27 then admitted in the bankruptcy court do not conclusively support 28 his argument that the expenditures they represent were related in

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1 full to the Project. 2 Moreover, Reingold never properly established the source of 3 the funds for the checks. Reingold failed to provide in discovery 4 or at trial the bank statements to trace the source of the funds 5 for the checks. After testifying that he had lost or misplaced 6 financial records following a fire and burglary at his home, Trial 7 Tr. 52:8-22, this colloquy followed with counsel for Shaffer: 8 COUNSEL: So, did you ever make any effort to get [the bank statements and missing checks] online or directly 9 from the bank? Calling on the bank and asking for the copies of these — of the bank statements over this 10 period of time so that I or Ms. Shaffer could do an accounting as to what money came in and out of the 11 account to which you deposited her loan proceeds? 12 REINGOLD: No, I just acquired the checks that we used to – that we spent to the money, that we could find. 13 14 Trial Tr. 52:22–53:4. Without the supporting bank statements, 15 neither the parties nor the bankruptcy court could trace the funds 16 from Shaffer to Reingold. 17 In sum, the bankruptcy court had testimonial evidence that 18 Reingold withheld information from Shaffer about his work on the 19 Project. He failed to inform Shaffer that he had stopped escrow 20 on the Project and claimed the funds for himself. He was not able 21 to provide documentary evidence that he had used Shaffer’s funds 22 for their intended purpose. And he was unable to provide adequate 23 records related to either the Project or use of Shaffer’s funds. 24 Reingold’s subsequent conduct, therefore, exhibited two badges of 25 fraud as discussed in a recent bankruptcy court decision: 26 For purposes of § 523(a)(2)(A), a common badge of fraud concerns whether a defendant made any effort to perform 27 their obligation. Chase Bank v. Brumbaugh (In re Brumbaugh), 383 B.R. 907, 912 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio 2007). 28 As this Court previously explained: "as a general rule,

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1 the greater the extent of a debtor's performance, the less likely it will be that they possessed an intent to 2 defraud." Ewing v. Bissonnette (In re Bissonnette), 398 B.R. 189, 194 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio 2008). 3 4 Bartson v. Marroquin (In re Marroquin), 441 B.R. 586, 593 (Bankr. 5 N.D. Ohio 2010). The Bartson court went on to identify “failure 6 to keep adequate records” as another badge of fraud in a debtor’s 7 subsequent conduct that would show intent to defraud for 8 § 523(a)(2)(A) purposes. Id. 9 Here, the bankruptcy court did not clearly err in finding 10 that: 11 The Court finds that the $76,000 loan was to be specifically used and accounted for by [REINGOLD]. That 12 [REINGOLD] obtained the loan by false pretenses in that he failed to specifically account, keep [SHAFFER] 13 informed and utilize the funds for purposes that can only be assumed for other than specifically intended on 14 the development of the [PROPERTY]. 15 Hr’g Tr. 5:11-16. 16 C. Justifiable reliance by the creditor on the debtor's 17 statement or conduct. The bankruptcy court found that Shaffer 18 relied on Reingold’s misrepresentation and concealment. Whether 19 Shaffer justifiably relied on Reingold’s misrepresentation is a 20 question of fact. Eugene Parks Law Corp. Defined Benefit Pension 21 Plan v. Kirsh (In re Kirsh), 973 F.2d 1454, 1456 (9th Cir. 1982); 22 Deitz v. Ford (In re Deitz), 469 B.R. 11, 34 (9th Cir. BAP 2012). 23 There is nothing in the record to indicate a reason why Shaffer 24 should not rely on the representation in the Loan Agreement that 25 funds would be used on the Property. Shaffer testified that she 26 was acquainted with Reingold from their mutual interest in 27 surfing, that she was aware that Reingold was a contractor, and 28 that she was given a prospectus concerning the Property by

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1 Reingold before signing the Loan Agreement. There is nothing 2 apparent in this record to indicate that Shaffer should not trust 3 Reingold’s representations. It was not clearly erroneous for the 4 bankruptcy court to conclude that Shaffer justifiably relied on 5 the misrepresentations of Reingold. 6 D. Damage to the creditor proximately caused by the debtor's 7 statement or conduct. The bankruptcy court found that Shaffer 8 “was damaged in the amount which the court now determines 9 to be [$]76,000 of the loan proceeds based upon defendant’s 10 failure to account for the use and disposition of the Shaffer loan 11 proceeds.” Hr’g Tr. 6:5-9. Determination of proximate cause and 12 assessing damages under § 523(a) is a question of fact. Britton 13 v. Price (In re Britton), 950 F.2d 602, 605 (9th Cir. 1991). The 14 bankruptcy court did not clearly err in determining that Shaffer 15 was proximately damaged in the amount of $76,000. 16 In sum, the record supports the bankruptcy court’s decision 17 that the debt to Shaffer for the $76,000 arose as a result of 18 Reingold’s fraudulent misrepresentation and is excepted from 19 discharge under § 523(a)(2)(A).8 20 CONCLUSION 21 We AFFIRM the judgment of the bankruptcy court. 22 23 8 24 Reingold raises several issues regarding evidentiary rulings made by the bankruptcy court. However, Reingold does not 25 specify the particular evidentiary rulings to which he objected, nor whether he raised the objections challenged on appeal in the 26 bankruptcy court. Reingold does not explain how the bankruptcy court’s evidentiary rulings were prejudicial. We will not reverse 27 even erroneous evidentiary rulings unless they are prejudicial. Allstate Ins. Co. v. Herron, 634 F.3d 1101, 1110 (9th Cir. 2011). 28 We therefore decline to consider Reingold’s evidentiary challenges.

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