María Jiménez v. People

Mr. Justice Blanco Lugo delivered the opinion of the Court. On July 4, 1954, between 5:30 and 6:00 in the afternoon, state policeman Andrés Belén, who was on duty in the town of San Sebastián, had an argument with citizen Justino Ortiz Valentin. During said argument Ortiz referred to the officer in such terms as “bully” and “insolent.” The policeman ordered him to keep quiet, and according to the testimony of one of the witnesses, he spoke to him in an aggressive manner. Several persons intervened and persuaded Ortiz to board a public service bus belonging to him and to leave the place.1 Ortiz went to his home with two small children of his who were accompanying him. Officer Belén followed Ortiz’ vehicle and when the latter got off in front of his house, the policeman, without further incident or provocation, fired a shot at him, thereby causing his death. According to the testimony of one of the witnesses, the policeman said “I’m looking for you, you scoundrel,” when he fired the shot. The evidence does not clearly show that the original argument was motivated by any attempt on the part of officer Belén to lodge a complaint against Ortiz or arrest him ; [197] it rather tends to determine that the deceased was not committing any crime whatsoever.2 On April 1, 1955, through Joint Resolution No. 5, the Legislative Assembly authorized Ortiz’ widow and children to sue the People of Puerto Rico for the alleged damages suffered as a consequence of the death of the latter caused by the shot which state policeman Andrés Belén fired at him “while the latter was in uniform and on duty.” They were expressly exempt from giving bail ;3 and were excused [198] “as to the prescription since the time elapsed was not to be computed”;4 and they were authorized to bring an action regardless of whether The People of Puerto Rico had acted or not through a special agent when the above-mentioned death occurred.5 On April 22, 1955 the corresponding action to claim damages was brought by Ortiz’ widow and their four children for the sum of $40,000. In its answer the Commonwealth alleged by way of defense that officer Belén “withdrew from the scope of his employment as state policeman in uniform and on duty,” and therefore, his actions were illegal and ultra vires. It expressly accepted that officer Belén’s actions for which liability is exacted occurred while the latter was in uniform and on duty. The suit went to trial. Plaintiff presented her evidence which consisted in the testimony of four witnesses, the contents of which we have already set forth. The Commonwealth did not present evidence and relied on the special defense raised. The Superior Court, San Juan Part, relying on the fact that the Joint Kesolution which authorized the plaintiff to bring the action was identical in its language to Act No. 412 of May 11, 1951 (Sess. Laws, p. 1096), which was considered in Rodríguez v. People, 75 P.R.R. 377 (1953), and on the fact that the same defense of unauthorized acts had been overruled in said opinion, granted the complaint [199] and ordered the Commonwealth to pay the sum of $15,000 for damages caused. An appeal was taken from said judgment. An Act authorizing a suit against the State does not impose upon the latter any obligation which it does not otherwise have. Its effect is merely the granting of a remedy as long as pursuant to the applicable principle there is substantive liability. Ocasio v. People, 79 P.R.R. 27 (1958); M. Grau e Hijos v. People, 51 P.R.R. 12 (1937). On the other hand, these special statutes should be construed strictly in favor of the State. Santiago v. People, 74 P.R.R. 196 (1952). We wish to point out that the mere fact that authority has been granted to sue does not necessarily imply that liability is admitted, and that the final result depends on the particular facts of each case and on the legal principles involved applicable to the specific situation under consideration. It is therefore possible to determine that under a special Act the Commonwealth is liable for the damages caused as a result of a certain accident; and that there is lack of liability under an Act couched in identical terms, but which refers to another accident. The important thing is not the language of the Act whereby the People consent to be sued, but rather the particular facts of each case. Before discussing the aspect of the liability we should consider, on the possibility that it may affect our jurisdiction, the effect of Act No. 104 of June 29, 1955 (Sess. Laws, p. 550, 32 L.P.R.A. § 3077 et seq.), on the present cause of action. By virtue of Act No. 30 of June 11, 1957 (Sess. Laws, p. 59), it was provided that Act No. 104 was applicable to the causes of action which had arisen since June 29, 1954,6 which apparently shows that it [200] covers the present case since the facts occurred on July 4 of said year. However, the same Act specifies that the judicial proceedings based on such facts already filed shall continue to be prosecuted until their termination, according to the legislation in effect at the time they were filed. Since the complaint in the present case was filed on April 22, 1955, its prosecution is governed by Joint Resolution No. 5 of April 1, 1955, and insofar as not provided therein, by the special Act then in effect which authorized suits against The People of Puerto Rico, that is, Act No. 76 of April 13, 1916, supra.1 Irrespective of whether or not the Commonwealth acted through a special agent, the scope of the provisions of the Joint Resolution which authorized the bringing of this suit is to render applicable to this case the general principles of agency, that is, as if it were a private employer, responsible for the acts of its agents or employees under particular circumstances. Rodríguez v. People, 75 P.R.R. 377, 379-80 (1953). In general terms, an employer is not liable for the [201] wrongful criminal and intentional acts of an employee, unless this conduct is due somehow to the employee’s desire to serve, benefit or further his employer’s business or interest. Maysonet v. Heirs of Arcelay, 70 P.R.R. 155 (1949); Suárez v. Saavedra, 60 P.R.R. 589 (1942); Ochsrider v. Reading Co., 172 F. Supp. 830 (Pa. 1959); Prosser, Torts 354 et seq., § 63 (2d ed. 1955); The Growth of Vicarious Liability for Wilful Torts Beyond the Scope of the Employment, 45 Har. L. Rev. 342 (1931); James, Vicarious Liability, 28 Tul. L. Rev. 161, 187 (1954). Cf. Vicarious Criminal Liability, 5 Vill. L. Rev. 682 (1960). Originally, this doctrine was based on the absence of a specific authorization of the employer to act thus, and the existence of a specific prohibition to that effect was considered to be very relevant. At present, the fact that there are express instructions forbidding the use of excessive force or violence in the performance of the office does not imply by itself that the employer is not liable. Vázquez v. People, 76 P.R.R. 556 (1954); González v. Compañía Agrícola, 76 P.R.R. 373 (1954); Quiñones v. Tropical Beverages, 74 P.R.R. 338 (1953); Lloréns v. Lozada, 73 P.R.R. 260 (1952); Díaz v. Rodríguez, 69 P.R.R. 495 (1949). The test of liability is whether notwithstanding the fact that it is a question of wrongful conduct, the act performed is reasonably related to the scope of the employment, or if the agent has been prompted by purely personal motives. González v. Compañía Agrícola, 76 P.R.R. 373 (1954); Lloréns v. Lozada, 73 P.R.R. 260 (1952); Rivera v. Maldonado, 72 P.R.R. 448 (1951); II Harper and James, The Law of Torts 139'0, \ 26.9 (1956). Rodríguez v. People, 75 P.R.R. 377 (1953) is clearly distinguishable from the situation at bar. The evidence therein shows that a policeman had been entrusted with the special mission of pursuing and arresting plaintiff, who, according to the information received by the police, was operating a [202] clandestine still. In the execution of the order received, the policeman went to the place where plaintiff supposedly was and caught him stirring the fire under the still. When Rodriguez saw him he took flight to avoid his arrest and, as he fled, the agent fired two shots at him, piercing both his thighs. There is no doubt that the policeman was acting for the purpose of complying with the orders received and has a logical relation with the functions of his office. Under such circumstances, the violence or excessive force exercised by the agent does not automatically relieve the State from liability. In the present case the evidence does not show any connection whatsoever between the death of plaintiffs’ predecessor and the discharge by policeman Belén of his duties of office. As we pointed out in the summary of the facts, the evidence tends to point out rather that the deceased was not committing any crime whatsoever when the argument with the policeman took place, and that the incident ended apparently when the former went home. Even when it may be gathered that the agent acted moved by the anger or rage which the argument aroused in him, the essential element would always be lacking, that his act was due somehow to the purpose of protecting and benefiting the interests of the Commonwealth, for this is not, as in the Rodriguez case, a question of an incident occurred in the pursuit or attempt to arrest a person who was committing a crime. We do not see how this case may be distinguished from the situations considered in Marrero v. López et al., 15 P.R.R. 746 (1909) and Torres v. J. Lema & Co., 36 P.R.R. 72 (1926). We have carefully considered the fact that in the joint resolution which authorized the filing of the suit, as well as in the answer of the Commonwealth, it is accepted that policeman Belén caused Ortiz’ death “while ... he was in uniform and on duty.” This admission has no [203] special significance. The fact that a policeman is in uniform and on duty, in the absence of other circumstances, does not render the Commonwealth liable. The effect of the Joint Resolution was to allow plaintiff to establish that the policeman was acting within the scope of his employment, or at least, that the death of the deceased had some relation to the functions of his employment. Cf. Doctrine of Apparent Authority as Applicable Where Relationship is that of Master and Servant, 2 A.L.R.2d 406 (1948). It was in this aspect that plaintiffs did not succeed. Irrespective of the agent’s condemnable and deplorable act because of its immediate consequences, we can not impose liability on the Commonwealth in the absence of a link — even a weak one — between the criminal act committed by the policeman and the defense or protection of the interests of the community. This family’s misfortune has no other remedy than a legislative action directly granting the proper compensation. The applicable legal principles and doctrines preclude the courts from granting indemnity to plaintiffs. The judgment rendered by the Superior Court, San Juan Part, on July 5, 1956, is reversed and judgment shall be rendered dismissing the complaint. Footnotes [1] Witness Alberto Rodriguez Linares testified that after the victim left the scene of the argument, another policeman called Méndez, who was not wearing his uniform at the time, urged policeman Belén to pursue Ortiz “wherever he went.” The trial court did not make any determination of fact whatsoever as to this point, and we are inclined to believe that it did not give it credit, specially considering the cross-examination of witness Mariano Ramos by the judge on this aspect of the facts. [2] The findings of fact made by the trial judge as to the manner in which the unfortunate event took place reads as follows: “(1). (2) That approximately between 5:20 and 6:00 p.m. of July 4, 1954, a strong argument took place on one of the streets of San Sebas-tián, between policeman Andrés Belén and Justino Ortiz Valentín, Jr. (3) That the afore-mentioned policeman was in uniform and was riding a jeep accompanied by policeman Raúl Méndez, who was dressed in civilian clothes. (4) That Justino Ortiz Valentin, Jr., was the owner and driver of a public bus and on that occasion he was accompanied by his small children. (5) That when the argument started, the bus of Ortiz Valentin, Jr. was parked on the left-hand side of the street, where the vehicles are .allowed to be parked. (6) That a strong argument arose between Justino Ortiz Valentin, Jr. and policeman Andrés Belén, in which the deceased Ortiz Valentin, Jr., according to hearsay, called the policeman a bully and the latter ordered Ortiz Valentin to keep quiet as he unbuttoned his uniform coat. (7) That in the course of the argument Justino Ortiz Valentin, Jr. never wrestled with or assaulted the policeman. (8) That at the request of some bystanders, Justino Ortiz Valentin, Jr. boarded his bus, started it, and went with his small children towards his residence at Corton Street in San Sebastián. (9) That then policeman Andrés Belén, always accompanied by Raúl Méndez, went after Justino Ortiz Valentín and he arrived when Ortiz Valentin was getting his children off the bus, they parked the jeep and policeman Andrés Belén alighted, holding a revolver in his hand, and while Ortiz Valentin, Jr. said to him: ‘Don’t kill me’ and raised his hands, the policeman fired a shot at him, as a result of which Ortiz Valentin collapsed while policeman Andrés Belén did nothing to help him.” [3] This provision was unnecessary because since the enactment of Act No. 410 of May 11, 1951 (Sess. Laws, p. 1092), which amended § 4 of Act No. 76 of April 13, 1916 (Sess. Laws, p. 151, 32 L.P.R.A. § 3064), [198] the request of furnishing bond in suits against the State had been eliminated. [4] This provision was not necessary either, since in Valiente & Cía. v. People, 71 P.R.R. 605 (1950), it had been decided that the prescriptive period of an action under a special law authorizing suits not contemplated by Act No. 76 of 1916, supra, begins to run from the effective date of the special Act. [5] As to the liability for the acts or omissions of a third party, § 1803 of the Civil Code (31 L.P.R.A. § 5142) was amended by Act No. 104 of June 29, 1955 (Sess. Laws, p. 550), and as to those of the Commonwealth the requisite that the Commonwealth is liable “when it acts through a special agent” was eliminated. The present rule is to the effect that “the State is liable as a particular individual would be under the same circumstances and conditions.” [6] The statement of motives of the above-mentioned Act No. 30 clearly reveals that the legislative purpose was remedial, and that it was not intended to impair the causes of action which may have been filed in [200] the courts, under more favorable conditions contained in the special laws which authorized their filings. Said statement reads as follows: “Act No. 104 of June 29, 1955 provides in its section 8 that'it shall be applicable only to causes of action arising after it takes effects, which leaves out of its scope cases that occurred relatively near the date of approval of said act, while, pursuant to the provisions of the Civil Code, the aggrieved party always has a given period to bring the proper action. “The Legislature wishes to extend the provisions of the aforesaid act not only to causes of action arising after it took effect, but also to events that occurred during the year prior to that date. This authorization is evidently more equitable than the granting of special authorizations in particular cases.” 7 This question is very relevant if it is considered that pursuant to } 6 of Act No. 104 of June 29, 1955, supra, the authorization granted to sue the Commonwealth for damages does not cover actions “by reason of an act or omission of an officer, agent or employee.. .which constituted assault, battery or any other offense against the person. . . .” Lewis v. United States, 194 F.2d 689 (C.A. 3, 1952); Stepp v. United States, 207 F.2d 909 (C.A. 4, 1953); Jones v. Federal Bureau of Investigation, 139 F. Supp. 38 (Md. 1956); cf. Tastor v. United States, 124 F. Supp. 548 (Cal. 1954). See, also, Federal Tort Claims Act provision excepting from coverage claim arising out of assault, battery, etc., 23 A.L.R.2d 574 (1952). [1] Section 1803. — “The liability referred to in this section shall cease when the persons mentioned therein prove that they employed all the diligence of a good father of the family to avoid the damage.” This provision directly charges and blames the employer. See: IV Castán, Derecho Civil Español, Común y Foral — Responsabilidad por Hecho de Otro 829 (8th ed.) ; Manresa, Comentarios al Código Civil Español 661 (5th ed.); Valverde, Tratado de Derecho Civil 791 (4th ed.). And see: Leonard A. Colombo, Culpa Aquiliana (quasi-crimes) Responsabilidad por el Hecho Ajeno 304, and Responsabilidad Aquiliana del Estado 411 et sea. The record shows the following incident: (Witness Mariano Ramos testifies.) “Q. — When they were arguing, what did Belén tell Nano? A — When I went out, because I was eating, what I heard Nano say to him was: ‘You are a bully, you are very insolent,’ that was what Nano was telling the policeman, and the policeman was ordering him to keep quiet, and at the same time he was getting ready to hit him with the billy .... Q. — Tell me, then is that what you heard? A — Yes, sir. Q. — How did you intervene in this matter, what did you do? A — When I became aware I intervened because my daughter and my wife were standing on the sidewalk, and as I had heard that the policeman was a violent person, I feared he would use the gun and that a bullet could possibly reach my daughter or my wife, and that is why I intervened with both of them and asked the boy to board the bus, and he did so, and I asked the policeman as a favor, several times, to leave, thus avoiding a tragedy. The policeman tried to board the bus and I crossed his path; at last he complied with my request and then Nano left; but the policeman went after him.” There is also evidence to the effect that during the argument the policeman unbuttoned the gun pocket.