The State of Rhode Island v. the State of Massachusetts

Mr: Chief Justice Taney delivered the opinion of the Court. When this case was last before the Court, Massachusetts had not made her election, whether she would continue her appearance to the suit, or withdraw it according to the leave previously granted. She has since that time made-her election, by. putting in her plea to the amended bill of the complainant; and both parties are now regularly before the Court. ' in the present stage of the case, the question is upon the sufficiency of the plea, as a bar to the relief sought by the complainant’s bill. The object of the bill is to establish the boundary between the two states, according to their respective charters; and to be restored to the right of jurisdiction and sovereignty over that portion of her *252 territory of which she alleges that Massachusetts has unjustly deprived her. The bill states the various charters from the crown, to the colonies of Massachusetts and Rhode Island, from 1621, to 1691; and avers that, by virtue of the charter of Rhode Island, the 'boundary between her and Massachusetts was a line run east and west, three miles south of Charles river, or any or every part thereof; that the place of the.said line being unsettled and in dispute between -the two colonies, commissioners were mutually appointed to ascertain and settle it; that these commissioners met in 1710; and that the commissioners of Massachusetts then represented that a certain Nathaniel Woodward and Solomon Saffrey had, a long time before, ascertained the point three miles south of Charles river, ahd had set up a stake there ; and that the commissioners of Rhode Island, relying on these -representations, and believing them to be true, entered into the agreement of 1710, which is recited at large in the bill; and which adopts .the place marked by Woodward and Saffrey, as the commencement of the line between Massachusetts and Rhode Island. The bill further states, that no mark, stake,, or monument at that time existed; and that the persons who consented to- the pretended agreement, did not go to the place where it was alleged to have been set up, nor make any survey, nor take any measures,'to ascertain 'whether the place was, in fact, three miles, and no more, south of Charles river. That the said agreement was never assented to or ratified by thé colony, or'the'state of-Rhode Island; and that the tract of one mile in breadth, referred to in the agreement, was never conveyed to or enjoyed by the town of Providence, or the colony of Rhode Island;, and that no persons appointed by the governor and council of the' said ty'o governments of Massachusetts and Rhode Island, within the space of six months from the date of the agreement, or at any other time, showed the line of Woodward and Saffrey, or raised or renewed- any marks, stakes, or other memorials, according- to the terms of the said pretended agreement. The bill then proceeds' to state the continuance of the controversy about the-boundary, and the appointment of commissioners by both colonies, in 1717 and 1718; that they met.in 1718, and that the-like representations, as those charged to nave taken place at the former' meeting of the commissioners; were again made by the commissioners of Massachusetts; that they were again believed by the commissioners of Rhode Island; and the agreement of the 22d of October,. 1718, executed by them under that mistake. This agreement is set out at length. The complainants aver that the commissioners did not go to the place where the stake was -alleged to.jiave been set up, or make any survey-in relation to this agreement. These averments are; in substance, the same with those made'in relation to the agreement of 1710.. The bill then' sets'out an order of the General Assembly of Rhode Island, directing the return of the commissioners *253 to be accepted and placed to record bn the colony book; but the complainants aver that the last mentioned agreement was never ratified by either Rhode Island or Massachusetts. The bill then sets out the running of the line, under the belief on the part of the Rhode Island commissioners, that it was only three miles south of Charles river, when it was in fact more than seven; sets out, at large, their report of the running, which is dated May 14, 1719, and that the return was approved by the General Assembly of Rhode Island; b'ut the bill avers that the persons who signed that report, were never authorized by Rhode Island to run, agree upon, or report, said .line, and had no legal authority to act in the premises; and that Massachusetts, about the timé last mentioned, wrongfully possessed herself of the disputed territory, and hasbeld it ever since. The bill further states, that the line run as aforesaid was never established by any act binding upon-the complainant; on the contrary, she has always claimed that the true dividing line was three miles south of Charles river: that she has never acquiesced in the claim of Massachusetts to a different line; and that the claim of Rhode Island was publicly and frequently urged by the colony, and by the freemen and inhabitants thereof; that all the proceedings of Rhode Island before mentioned, were'founded on the mistaken belief that the stake set up by Woodward and Saffrey, and the line run as aforesaid, was only three miles south of Charles river; that this mistaken belief continued until about 1749; that controversies existing during that period between the* citizens of the two colonies in relation to' the boundary, Rhode Island, in the year last mentioned, appointed certain persons to run the line, when it became manifest that the line run as above mentioned -in 1-719, was more than three miles south of Charles river. The bill then states the negotiations and other proceedings of the two colonies in relation to this boundary; that commissioners were appointed on both sides to run the'line; that it was actually run, as now claimed by the complainant, by the commissioners of Rhode Island, in the absence of the commissioners of Massachusetts-; who refused to attend. All of these things are particularly set out in the bill; and also that Rhode IsFand attempted to obtain the decision of the king in council; and the failure is accounted for by the. poverty of the colony at that time, and the war which shortly afterwards broke out between France-and England; that the war of the Revolution, which soon followed, interrupted and defeated the attempt to obtain the decision of the king in council; that in 1782, the legislature of Rhode Island again took up the subject, and appointed a committee, who reported in favour of the claim now made by the complainant; that in 1791, the two-states mutually appointed eomsioners to adjust this boundary, who met together in that year; and at that meeting, the commissioners on the part of Massachusetts ¿cknowledged, and also set forth in their report subsequently made to the legislature, that the pretended agreement of 1719, herein before mentioned, had never been ratified either by Massachusetts *254 or Rhode Island, which report was accepted by the legislature; that the commissioners-of the two states, béing'unable to agree upon the boundary, entered into a written agreement, which is set out in the bill, recommending to thé two states to submit the matter to indifferent men of the neighbouring states; or to unite in an application to Congress to settle the same agreeably to the respective charters, and the Constitution of the'United States; that the said commissioners, in 1792, reported their proceedings to their respective states, and the agreement made by- them as aforesaid; which said, reports were-received and accepted by the legislatures of Massachusetts and Rhode Island, the one made to Massachusetts being set out- at large, as an exhibit to complainant’s bill; that other-commissioners were after-wards appointed on both sides, and were continued until the year 1818; that they had several meetings, but were unable to agree upon and settle the line. The bill then charges that Massachusetts has wrongfully continued to hold possession, and exercise jurisdiction within the charter boundary of Rhode Island; that the agreements Of 1710, and 1718, were unfair and'inequitable, and executed by mistake, as before mentioned; that the line as run, is not in a west.course from the place of beginning, but is south- of a west course, thus taking in a part of Rhode Island, even according to the point alleged to have been ascertained and marked by Woodward and Saflfrey; that the agreements of 1710, and 1718, herein before mentioned, were never ratified by Massachusetts or Rhode Island; and if they had been so ratified by the colonies, they would not have been binding without the consent of the king in council, which was never given to either of them.. And the bill concludes with an averment that Rhode Island has Uniformly resisted the claim of Massachusetts; has .never claimed or admitted any other boundary than the one according to the charter; and prays for an answer to all the matters,charged, and to sundry special interrogatories put in the bill: and that the northern boundary of the state may be ascertained and established, and Rhode Island restored to the exercise and enjoyment of her rights of jurisdiction and sovereignty, over the territory to which she is entitled by her charter limits. To this bill Massachusetts has put in her plea and answer; in which she sets forth, that in the year 1642, for the purpose of ascertaining and establishing her true southern boundary, a station, Or monument was erected at a point then believed to be on the true and real boundary line of the said colony, and a line continued therefrom Westwardly to Connecticut river; that the said station Or monument then became, and evér since has been, well known and notorious,.and then-was and ever since has been called Woodward and Saffrey’s station; that Massachusetts afterwards held and possessed jurisdiction up to this line, and while she so held and possessed it, about the year 1709, a dispute arose between the two governments of Massachusetts and Rhode Island, respecting this *255 boundary line, and commissioners were appointed by both colonies to settle it; and that whatever they should agree upon, should forever after be taken to be the stated lines and bounds; that the commissioners met, pursuant to their authority, and entered into the agreement of 1710, which is set out at large. The plea then avers, that the whole merits of the complainant’s claim, was heard, tried, and determined by this judgment and agreement of the commissioners; that the agreement was fair, legal, and binding between the parties; and was in all respects a valid and effectual settlement of the matter, in controversy; and was had and made without fraud, covin, or misrepresentation, and with a full and equal knowledge of all the circumstances by both parties; and that, the same is still in full force, ho way waived, abandoned, or relinquished; that Woodward and Saffrey’s station was then well known, and the place whére it was fixed a matter of common notoriety; and the line run therefrom capable of being shown and ascertained, and the marks, stakes, and memorials there, are easily capable 'of being discovered and renewed; and that the defendant has held and possessed the land, property, and jurisdiction, according to the' said station' and the line running therefrom, from the date of the Said agreement to the present time; without hinderanceor molestation. The plea then sets forth the proceedings of Massachusetts' and Rhode Island, in 1717, appointing commissioners to settle the boundary;. the meeting of these commissioners, and their agreement in 1718, which is set out at large in the plea; and wluuh the defendant avers was accepted by Rhode Island, and caused to be duly recorded, and that the same was thereby ratified and confirmed. The plea further avers, that no false representations were made on this occasion by the commissioners of Massachusetts; that the agreement was concluded in good faith, with a full and equal knowledge of all the circumstancés, by the respective parties; and that the same has never been rescinded or abandoned; that it was made in pursuance of the first agreement before mentioned, in 1709, and in completion thereof; the plea then sets out at large, the report made by the commissioners in 1719, stating. the manner in which the line was run; and avers that the report was approved by the General Assembly of Rhode Island, von the 16th of June, 1719; and that from the date of said agreement to the present time, Massachusetts has possessed all the territory, and exercised jurisdiction over the same, north of the said line, as prescribed in the said agreements of October, 1718, without hinderance or molestation. The plea then says: “ And the said defendant doth plead the said agreement of January 19th, 1710; and the said agreement in pursuance and confirmation thereof of the 22d of October, 1718, and unmolested possession according to the same from the date of the said agreements, in- bar to the whole bill of complaint of the said complainant, and against any other or further relief therein; and doth pray,the judgment of the Court, whether the said defend *256 ant ought further to ; answer the said bill, and that said defendant may be dismissed with costs in this behalf sustained.”. Then follows an answer in support of the plea, which it is unnecessary tó repeat. . The plea was set down for argument- upon the motion of.the complainant; and the question now to be decided is, whether this plea is a bar to the complainant’s bill. In the view we have taken of the , subject, it has become necessary to set out, in.much detail, the content's -both of the bill and the plea, in order to show the principles on which the opinion of the Court is founded. The controversy concerns,,altogether, the southern boundary of Massachusetts, and.-the northern boundary of Rhode Island. The bill sets out the judgment given in 1684, in the Court of Chancery of England, declaring the original-charter, of Massachusetts to be vacated,' and that the. enrolment of the same should be cancelled; and also sets forth the letters patent afterwards, granted to Massachusetts by William and Mary, in 1691, which was subsequent to the charter; of Rhode Island. How far this fact may or may not be material, it- would not be' proper for us now to inquire. ' We advert to it merely to show the character of the controversy. . -The complainant insists in her' bill,- that Massachusetts has encroached upqn her; and instead of coming three miles south of Charles river, for the southern line, the one to which she claims and holds is more -than .seven. The defendant, it will be observed, does net, in her plea, deny Jthat the charter line of Massachusetts is such as the complainant describes.; nor does the defendant deny, that the line to which Massachusetts now holds, and to which she insists that she has a right to hold, is four miles further south than that described in thé charter; but she relies upon the circumstances set forth in her pleU and answer, as conclusive proofs of her right, as against the complainant, at this time, whatever may have been' the true boundary line between them according to the terms of the original charters. The case to be determined is one of peculiar character, and altogether unknown in the ordinary course of judicial proceedings. It is a question of boundary between two sovereign states, litigated' in a Court of justice; and we have no precedents to guide us in the forms and modes of proceeding, by which' a controversy of this description can most conveniently, and with justice to the parties, be brought to a final hearing. The subject was-however fully considered at January term, 1838, when a motion' was made by the defendant to dismiss this bill. Upon that occasion the Court determined to frame their proceedings according io those which had been adopted in the English .Courts, in cases most analogous to, this, where the boundaries of great political bodies had been brought into question. And acting upon this principle, it was then decided, that the rules and practice .of the Court of Chancery should govern in conducting. this suit to a final, issue. The reasoning upon which that decision was founded, is fully stated in the opinion thén delivered; *257 and upon re-examining .the subject, we are quite satisfied as to the correctness of this decision. 12 Peters, 735. 739. The proceedings in this case will therefore be. regulated by the rules and usages of the Court: of Chancery. Yet, in á controversy where two sovereign st,ates are contesting' the boundary between them, it will be the duty of the Court to mould the rules of Chancery practice and pleading, in such a manner as to bring this case to a final hearing on its real merits. It is too important in its character, and the interests concerned too great, to be decided upon the mere technical principles of Chancery pleading. And if it appears that the plea put in by the defendant may in any degree embarrass the. complainant in bringing out the proofs of her claim, on which she relies, the case ought not to be disposed of on .such an issue. Undoubtedly the defendant must have the full benefit of the defence which the plea discloses; but. at the same time, the proceedings ought to be so. ordered as to give the complainant a full hearing upon the whole of her casq. In ordinary cases between individuals, the Court of Chancery has always exercised an equitable discretion in relation to its rules of pleading, whenever it has been found necessary to. do so for the purposes of justice. And in a case like the present, the most liberal principles of practice, and pleading ought unquestionably to be adopted, in order to enable both parties to present their respective claims in their full strength. According to the rules of pleading in the Chancery Court, if the plea is unexceptionable in its form and character, the complainant must either set it down for árgument, or he must reply to it, and put in issue the facts relied on in .the plea. If he elects to proceed in the manner first mentioned, and sets down'the plea for argument, he then admit; 'he truth of all the facts stated in the plea, and merely denies their sufficiency in point of law to prevent his recovery. If, on the other hand, he replies to'the plea, and denies the truth of the facts therein stated, he'then adhiils that if the. particular facts, stated in the plea are true, they are then sufficient in law to bar his, recovery: and if they are proved to be true, the bill must be dismissed, without reference to the equity arising from any other facts stated, in the bill. 6 Wheat. 472. Undoubtedly, if a plea upon argument is .ruled to be sufficient in law to bar the recovery of the complainant, the Court of Chancery would, according to its uniform practice, allow him to amend; and to put in issue, by a proper replication', the truth of the facts stated in'the plea. But in either case, the controversy would turn altogether upon the facts stated in the plea-, if the plea is permitted to stand. ., It is the strict and technical character of these rules of pleading, and the danger of injustice often arising from them, which has given rise to the equitable discretion always exercised by the Court of Chancery in relation to pleas. In many cases, where they are not overruled, the Court will not per- ii\c them to have the full effect of a' plea; and will in some cases save to the defendant the benefit of it at. the hearing; and in others *258 '.will order it to stand for an answer, as in the judgment of the Court may. best subserve the purposes of justice. In the opinion of this Court, it was evident from the argument we have heard, that .if the plea stands, the case must be finally disposed of, upon an issue highly disadvantageous to Rhode Island. For by setting down the plea, for argumént, that state is compelled to admit the truth of all the facts stated in it, many of which are directly at variance with the allegations contained in the bill. Thus, for example, the complainant avers, that the persons who- signed, in her behalf, the agreement of May 14th, 1719, had no legal authority to act in the premises. In the plea and answer of the defendant, it is averred that they had authority.- The bill charges, that the Rhode Island commissioners acted.'under a mistake; that the commissioners of Massachusetts represented to them that the stake set up by Woodward and Saffrey was only three miles south of Charles river; and that they believed.the representation, and acted upon it, when in truth the stake was seven miles south of that river. The plea on the contrary avers, that the agreement was made with a full and equal knowledge of all the circumstances by the respective parties. There are differences also between the bill and the plea, in relation to the nature and'character of the possession held by Massachusetts, of the disputed territory. ■ If we proceed to [decide the case .upon the plea, we must assume, without'any proof on either side, that the facts above mentioned are correctly stated in'the plea, and incorrectly set forth,in the bill. This is- the rule of the Chancery law. Yet it is evident, that, by deciding the case upon such an issue, we should shut out the very gist of the complainant’s case; and exclude the facts upon which her whole equity is founded, if she has any. Because, if we assume, as we must do in this state of the pleading, that the agreements, which are admitted on both sides to have'been made, were made by persons, having competent authority to make them, and who had full know.ledge-of all the circumstances; and that Massachusetts had quietly and peaceably enjoyed the territory, under this agreement, for more than a century; every one, we presume, would admit.that the claim of Rhode Island to unsettle this boundary, at this late day, .was utterly groundless and untenable. Yet this is the attitude in which Rhode Island must stand upon the issue framed by the plea; the allegations in her bill, above mentioned, must be rejected as erroneous, without giving her an opportunity of proving them; and her claim to this territory must be decided, upon a statement of facts, the truth of which she utterly denies, and which she offers to prove are entirely erroneous, if the Court will consent to hear her testimony. We do not mean to say that the facts stated in the bill, if proved to be true, will entitle the complainant to recover. That point is not before- us in the present state of the pleadings; and we give no opinion on the merits of this controversy. But certainly it would be unjust to the complainant not to give her an opportunity of being *259 heard, according to the real state of the case between the parties; arid to shut out from consideration the very facts upon which she reliés to maintain her suit. . If the complainant takes issue on the facts stated in the plea; her condition would be equally unfavourable. For there are many facts upon which the complainant evidently relies as material, which are altogether unnoticed in the plea, and upon.which, therefore, no issue would be framed. And. if the complainant were to adopt this, alternative, she'would'admit, according to the 'Chancery rules of pleading, that all of the allegations contained in her-bill were immaterial and of no importance, except those noticed in the plea: and that if the facts averred in the- plea turned out to be true, the complainant had no right to recover, whatever equities might be found in the other .,allegations in the- bill; and whatever proofs she might be ready to-adduce in support of these allegations. In either alternative, therefore, it would be manifestly unjust to the / complainant, to decide this controversy upon -the. plea; and if it .was deemed good in form- and substance, so far as the. case is already presented to the Court, we still.should not finally decide the controversy on this plea, but save the benefit of i't to- the hearing, and give the complainant as well as the defendant, the opportunity of bringing forward all the merits of his case. But the plea put in by the defendant cannot be sustained, even if this were to be treated. as a suit between individuals, and tried by the ordinary rules of Chancery pleading. It is multifarious, and on that account ought to be' overruled. It is a general rule, that a plea'ought not to contain-more defences' than one. Various facts, therefore, can never-be pleaded in .one plea; unless they are all conducive, to a single point, on which the defendant means to rest his defence. This principle is so well established, that it is unnecessary to refer to many adjudged cases to support it. . It is fully stated by Lord Hardwicke, in 1 Atk. 54, .in the following words: “The defence proper fora plea, must be such as reduces the cause to a particular point, and from thence creates a bar.'to the suit,, and is to save the parties expense in examination ; -and it is not every good defence in 'equity that is like-- . wise good as a plea; for where the defence consists of a variety of circumstances, there is no use of a plea, the examination must still be at large, and the effect of allowing such a plea,-will be, that the Court will give their judgment on the' circumstances of the case, before they-are made out by proof.” The defendant, after stating the various proceedings herein before mentioned, which preceded and followed the execution of .the agreements on which he relies, all of which conduce to a single point, that is, t.o show the obligatory and-conclusive effect of those agreements upon both of the states, as an accord and compromise of a disputed right, deliberately made, and with full knowledge on both sides; proceeds to aver, “ that the defendant has occupied and exercised jurisdiction,'and enjoyed all rights and sovereignty, according *260 to the same, from the date hereof to the present time.” And he then sums up his defence in the following words: “ And the said defendant doth ple^id the said agreement of the 19th January, 1710, and the said-agreement in pursuance‘and confirmation thereof of the 22d October, 1718, and unmolested possession,-according to the.-same, from the date of the said agreements, in bar to the'whole bill of complaint of the said complainant; and against any further or other reliefs therein.” The defence set up by this plea is twofold: 1. That there was an accord and compromise of a disputed right. 2. Prescription, or an unmolested possession from the time of the agreement, that is, of more than one hundred years. These two defences are entirely distinct, and depend upon different principles. If what the defendant alleges be true, then the agreements themselves conclude the controversy. For if, as the. plea avers, there was a dispute between these two colonies, in respect to the boundary between them, and that dispute was settled, by persons duly authorized to bind the respective parties ;• and if, as stated in the plea, the agreement of October. 1-718, to run- the line from the stake, set up by Woodward and Saffrey, was accepted, ratified, and-confirmed by Rhode Island; and if the running of the line.afterwards in 1719, pursuant to.such agreement, was also.approved by Rhode Island; then there can no longer be any controversy between them. They must, on both sides, be bound by the accord and compromise of those whom they had authorized to bind them, and whose conduct they afterwards approved; provided the settlement was made, as the plea alleges., with a full and equal knowledge of all the circumstances.. The various facts stated by the defendant, in relation to these agreements, contribute to support them, and conduce to establish this point of his defence. And, assuming that the plea and answer are true in all these statements, then an accord and compromise is established, which was obligatory upon the parties from the moment it was finally ratified. And taking évery thing averred by the defendant on this point of the defence to be correct, Rhode Island would have been as effectually barred as she is at the present moment, if she had commenced this controversy within a month after.the accord was,made. The lapse of time is not at all necessary to give validity to such a settlement ; or to support the defence founded upon it. It is a matter entirely distinct from- it; and if it has any operation in the cause, it is another defence,'and one of a different character. It is not an accord and compromise of a doubtful right — it is prescription. Rhode Island, indeed, avers, that the possession was constantly disputed on her part, and efforts made from time to time to regain it; and that it has always been an open question, since the error in the line was first discovered, down to the present time. But, as we have already remarked, when the .plea is set down for argument, the statements contained in it are admitted to be true. And according to the allegations there made, this long possession was unmolested. ’ In that state of the fact, separated from all the averments *261 of Rhode Island, the possession of more than one hundred years would beeome a rightful one by prescription; even if it had begun in wrong-and injustice. The acquiescence of the adjoining state for such a lapse of time, would be conclusive evidence that she assented to the possession thus held, and had determined to relinquish her claims. The possession, therefore, if a defence at all, is a separate and complete one of itself; and forms no part of the-accord and agreement alleged in the plea. Here, then, are two defences in the same plea; contrary to the established rules pf pleading. A few eases will illustrate these principles, and show what constitutes duplicity in pleading. In the case of Whitebread vs. Brockhurst, 1 Br. Ch. Rep. 404, where to a bill for a specific performance of an agreement, the defendant put in a plea which averred two facts: first, that' there was no agreement in writing; and, secondly, that there had been no acts done in part performance: Lord Thur-low overruled the plea as double, it containing two different points, and therefore, proper for an answer. And in delivering his opinion on that occasion, he says, “ the use of a plea here is to save time, expense, and vexation; therefore, if one point will put an end to the whole cause, it. is important to the administration of' justice that it should be.pleaded; but if you are to state many matters, the answer is the most commodious form to do it in. We are aware that this decision has been questioned. But it is quoted with approbation, and recognised as --authority in 7 Johns. Ch. Cases, 216; where Chancellor Kent, speaking of the case of Whitebread vs. Brockhurst, says, “the reasoning of-Lord Thurlow is supposed to be weighty.and decisive; and since that time it has been the constant language of the Court, that the plea must reduce the defence to a single point, and, that a defendant can never plead double.” Again, in the case of Claridge vs. Hoare, 14 Ves. 65, 66, Lord Eldon, in'speaking of the case of Beachcroft vs. Beachcroft, where it had been held that the plea of- a release, with an averment that it had been acted upon, was multifarious, expressed his doubts of that decision, upon the ground that the release was effectual without being acted upon, and the latter averment might have been rejected as surplusage. The reasoning of Lord Eldon shows that if the second averment would have been a good point of defence, the plea would have been bad. The acting upon the release, in Beachcroft vs. Beachcroft, was altogether unimportant, find could not, if true, affect the rights of the parties. But not so, as to the possession here pleaded. If true, as pleaded, it is of itself a defence, and could not thereforé be rejected as surplusage. The case of The Corporation of London vs. The Corporation of Liverpool, 3 Anst. Rep. 738, also illustrates and supports the principle we have stated. It is unnecessary, however, to multiply eases on this subject. They are all collected together 'in Story’s Equity Pleading, wherfi“-the subject is very fully examined. We hold it to be perfectly clear, that in the case of an individual, the plea' of a release and pf the statute of *262 limitations; or of an award and the statute of limitations; could not be upited in the same plea. And if so, it would seem irresistibly to follow, that the accord and compromise, and the title by prescription, united in this plea, render it multifarious; and that it ought to be'overruled on that account. We have carefully avoided expressing any opinion upon the merits of this controversy; and'have confined-ourselves to the case as presented to the Court by the' pleadings. The facts stated in the bill, and not noticed in the plea, are not yet admitted or denied: and consequently we do not know m what form the case may ultimately come here for decision. •In the case of Rowe vs. Tweed, 15 Ves. 377, 378, Lord Eldon remarks, that “the office of a plea generally is not-to deny the .equity, but to bring forward a fact, which, if true, displaces it.” A plea, therefore, irngeneral, presupposes that the bill contains equitable matter, which the defendant by his plea' seeks to displace. It is according to this principle of equity pleading that we have treated the case before us. If a defendant supposes that there is no equity in the bill, his appropriate answer to it is a demurrer; which brings forward at once the whole -case for argument. The case of Milligan vs. Mitchell, 3 Cranch, 220. 228, illustrates this rule, and shows •that the' defence here taken was more proper for an answer or demurrer than a plea. The. course determined on recommends itself strongly to the Court, because it appears to be the only mode in which full justice can be.done to both parties. Each will now be able to come to the final hearing, upon the real merits of their respective claims, unembarrassed by any technical rules. Such, unquestionably, is the attitude in which the parties ought to be placed in relation to each other. If the defendant supposes that the bill does not disclose a case which entitles Rhode Island to the relief she seeks; the whole subject can be brought to a hearing by a demurrer to -the bill.- If it is. supposed that any facts are misconceived by the complainants, and therefore erroneously stated; the defendants can put these in issue by answering the bill. The whole case is open; and upon, the rule to answer which the Court will lay upon • the defendant, Massachusetts -is entirely at liberty to demur or answer, as she may deem best for her own interests. • Mr. Justice M‘Lean. The Massachusetts charter was granted by King Charles the First, and is dated the 4th March, 1628. It conveyed to Sir Henry Rose-well and others, “all that part of New .England, in America, which lies and extends between a great river, there commonly called Monomack,. alias Merimac, and a certain other river called Charles river, &c.; and also all and singular those lands and hereditaments whatsoever, lying within the space of three English miles on the. south part of the said Charles river, or of any or every part thereof,” ,&c.' ' ' *263 ■ On the 8th July, 1663, King Charles the'Second granted the charter, of Rhode Island, “bounded on the -west, or westerly, to the middle or channel of a river there, commonly called and known by the name of Pawcatuck river, and so along the said river, as the greater or middle stream thereof reaches or lies’up into the north country: northward unto the head, thereof, and.from thencé by a straight line drawn due north until it meets with the south line of the Massachusetts; and on the north or northerly, by the aforesaid south or southerly line of the Massachusetts colony or plantations,” &c. The line which limits Massachusetts on the south, and Rhode Island on the north, is the subject matter of controversy in this case. The bill states, that for many years after the Rhode Island charter was granted, the northern part of the .colony, adjoining Massachusetts, remained wild and uncultivated; and the land was of little value: that a short time previous to the year one thousand seven hundred and nine, a dispute arose respecting the northern boundary; and that Massachusetts appointed oné Joseph Dudley on her part, and the General Assembly of Rhode Island appointed and empowered orie Joseph Jenckes on her part, to ascertain and settle the disputed line that these persons met, together with one ’Nathaniel Paine, one Nathaniel Blagrove, and oñe Samuel Thaxter, off Massachusetts ; and one Jonathan Sprague, and one Samuel Wilkinson, of Rhode Island; at Roxbury, in Massachusetts, the 19th January, 1710: and that the said Joseph Dudley, Nathaniel Paine, Nathaniel Blagrove,. and Samuel Thaxter, represented to the said’ Jenckes, Sprague, and Wilkinson, that one Nathaniel Woodward, and one Solomon Saffrey; who, they also represented to be skilful and approved artis'ts; had, before that time, that is to say, in 1642, ascer-' tained th'e point or place, three Englishmiles south of the river called Charles'river, of of any or every part thereof, and had.there set up a stake: and that Jenekes, Sprague,and Wilkinson, relying on their representations, and believing the point or place to have been ascertained, and that it was three English-miles, and no more, south of Charles river, or of any or every part thereof; the said Dudley and Jenckes, in the presence of, and with the advice of, the other persons named; signed and sealed a certain writing, called an agreement, that the boundary should be fun from the stake set up by Woodward and Saffrey. And the complainant states, that no stake or monument at that time existed, by which could be ascertained the place urhere it was set up by Woodward and Saffrey: that the agreement was entered into without going to the place of beginning, and without ascertaining whether it Was not more than three miles south of Charles river; .and whether the line was run as stated in the agreement. That neither the colony, nor the state of Rhode Island, has ever assented to or confirmed the agreement; nor has the town of Providence, nor the colony, enjoyed the tract of land specified in the agreement, of one mile in breadth, north of Woodward and Saffrey’s line: that this line was not shown nor run in six months after the *264 agreement; nor were any marks, stakes, or other memorials made, to identify the place of beginning.. That this controversy respecting the line continued; and that' Massachusetts, on the 18th June, 1717, enacted an order, in the words following: “ The season of the year having been such, this spring, that the committee appointed in November last, to run the line between this ■ government and the government of .Rhode Island, could not' attend the service, ordered: that the honourable Nathaniel Paine, Enquire, Samuel Thaxter,4 Esquire, and John Chandler, Esquiré, be a committee to join with such as the said government "of'Rhode Island shall empower, tb proceed in and perfect the running and settling the line between this province and the said colony, pursuant to .the agreement lately made for. that end by commissioners of both governments,” &c. And on the 16th November, 1717, the- General Court of Massachusetts resolved, that Nathaniel Blagrove, Esquire, be added to the committee. - And afterwards the General Court resolved, that “ whereas this house is informed that the, government .of Rhode Island have fully empowered the committee, which they have appointed, to run the line between this province and that government; to agree, compromise, and issue the governments on that affair, and. finally settle the dividing boundary: Resolved, that if the said.committee shall attend that service, so empowered,that the committee appointed by this Court to join in tunning the said line, be also vested with like powers; and aré hereby fully empowered to agree, compromise, and issue the difference between the governments in the said affair; and to make a full and final settlement of.the line between that government and this.”- That on the 17th June, 1718, the Assembly of Rhode Island passed 'the following act: “Whereas the committee appointed and empowered by.the General Assembly of this colony, at their.sessions, on the first Wednesday, of May, 1717, to perfect and settle the line between the said colony and the province of Massachusetts bay, Were bound up or restrictéd to an agreement made at Roxbury between Colonel Dudley'and Major Jenckes, &c., so as the matter in difference between the two colonies, as to the stating and settling the said line hath been retarded, to the considerable charge of the colony, this Assembly, taking the premises under consideration, do hereby, enact, constitute, and appoint, Major Joseph Jenclfds,'Major Randal Holding, Major Thomas Fry, Captain Samuel Wilkinson, ■ arid Mr. John Mumford, surveyor, a committee, to treat and agree with such gentlemen as are or may be appointed and commissioned by Massachusetts to settle the line,” &c. That on the 2d October, 171S, the commissioners on both sides met at Rehoboth, and, after discussing the subject, entered into an agreement under their hands and seals! “ that the stake set up by Woodward and Saffrey, in 1642, upon Wrentham plain, be the station' or commencement of the line,” &c. ■ The complainant alleges that this agreement was also entered into without examination of the place where the' stake was originally get *265 up; and without .ascertaining whether the place was not more than three English miles south of Charles river, or of any o^ every part thereof. That the Rhode Island commissioners believed the statements made to them on this subject, by the commissioners of- Massaehqsetts. > The Rhode Island commissioners made a return of their proceedings to their legislature ; who accepted it, and ordered it’ to be recorded. On the 12th May, 1719., the commissioners on both sides run the line, beginning at the place where it was supposed the stake had been erected by Woodward and Saffrey ; but which stake was not foúnd, and was more than seven miles from Charles river, or any or every part • thereof. The commissioners made a return of their survey, which was received and approved of by the legislature of Rhode Island. But the complainant alleges that the persons making the survey were not authorized to • act in the premises by Rhode Island. And the bill states the line was never confirmed by Rhode' Island; that the colony maintained that , the true line was'to begin three miles south of Charles river: and the .complainant avers that all the above proceedings and agreements were founded upon the belief that the point or place three English mile?’ south of Charles river, or of any or every part thereof, had beén correctly and truly ascertained by Woodward and Saffrey. In the year 1750, the General Assembly of Rhode Island passed an act authorizing the boundary line to be run, and appointing certain persons,to perform this duty. In the preamble to this act, it is stated that the line never has been settled and run according to the' royal charter; and that divers person's have set forth their right to the Assembly to be under the jurisdiction of Rhode Island, instead of that of Massachusetts. The commissioners appointed .by this act, were authorized to meet any commissioners appointed by Massachusetts, and to settle the boundary, and rim the line. But if Massachusetts should decline to act, then the Rhode Island commissioners were required to run the line agreeably to the charter, and make return of their proceedings. It is stated in the bill-, that commissioners were appointed by Massachusetts, but they declined to meet, the commissioners of Rhodé Island: who, after waiting two dáys near the place of beginning, proceeded, ex parte, to run the line, and make return thereof. This report .was accepted by the Assembly; and the commissioners were continued in office. ■ The bill then states, that the Massachusetts commissioners, appointed as above, made a report of their proceedings to the council, the 13th April, 1750. 1 The bill further states, that remonstrances were made to Massachusetts, against its exercise of jurisdiction over the country within the chartered limits of Rhode Island, so long as the royal government continued; that unsuccessful attempts were made to bring the subject before the king in council; but the population of Rhode ' *266 Island being small, and her means limited, and war between England and France having soon after taken plhce, interposed insurmountable obstacles. In the year 1782, on the petition of a large number of the inhabitants residing within the controverted limits, the Assembly of Rhode Island made a report in favour-of its claim., In the year 1791, the bill states, the legislature of Massachusetts passed an act, duly appointing Walter Spooner, Elisha Mayard, and David Cobb, commissioners, for ascertaining the boundary line between the said state of Massachusetts and the state of Rhode Island; and that in the same year, the'Rhode Island Assembly passed an act, appointing William Bradford, Jabez Bowen, and Moses Brown, commissioners, for ascertaining the boundary. These commissioners met at Wrentham, in Massachusetts, in 1791, but they could not agree on the line. They, however, agreed, in writing, to measure from Charles river three miles south, as claimed by each statevas the place of beginning; and io recommend to their respective governments to have the dispute .adjusted, by a reference of it to disinterested persons, or by application to Congress. These commissioners reported their proceedings to their respective states. And the bill further states, that in.the year 1809 the parties again appointed commissioners, who continued in office until 1818; but they were not able to settle the line. 'The state of Massachusetts pleads in bar to the bill, that in 1642, for the 'purpose of ascertaining and establishing the true southern boundary line of the. colony of Massachusetts, a station or monument was erected and fixed at a point then taken and believed to be on the true and real boundary line of said colony; and a line continued therefrom westerly to Connecticut river; which said monument or station then became and ever since has been well known and notorious; and then was and ever since has been called Woodward and Saffrey’s Station, on Wrentham plains; and after fixing of said station and 'running.the line aforesaid, and after the granting of the charter of Rhode Island, and while all the territory north of said station and line was claimed, held, and possessed, and jurisdiction over the same exercised and enjoyed by Massachusetts, as parcel of her own territory, viz., in the year 1709, disputes having arisen between the two’governments respecting the said boundary line; under an act of the Assembly, the governor of Rhode Island colony appointed Major Joseph Jenckes to meet with his excellency, Colonel Joseph Dudley, governor of Massachusetts, to settle the .boundary; and it was declared that what they should agree upon should be forever after deemed the true boundary. These persons met at Roxbury, in January 1710, 1711, and after a full discussion of the subject, agreed that “the stake set up by Nathaniel Woodward and Solomon Saffrey, skilful andlapproved artists, in the year 1642, and since that often- renewed, in the latitude of -forty-one degrees and fifty-five minutes, being three English miles distant southward, from the southernmost part of the river called *267 Charles river, agreeably to the letters'patent for the Massachusetts province, be allowed on both sides the commencement of the line between the' Massachusetts and the colony of Rhode Island, and to be continued between the two governments, &c., as -is deciphered in the plan and tract of that line by Nathaniel Woodward and Solomon Saffrey, now shown forth to us, and is remaining on record in the Massachusetts government.” “And whereas, upon presumption, by mistake or ignorance'of that line, the inhabitants of the town of Providence, in the colony of Rhode Island, have surveyed'and laid out several lots and divisions of land to the northward of Woodward and Saffrey’s line aforesaid, on the Massachusetts side; it i$ agreed that there shall be and remain unto the said town of Providence, and inhabitants of the government of Rhode Island, a certain tract of land of one mile in breadth to the northward of said line, as described and platted; beginning from the great river of Paulucket, and so to proceed at the north side of the said patent line of equal breadth, until it come to the place where Providence west line cuts the said patent line, supposed to contain five thousand acres, be the same more or less; the soil whereof shall be and remain to the town of' Providence, or others, according to the disposition thereof'to be made by the government of Rhode Island aforesaid. Nevertheless, to continue and remain within the jurisdiction of Massachusetts.” “ And it was agreed that persons to be appointed respectively by the two governments, should attend the first good season, within six months, to show the. ancient line of Woodward and Saffrey, and to raise and renew the marks and memorials of the same.” This agreement was signed and sealed by Dudley and Jenckes, in the presence and by the advice of Nathaniel Paine', Nathaniel Blagrove, and Samuéjl Thaxter, on the part of Massachusetts; and by Jonathan Sprague, and Samuel Wilkinson,- on the part of Rhode Island. “And the said defendant avers, that the whole real and true merits of said complainant’s supposed cause or causes of action, were fully heard,, tried, and determined by the said Jenckes and -Dudley; that the said' agreement was fair, legal, and binding between the parties; and was in all respects and all .particulars, a valid and effectual settlement of the matter in controversy, and was had and made without covin, fraud, or misrepresentation; and with a full and' equal knowledge of all circumstances, by both parties.” . And the plea further avers, that the 18th June, 1718, in order to perfect and complete the running and settling of the line in pursuance of the above agreement, Nathaniel .Paine, Samuel Thaxter, and John Chandler, were appointed a committee by Massachusetts, to which was afterwards added the name of Nathaniel Blagrove, to unite with a committee that should be appointed by Rhode Island for that purpose. And they were fully empowered to agree and -compromise the dispute. And Rhode Island adopted in its As *268 sembly the following act: “ Whereas, the committee appointed and empowered by the General Assembly of this colony, in May 1718, to perfect and settle the line between the said colony and that of Massachusetts, were bound up or restricted to an- agreement made at Roxbury between-Colonel Dudley and Major Jenckes, &c.,-so as the matter in difference between the two colonies, as to the stating and settling the said line, hath been retarded, &c. And the Assembly hereby enact, constitute, and appoint Major Joseph Jenckes, Major Randal Holding, Major Thomas Fry, Captain Samuel ' Wilkinson, and Mr. John Mumford, surveyor, a committee to treat and agree’ with the committee of Massachusetts; and full power was given to settle and compromise the controversy respecting the line. The said committees having met at Rehoboth, in Massachusetts, entered into an agreement under seal, that the stake set up by Woodward and Saffrey in 1642, upon Wrentham plains, be the station from which to begin the line which shall divide the two governments,” &c. This agreement, on the 29th October, 1718,-was accepted by the General Assembly of Rhode Island, and recorded; and was thereby certified and confirmed- by the same. And the plea avers that said Paine, Blagrove, and Thaxter, or either of them, made no false representation whatsoever to the commissioners of Rhode Isla id; but that the agreement was done and concluded fairly and in gbod faith, ryith a full and equal knowledge of all the circumstances, by the respective parties. The plea states that the Massachusetts commissioners made a report of their, proceedings, in regard to the place of beginning and the running of the line, which was approved by the legislature. And that from the date of said agreements to the present time, Massachusetts has-possessed and enjoyed all the territory, and exercised jurisdiction over, the same, north of the said line; and that the place where the stake was set up by Woodward and Saffrey is well known, and has ever been notorious since the stake was set up. And the aforesaid agreements, and the unmolested possession according to the same, are pleaded in bar. And the defendant, not waiving said plea, pleaded as aforesaid, but relying and insisting on the same, by way of answer, in support of said plea, and'to every thing alleged in said bill to show that the said agreements -ought 'not to stand, and be allowed as good and conclusive against the parties, and a valid and effectual bar, &c., saith that the said agreements, &e., were fair and legal, obtained without fraud or misrepresentation, and with a full and equal knowledge of all circumstances in both parties; and that if was a valid and effectual settlement of- the matter in controversy; and that it never has beer, in any way -rescinded, abandoned, or relinquished. This case having assumed the forms of a Chan eery proceeding, the established rules of Chancery pleading must-govern it. In this mode the points for decision are raised; but the Court, in deciding the- questions involved, may apply principles of the common law, *269 of Chancery,- or of national law; as they shall deem the circumstances of the case require. The plea sets up certain agreements in bar of the relief'prayed for, which substantially appear upon the face of the bill; and it is insisted that, in such case, a demurrer, and not a plea in bar, is the proper mode of defence; that the great object of the bill is to set aside these agreements; and that, under such circumstances, they cannot be pleaded in bar. On general principles, it would seem to be. unreasonable that the complainant, by stating the matter in bar in his bill, should prevent the respondent from pleading it. And such is not the established rule in Chancery pleading. A plea is a special answer to the bill, and generally sets dp matter in bar, which does not appear in the bill; but this is not always the case. An award may be pleaded to a bill, to set aside the award and open the account. Mit. 260. 2 Atk. 501. 3 Atk. 529. 644. If the plaintiff, or a person under whom he claims, has released the subject of his demand, the defendants may plead the release in bar of the bill; and this will apply to a bill praying that the release may be set aside. Mit. 261. 1 Atk. 294. 6 Madd. 166. 2 Sch. and Lefr. 721. 3 P. Wms. 315. ' If a bill be brought to impeach a decree, on the ground of fraud Used in obtaining it, the decree may be pleaded in bar of the suit. 3 Bro. P. C. 558. 2 Eq. Ca. Ab. 177. 7 Viner. Ab. 398. 3 P. Wms. 95. These authorities show, that a plea in bar may embrace matters stated in the bill. Where- the matters .in defence are fully stated iri the bill, and it contains no allegations which it is necessary to deny by a plea, and by an answér, in support of the plea, a demurrer should' be filed. A question in this case is made, whether the plea is not' multifarious, and, consequently, bad ? The rules which govern a special plea at law, are substantially the same as apply to a plea in Chancery. It must be single, and not double. Its office is, ter bring forward a fact, which may be the result of a combination of circumstances; and which, if true, bars the relief prayed for in the bill. 15 Ves. 377. A plea, in order to be good, must be either an allegation or a denial of some leading fact, or of matters which, taken collectively, make out some general fact, which is a complete defence. Story’s Eq. Pl. 497. 4 Sim. Rep. 161. 7 Johns. Ch. 214. Beames’ Pl. in Eq. 10. But, although a defence offered by way of plea should consist of a great variety of circumstances,yet, if they all tend to a single point, the plea may be good. Tnus, a plea of title derived from the person under whom the plaintiff claims, may be a good plea, though consisting of a great variety of circumstances; for the- title is a single point, to which the cause is reduced by .the plea. So a plea of conveyance, fine, and non claim, would be good, as amounting to one title. Cooper’s Eq. Pl. 225. *270 Beames’ Pl. in Eq. 18. Mit. Eq. Pl. 296. The result of ali the authorities is,-that various facts may he pleaded if they conduce to a single point, on which the defendant means to rest his defence. And by this rule the plea in this case must be tested. The defendant pleads in bar to the right asserted in the bill, the establishment of the Woodward and Saffrey station, as the place where the contested boundary line is to commence, and from which it was in fact run.. And to support this, the agreements of 1710 and 1718 are rqlied on, and also the unmolested possession according to the same. These agreements, and the unmolested possession according to them, are- facts and circumstances which conduce to prove the right or’ title asserted in the plea. They are consistent with' each other;' and can in no correct sense be considered as tending to establish distinctive grounds of title. The two agreements are substantially the same; and the unmolested. possession, according to the agreements, is a consequence which naturally follows, and tends very strongly to confirm them. •The important fact asserted in the plea is, that the'controversy was amicably adjusted between the parties by the establishment of the line; and there ¡is not a fact or circumstance averred, in the plea, which does not go to support this main feet. This plea then cannot be tnultifarious. The point relied on is single and distinct, although it is established by a variety of facts and circumstances. Mere surplusage-will not render a plea multifarious, or double. Beames’ Pl. in Eq. 19, 20. In Story’s Eq. Pl. n. 3, it is remarked, what constitutes duplicity or multifariousness in a plea, is sometimes a matter of great nicety upon the footing of authority. A plea cannot contain tufo distinct matters of defence; for, if more than one defence be admitted-, it is well observed,- there may be as many grounds of defence stated in a plea as in an answer; and this would defeat the object of the plea. Where in a bill praying a conveyance for four estates, the defendant put in a plea of a fine as to one estate, and in the same plea, he put in a disclaimer as to the other estates, the plea was overruled; for the disclaimer was wholly disconnected with the plea of the fine, and the plea was .therefore double. Facts inconsistent with each other cannot be pleaded, for this would set up two defences. But where the facts, however numerous, all' conduce to establish one point, as in the plea under consideration, it is not multifarious. Story’s Eq. Pl. 499. This plea goes to the whole bill, and the matter in bar is clearly and'distinctly averred. These averments must be sufficient to support the plea, and exclude intendments against the pleader; 2 Ves. 245. 2 Sch. and Lef. 727. 18 Ves. 183. The defendant has filed an answer-in support cf his plea, and this is necessary where there are equitable circumstances stated in the bill, in favour of the plaintiff’s case, against the matter pleaded. These allegations in the bill must be denied by way of answer, as *271 well as by averments in the plea. 6 Ves. 594. 2 Ves. and B. 364. In such case, the answer must be full and clear, or it will not be effectual to support the plea; for the Court will intend the matters so charged against the pleader,lunless they are fully and clearly denied. But if they are, in substance, fully and clearly denied, it may. be sufficient to support the' plea; although all the circumstances charged in the bill may'not be prec'sely answered. Mit. 298, 299. 2 Atk. 241. 1 Sim. and Stu. 568. 5 Bro. Pl. Ch. 561. The answer goes to the whole bill, and it denies all fraud, misrepresentation, or unfairness; and every allegation in the bill which goes to show that'the agreements set forth in the plea should not be binding and conclusive on the parties. A question is made, whether this answer, which goes to the whole bill, and denies the same facts as are denied in the plea, does not overrule the plea. This objection seems to derive some support from certain decisions made in the Exchequer, and which have been, somewhat loosely, copied into some of the elementary treatises on Chancery pleading. But these decisions have never been sanctioned by the High Court of Chancery in England; whose rules of practice have-been adopted by this Court. The rule is, that the answer must not be broader than the plea; but must, in support of the plea, deny fraud and all equitable circumstances alleged in the bill, which are also by a general averment denied by the plea. •The answér, when filed in support of the plea, forms no part of the defence. It is evidence which the plaintiff has a right to require, and to use to invalidate the defence made by the plea. 6 Ves. 597. In a note in Mit. 240, it is said, “ that in the cases in the Court of Exchequer, it seems to have been supposed that the answer in support of the plea overruled the plea. But an answer Can only overrule a plea where it applies to matter which the defendant, by his plea, declines to answer; demanding the judgment of the Court whether, by reason of the matter stated in the plea, he ought to be compelled to answer so much oí the bill.” If the plea goes only to a part' of the bill, and prays the judgment of the Court whether he shall be compelled to answer the other part; and the answer goes to the whole bill, the answer being broader than the plea, overrules it. For the answer is to the part of the bill which it is the object of the plea not to answer. As this' plea extends .to the whole bill, it is essential to its validity that such facts should be averred in it as shall make a complete defence. But it is not necessary in the plea to notice every allegation in the bill which does not involve the facts that constitute the bar, Where the plea does not cover the whole bill, as where it only sets upon a matter in bar to a part of the relief sought in the bill, the other part of the bill must be answered. In the case under con *272 sideration, the answer in support of the plea is not broader than the plea, and consequently does not overrule it. I come now to examine the great question in the case; and that is,.whether .the matter in bar, set out in the plea, constitutes a good defence to the bill.. In entering upon this subject, it may not be improper to notice the hardship complained of by "the plaintiff’s counsel, in setting up the defence by a special plea. It is said that the ground assumed is narrow and technical, and excludes the full merits of the controversy from being examined. That no opportunity is afforded .the plaintiff- to prove the. mistake by the commissioners; in agreeing to Woodward and Saffrey’s 'station as the place where the boundary line was to begin; and which-is the main ground on which the bill prays for relief, It is true, a plea somewhat narrows the ground of controversy.Whilst it must contain all the facts material to a complete defence, it need not be extended to all the allegations of the bill. And the plaintiff may either take, issue on the plea, or admit the truth of it, by setting it down for hearing; as has been done in this case. The office of a plea is to reduce the cause to a single point, and thus prevent the qxpense and trouble of an examination at large. But the matters stated in the bill, which are not denied,by the plea, are admitted to be true. The case of the plaintiff then, as now to be considered, is "as full' and as strong as it is presented in the bill, where not denied by the plea. The averments of the plea are adr mitted to be true.; and the question is, whether those averments, counteracted by any allegations in the bill, -not denied by the plea, constitute a bar to the right asserted by the plaintiff •The plea states that in the year 1642, Woodward and Saffrey erected a station or monument at a point then taken, and believed to be on the true and real boundary ..of Massachusetts, on the south. And that in 1710, this station was agreed to be the true boundary, and the place from which the line should be run, by Dudley and Jenckes, commissioners appointed by Massachusetts and Rhode Island; and "who were authorized to settle and establish the line. And that afterwards, in the year 1718, other commissioners were appointed by .Massachusetts and Rhode Island, to whom ample powers were given to compromise and settle forever the boundary; and who established the same place of beginnings And that the report made to Rhode island by its commissionérs, setting forth the agreement, was accepted by its legislature, and duly recorded and ratified. And- the plea avers, that the Massachusetts commissioners- were' guilty of no fraud or misrepresentation; and that both agreements were entered into with perfect" fairness, and in good faith; and with full and equal knowledge by the parties. That the claims, of the plaintiff, as set forth in the bill, were fully heard, discussed, and settled. And that Massachusetts has retained possession and exercised *273 jurisdiction over the country north.of the line thus established, until the'present time. . . These are the facts, substantially, on which the defendant relies, as a bar to the plaintiff’s bill. The principal ground of relief alleged in the bill is, the mistake in fixing the place from which the line was to run more than seven miles south of Charles river; whereas,by the charter of Massaehusetts, it was to be but three miles south of that river. By the charter, the boundary was declared to be “ three English miles south of any or every part of Charles river.” Some doubt may arise from this phraseology, whether the. three English miles are to be measured from the source of the southern branches of Charles river, or from the main channel of the river. And it would seem, from the establishment of the Woodward and Saffrey station, and other acts done in reference to this boundary shortly after the date of the charter, and when its language was at least- as well understood as at present, that the measurement was understood not to be required from the .body of. the river. At that early day the country was a wilderness, and the land was of but little value; so that'Massachusetts 'muid have felt no’very strong interest in establishing, the line "farther south than was authorized» by the charter. Thé bill alleges a mistake in this distance from the river,-of the Woodward and Saffrey station by- the commissioners of Rhode Island, in both of the agreements respecting the boundary; and this mistake is not denied by the plea. But, in the language of the plea, these agreements are now to be considered as having been fairly mai _, in good faith, without fraud or .misrepresentation by the Massachusetts commissioners; and with ah equal and full knowledge of the facts and circumstances of the case. And the inquiry is, whether a mistake .committed under such circumstances affords a sufficient ground on which to set aside the agreements. T will first consider- the principles of this case,’ as they would, apply to a controversy between individuals respecting a coriimon boundary. The mistake of a fact, unless it operates as a surprise or fraud on the ignorant party, affords no ground for relief in Chancery, 1 Story’s Eq. 160. 2 Ball and Beatt. 179, 180. 4 Bro. Ch. Rep. 158. 6 Ves. 24. The ground of relief in such cases is, not the mistake or ignorance of material facts alone, but thé unconscientious advantage taken of the party bythe concealment of them. For if the parties act fairly, and it is not a case where one is bound' to communicate the facts to the other, upon the ground of-confidence or otherwise; the Court will not interfere. 1 Story’s Eq. 160. 9 Ves. 275. It is essential, in order to set aside such a transaction, not only that an advantage should be taken, but it must arise from some obligation in the party to make the discovery; not an obligation in *274 point of morals only, but of legal duty. 2 Bro. Ch. 420. 1 Har. Eq. b. 1, ch. 3, 4, note n. Equity. w,ill not relieve where the means of information are open to both parties; and where each is presumed to exercise his' own judgment. 2 Wheat. 178. 195. Where an agreement for the composition of a cause is fairly made between parties with their eyes open, and rightly informed, a Court of Equity will not overhaul it; though there has been a great mistake in the exercise óf judgment. 1 Ves. 408. 1 Story’s Eq. 163. In like manner, where the fact is equally unknown to both parties ; or where each has equal and adequate means of information; or where the fact is doubtful from its own nature ; in every such case, if the parties have actecbwith entire good faith, a Court of Equity will not interpose. For in such cases, the equity is deemed equal between the parties; and when it is so, a Court of Equity wall not interfere. 1 Pow. on Con. 200, 1 Madd. Ch. Pr. 62—64. 1 Story’s Eq. 163. The principles recognised by these authorities, apply in all their force and conclusi-veness to the case under, consideration. A greater number of authorities might be cited, but it cannot be necessary. The principles stated are founded on reason and the fitness' of things; and they have been sanctioned by a uniform course-of adjudication. If these rules are tó be respected, and the mistake alleged in the bill had occurred' under precisely the same circumstances between individuals, it' would seem to be clear, that there would be no ground for relief. A controversy exists between individuals respecting a common boundary.'' One party claims that the line should begin at a cértain point, and the other at a diiferent one. Arbitrators are appointed, with full powers to settle and compromise the dispute, who establish the point as claimed by one of the parties. Some dissatisfaction is subsequently manifested by th% unsuccessful party; and seven years after the first reference, a second one is made to other persons, who are vested with ample powers to settle and compromise the controversy; and they do settle it in exact conformity to the first award; and this second award is reported to the principals, who sanction it. ■ In addition to this, the line or place of beginning established by the arbitrators, is the place claimed' by the successful party,- as his line, inore than seventy-five years before the second award; and more than twenty years before the-other party had any interest in the boundary. And the conduct of the arbitrators is free from any imputation of fraud or unfairness; all having equal ánd full knowledge of the matter in dispute, which was fully and fairly discussed and understood, and finally determined. A cáse undér these circumstances between individuals, to say nothing of the lapse of time and acquiescence, since the award, *275 would pot seem to be very.strongly recommended to the equitable inte .-position of the Court, on the ground that the arbitrators mistook a fact: a mistake not induced by the opposite, party, or. by misrepresentation, but; into which the arbitrators .'of the unsuccessful party had innocently fallen, .having as full a knowledge of. the whole merits of the case as the arbitrators chosen by the other party. . . Relief, which should set aside the award, and open up the .controversy, under such circumstances, would create a new head of equity. The mistake is. admitted, because it is not denied by the plea; and this may be said to be a technical advantage of the plaintiff. For if the fact of mistake were to be .tested by the circumstances of the case, it would be difficult to come to the conclusion that a mistake had- really occurred. If it were admitted to have taken place, in the first award, it would require no small degree of credulity, to believe, that it again occurred in the second award, made seven years .after the first one; and after much dissatisfaction haá been manifested against the first award. . This dissatisfaction cciuld only have arisen,from the supposed.fact that the boundary had been established too far South. . But as the case is now considered, the mistake alleged is- admitted ;, but admitted-under all the averments of the plea. If the Woodward, and Saffrey station be as many miles south of Charles river, as alleged in the bill,; it would seem to be a moré reasonable supposition that it was agreed to, under a construction of the charter, or on the principles of compromise; than through mistake. But the mistake being admitted, still, as between individuals, there would- be no sufficient ground for the interposition of a Court of Equity. And if relief could not be given between individuals, can it be decreed under the same circumstances as between sovereign states. There are equitable considerations, which would seém to apply with greater force to controversies between individuals, than to .those which arise between states. Among states, there is a higher agency, greater deliberation, and a more imposing form of procedure, in the .-.djustmerit of differences, than takes place between private individuals. Between the former, from the nature of the proceeding, mistakes of fact seldom occur; and when they do happen, it is rather a quest' rn of policy than of right, .whether they shall be corrected. I. am inclined to think with the counsel on both sides, that the great question in this case should not be decided by the rules for the settlement of private rights. The high litigant parties, and the nature of the controversy, give an elevation and dignity to the cause .which can never belong to differences between individuals. It may be a simple matter to determine where a line shall be run; but when such determination may draw after it a change of soyéreign power over a district of *276 country, and many thousand citizens, the principles involved must be considered as of the highest magnitude. The question' is national in its character; and it is fit and proper that it should be decided by those broad and liberal principles which constitute the code of national law. Vattel, in his treatise, 277, says, “When sovereigns cannot agree about their pretensions, and are nevertheless desirous of preserving or restoring peace, they sometimes.submit the decision of their disputes' to arbitrators, chosen by common agreement. When once the contending parties have entered, into articles of arbitration, they are bound to abide by the sentence of the arbitrators: they have engaged to do this; and the faith of treaties should be religiously observed.” _ ' And again : “ In order to obviate all difficulty, and cut off every pretext pf which fraud might make a handle, it is necessary that the arbitration articles should precisely spepify the subject in dispute, the respective and opposite pretensions of the parties, the demands of .the- one- and the objections of the other. These constitute the whole of'what is submitted to the decision of the arbitrators; and it' is upon these points alone that the parties promise to abide by their judgment. If, then, their sentence be confined within these precise bounds, the disputants must acquiesce in it. They cannot say that it is manifestly unjust; since it is pronounced .on a question which they have themselves rendered doubtful by the discordance of their claims, and which has been referred, as such, to the decision of the arbitrators. Before.-they can pretend to evade such a sentence, théy should prove, by incontestable facts, that it was the offspring of corruption or flagrant partiality.” And again, in page 178, he says, “Arbitration is a very reasonable mode, and one that is perfectly conformable to the law of nations, for the decision of every dispute which does' not- directly interest the safety of the nation. Though the claim of justice may be mistaken by the arbitrators, it is still more to be feared that it will be overpowered in an appeal to the sword.” The author well observes, that the Helvetic republic, by a wise adherence to this mode of adjusting controversies among themselves, and with foreign countries, has secured its liberty, and made itself respectable throughout Europe. These princip-lés have been established by the common consent of the civilized world. , And where they are invoked in the .settlement of disputes between* states, and the proceeding is characterized by .fairness and good faith, it ought not to be set aside, and indeed cannot be; without, in the language of Vattel, proving by the clearest evidence that the award was the offspring of corruption or flagrant partiality. And if the determination of the arbitrators has the sanction of time as well as of principle, it is believed that history affords no instance where it has not been considered as absolutely .binding on the parties. The peace of nations, and the prosperity of mankind, require that compacts thus formed should be held sacred. *277 The; pretensions of Massachusetts in favour of the line as established by both arbitrations, commenced in' .1642; and no other jurisdiction had been, at any time, exercised over the country north of this line. ' It was claimed before Rhode Island had a political existence. The elements of which it was afterwards composed; were, at the timé this right was first asserted, mingled with the parent colony of Massachusetts, and with other communities and nations. And after they became embodied and organized under the' charter of .1663, it was nearly half a century before there seems to have been any dispute respecting this boundary. Nearly two' centuries have elapsed since the claim of Massachusetts to this line was set up,-and more than a hundred and twenty years since the controversy was settled by the commissioners or arbitrators chosen by the parties; and, as averred in the plea, specially sanctioned and confirmed by Rhode Island. ■ Is time to have no influence in this case, on the agreements of the parties ? It covers with its peaceful-mantle stale disputes between individuals. And so strong- is its influence, that fraud, which vitiates all human transactions, cannot be reached when covered by great lapse of time. ■Has a treaty ever been set aside on the ground of mistake ? Has it ever been contended, that after its ratification by the high contracting parties, either could look behind the treaty and object to it, because- the negotiators had mistaken a fact ? It is believed that such a pretension would be new in the history of diplomacy. The treaty must speak for itself; and under its provisions must the rights of the parties be ascertained. In the first treaty of limits between this country and Gr;eat Britain ; it is a fact not now questioned; that a mistake of many miles was made in establishing our northern boundary. But this has afforded to Great Britain no occasion of remonstrance or complaint. Our own government, on a recent occasion, declined an acquiescence-in the decision of the King of the Netherlands, in relation to. this same boundary. But, in his letter of July 21st, 1832, to the representative of Great Britain in this country, the Secretary of Státe says, in relation to the resolution of the Senate against the decision; that it,was adopted under the conviction that the arbiter had not decided the question submitted to him, or had decided it in a manner not authorized by the submission.” “ It is not,” he adds, “ the intention of the undersigned to enter into an investigation of the argúmént which has led to this conclusion. The decision of the Senate precludes it,- and the object of this communication retidérs it unnecessary; but it may be proper to add, that’ no question could have brisen as to the validity of the decision, had the sovereign arbiter determined on and designated any boundary as that which was intended by the treaty of 1783.” This view, by the Secretary, of the binding effect of the decision if it had been made on the point submitted to the arbiter, is. in ac *278 cordance with the principles of national law, and has a direct and most-forcible application to the case under consideration. No objection is made by Rhode Island that the arbitrators exceeded their powers. No such objection can be made. Their powers were ample; and their proceedings^, both in 1710, and in 1718, seem to have been characterized by great dignity and deliberation. ' The complainant, it is true, was dissatisfied with the first decision, establishing Woodward and Saffrey’s station; and by remonstrances induced the áppointment of the second commission in 1717, which in the.following year, confirmed, in all respects, the first decision. ■ Notwithstanding these remonstrances against .the first decision, it would seem from the bill, that until 1749, the' complainant believed that Woodward and Saffrey’s station was only three English miles south of Charles river; and was consequently the true point from which the line should be run. This being the case, as the bill does not state the precise ground of dissatisfaction at the' first report, it cannot well be imagined.- Rhode Island, it seems, from time to time, by remonstrances, in the form of resolutions and otherwise, and by the appointment of Commissioners, signified its dissatisfaction at the boundary, as established in 1710 and 1718. Massachusetts, as it was bound-in comity to do, listened to these expressions by Rhode Island; and more than "once appointed commissioners on the- subject. But whether we look to the averments in the plea, or to the statements in the bill, the defendant never seems to havé done any thing which could impair the force of the agreements. The bill states various facts, such as. the little value of the land bounding on the disputed line for many years, the sparseness of the population, the Want of means, and the intervention of war; as reasons why Rhode Island did not bring .this controversy before the king in council-, under the colonial government. . It appears from the exhibits accompanying the bill, that, in 1740, there, being a dispute between Massachusetts and Rhode Island, whether the former could exercise its jurisdiction to the shores of the Narraganset bay,, the King of Great. Britain appointed commissioners to settle the controversy, who decided against Massachusetts. This decision was confirmed on an appeal from the commissioners, by the'king and council. So long as the colonial government' continued, this mode of redress, so successfully invoked by the complainant in the above instance, remained open. . -The articles of confederation formed by the new government; made special provision for the settlement of disputed boundaries between states.' And when these' were revoked by the adoption of the Constitution, the tribunal at last appealed to was opéjí; and has ever remained ready to hear and decide the controversy. Giving full weight to all the allegations in the bill, which go to *279 excuse the delays of Rhode Island in asserting its claim, it is still difficult to say .that the claim remains unaffected by the unmolested possession of Massachusetts, according to the agreements. Rhode Island, it is true, is small in territory, and weak in numerical force, but it has always stood high in moral power, and intellectual endowment; and the tribunals which, since the. commencement of the controversy, have been open to hear its complaint, have been tribunals of reason,.of justice, and of established law. The arguments of the counsel for the complainant, zealous and able as they were, rested mainly on the hardship and injustice of deciding this controversy on the pleadings as they now stand. The mistake is admitted; and what is there else in the bill,-,taken in connection with all the facts and circumstances, which can give the case of the complainant a, more imposing form. No fraud is imputed; the sealed agreements, now and ever, must speak the same language; the effect of time will remain; and the, excuses alleged in the bill for delay, can scarcely have, under any form of pleading, greater effect than may be given to them as the case now stands. I speak.not of the volume of evidence which may be thrown into the case by. a change of the pleadings; but-of the leading and indisputable facts which must, under any form of procedure, have a controlling influence in the decision. Believing, as I do, that in admitting the truth of the plea, Rhode Island has done nothing prejudicial to her interests.; and that in the present attitude of the case, its substantial merits are before us, I feel bound to pronounce a different opinion from that which has been given by a majority of my brother judges. Taking the facts of the plea, and giving due weight to all the allegations of the bill, not denied by the plea, I am led to the conclusion that the bar is complete. In coming to this conclusion, I feel no want of respect for the state of Rhode Island, which has become so illustrious in our history by its enterprise, its intelligence, and its patriotism. Mr. Justice Catron. The facts and'pleadings have been so fully stated by my brethren, as to require from me only a brief notice of the conclusions my mind has-come to on the points in controversy. The defence, in the form of an incongruous plea, must set up matter ih bar, which, if true, renders immaterial every other fact alleged in the bill; be these as they may, the defence must be conclusive of the controversy; and every necessary averment to sustain the matter pleaded in bar, must- also be made in an answer covering the plea,' which cannot be permitted to stand unsupported by an answer. This is the familiar and settled practice of the High Court of Chancery in England; and adopted by rule in the Courts of the United States. In form, it is believed, the plea and answer in this cause are accurate in-a high degree, in regard to the matter pleaded, and the *280 averments-necessary to give it effect, in the sense.it is relied on as a bar; unless thé defence set up is double. It is insisted the plea is multifarious, because it relies on' two defences: first, the compacts; and second, the possession and occupa-. tiori, of the territory claimed-by the plaintiff, for more than a century. The facts pleaded must be conducive.to a single point of defence; and the question is, are the compacts, the making of the line in part execution ofthem, and the taking and holding possession in other part, and complete execution of them, combined facts -and circumstances, conducing to establish .the single point relied on in defence? That is, that the line run from Woodward and Saffrey’s station was the true-boundary, established by, and marked in execution of, the compacts; and: tnat by the compacts Rhode Island is estopped to-deny its validity. 'And-1 think the circumstances pleaded are so connected as not- to vitiate the plea. If it is bad, it must therefore be' so on its merits involving the obligatory force of the compacts.. That they are prima, facie .conclusive of the> boundary, is .admitted: but the bill alleges they were made in mistake, and tbe line run and marked; and posséssion surrendered to Massachusetts, in mistake of a prominent fact: that Rhode Island then believed the station, and the line run from it, three miles ¡south of Charles river; w uereas subsequent observation and examination had ascertained it to.be much further .south, that is, about seven miles. The Massachusetts charter calls for a line to be drawn east and west, " three miles south of the waters of said Charles river; or-of any, or of every- part thereof;” and' the plea, in substance, avers,' the charter was construed, and the line settled by the compacts, .without misrepresentation on the part of Massachusetts; and with full and equal knowledge of all circumstances by both parties. . The plea having been set down for argument, without an issue, must for the present be taken as true;' and ..the averments taken as admitted, that the parties entered into the compacts, and established the boundary, with full and equal knowledge .of all the circumstances Of l.aw and fact involved in . the controversy, as it then existed, and now exists. And in the face of -the compacts thus made, can Rhode Island be heard to allege the. existence of a mistake iri the boundary established by them; and • marked by the mutual commissioners, and as the joint act of both parties ? Under the circumstances, to open .the controversy, and' let in proof of a mistake at this day, to overthrow, a solemn' treaty made between two independent governments ;• is deemed by me, inadmissible, not to say-dangerous. And I think .the matters pleaded (if true) a good defénce. • If this compromise and solemn establishment of a boundary, made a century ago, can be impeached on the ground of a mistake, so palpable and easy of detection; cannot every other made by,tbe states be-brought before this Court, on a similar assumption, usd ally much better founded; especially where degrees of latitude *281 are called for as boundaries ? If the parties, “ with frill and equal knowledge of all circumstances,” compromised and settled a doubtful construction of the Massachusetts charter, and .in which, they were engaged, nearly ten years;' why should this Court go further into the matter, at the hazard of encouraging litigation in so many other quarters ? I will for thg present refrain from entering into the inquiry, how far such a mistake of law) .in construing a private instrument, could be inquired into, by a Court of Chancery in a suit .between man apd naan; nor what help the'mistake of law (if any exists) could derive from the facts apparent by the bill, unless the statement of the proposition should suggest the answer. • Nor will I attempt to draw the marked line of distinction between such private agreement, and a public treaty, by state with state; in regard to the difficulty of going into matters of mistake, usually not predicable of a treaty. On consideration of the plea filed in this casé by the defendant, and of the arguments of counsel thereupon had, as well in support of as against the said plea,'it is now here ordered by this Court, that the said.plea be, and the same is hereby overruled; and it is further now here ordered by this Court, that the defendant answer the bill of complaint, as amended, on or before the first day of the next term.