United States v. Linn

*311 Mr. Justice Thompson delivered the opinion of the Court. •This case comes from the Circuit Court of the United States for the state of Illinois, on a certificate of division of opinion upon the following points: 1st. Whether the obligation Set out in the second and third counts in the declaration, being without seal, is a bond within' the act of Congress. 2d.-Whether such instrument is good at common law. Upon the first point no doubt can exist. There being no seal to the instrument, it is not a bond. This point was" abandoned by tlje Attorney General, on the argument; and the question must of course be answered in the negative. And as the act of Congress directs the security to be taken by bond, this answer necessárily implies that the instrument now in question is not in form the instrument required by the act of Congress. And the second point presents the broad question whether the instrument is good and binding at common law, independent of the statute, as to the mere form of the security. If this is a contract entered into by competent parties, and for a lawful purpose, not prohibited by law, and is founded upon á sufficient consideration, it is a valid contract, at common law. In the case of The United States v. Tingey, 5 Peters, 115, it was held by this Court, that the United States being a body politic have a capacity to enter into contracts, and take bonds or securities within the sphere of their constitutional powers, ’and appropriate to the just exercise of those powers, through the instrumentality of the proper department, to which those powers are intrusted, whenever such bonds or contracts are not prohited by law, although the making such contracts, or taking such bonds, may not have been prescribed by any pre-existing legislative act. From this it follows, that a voluntary contract or security taken by the United States for a lawful purpose, and upon a good consideration, although not prescribed by any law, is not utterly void. That the instrument in question was taken for a lawful purpose cannot be questioned. It was taken to secure the faithful performance of duties imposed by law upen a Receiver of Public Money. Although the question came up in the Circuit Court upon a *312 demurrer to the declaration, the point certified does not involve any inquiry respecting the sufficiency of the declaration. The declaration is referred to merely for á description of the instrument upon which the question arose. And if the instrument can be made valid and binding at common law,'by any averments and legal evidence, the question must b'e answered in the affirmative. This instrument, as set out in the second and third counts in the declaration, bears date on the first day of April, in the year 1836, reciting that the President of the United States had, pursuant to law, appointed the said William Linn to be Receiver of Public Money, for the district of lands subject to sale at Vandalia, in the state of Illinois, for the term of four years from the 12th day of January, in the year 1835, by commission bearing date on the 12th of February, 1835. That the said defendants did then and there, in and by said instrument in writing, by the names, contractions, abbreviations, and descriptions, &c., (naming all the defendants,) • acknowledge themselves to be held, and firmly bound, unto the said plaintiff’ in the sum of, and promised to pay unto the said plaintiffs, one hundred, thousand dollars of money of the United States; to which payment well and truly to be made, they, the said defendants, bound themselves jointly and severally, their joint and several heirs, executors, and administrators, by the said instrument in writing; which said instrument in writing was, however, to be void and of none effect, in case, and upon the condition., that the said William Linn should faithfully execute and discharge the duties of his office of Receiver of Public Moneys as aforesaid; otherwise the said instrumént in writing should abide and remain in full force and virtue. And the question is, whethér this instrument is binding at common law, as a security for the faithful discharge of the duties of Receiver of Public Moneys, by William Linn. The argument urged to the Court against the validity of this instrument, has been presented under the following heads: 1. That the writing is without consideration. 2. - If not without consideration, it was a past and executed consideration. 3. That it is contrary to the policy of the act of Congress, and so void. *313 The recital in the instrument is that the President of the United States, pursuant to law, had appointed the said William Linn Receiver of Public Money for the-district of land, subject to sale at Vandalia, in the state of Illinois, for the term of four years from the 12th of January, 1835, and who was duly commissioned for that purpose; and he was accordingly, by the laws of' the United States, entitled to receive the same’compensation and emoluments, and subject to the same duties in every respect in relation to the lands to be disposed of at his office, as are or may be by law provided in relation to the Receivers of Public Money in other offices established for the sale of public lands; and was by law required to give security in the same manner and sum as other Receivers of Public Moneys for the sale.of public lands. 4 Story, 2374, art. 26, June, 1834. These emoluments were the considerations allowed him for the execution of the duties of his office; and his appointment and commission entitled him t!> receive this compensation, whether he gave' any security or not. ' His official rights and duties attached upon his appointment. This was so held by this Court in the case of The United States v. Bradley, 10 Peters, 364. The Court there say, it has been objected that Hall was not entitled to act as paymaster until he had given the bond requiréd by the act of 1816, in the form therein prescribed; and that not having given any such bond, he is not accountable as ' paymaster for any moneys received by him.. We are, say the Court, of a different opinion. Hall’s appointment as a paymaster was complete when his appointment was duly made by the President, and confirmed by the Senate. The giving the bond was a mere ministerial act, for the security of the government; and not a condition precedent to his authority to act as a paymaster. ■’ Having received the public moneys as paymaster, he must account for such money. According to this doctrine, which is undoubtedly sound, Ljnn was a receiver, de jure, as well as de facto, when the instrument in question was given. And although the law requiring security was directory to the officers entrusted'with taking such security, Linn was under a legal as iwell as a moral obligation to give the security required by law; and being entitled to the compensation and emoluments attached to'the office, which by his commission was .to continue for four ’ *314 years from the 12th of January,. 1835; this was a sufficient consideration appearing on the face of the instrument, to support the promise. A benefit to the promissor, or damage to the pr.omissee, constitutes a ' good ' consideration. 5 Cranch, 150. 2 Peters, 182. If Linn received a sufficient consideration to uphold the promise on his part, it was sufficient to bind the sureties. There was no necessity for any consideration passing directly between the plaintiffs-and the sureties. It was one entire and original transaction; aud the consideration which supported the contract of Linn supported that of his sureties. If the contract between the plaintiffs and Linn had been executed and perfectly past, before ■ the other defendants' became sureties, so that their promise and undertaking could not connect itself with the * original contract, it would have requirec a distinct consideration... But the whole being one entire and original contract, and not collateral, on the part of the sureties, the consideration received by Linn was sufficient to ’support the- contract on the part-of his sureties. 8 Johns. 37. Cro. Eliz. 137. 3 Bur. 1886. 2. This was not a past and executed consideration. The mere appointment of Linn, as a Receiver of Public Money, was not the consideration of the contract, but the emoluments, and benefit resulting from the appointment formed the consideration. It was a continuing consideration, running with his continuance iu • office; and existed in full force at the time the instrument in question was signed. This appears from the recitals in the contract. The term of office Was four years from the 12th of January, 1835. '; 3. But it has, been very strongly pressed upon the Court, that it is against the policy of the act of Congress, to allow security to be taken otherwise than by a bond. It may be well questioned whether this objection comes properly under consideration in the question certified to this Court; which is simply, whether this instrument is good at common law. This, in strictness, presents the question entirely independent of the statute, and as if no statute'had ever been passed on the subject. But we do not wish to confine ourselves to ibis narrow view of the question. The act of Congress, under which this.instrument was taken, (1 Story, 786, sec. 6,) directs that a Receiver of Public Mbneys shall, be *315 fore he enters upon the' duties of his office, give bond, with approved security, in the sum of ten thousand dollars, for the faithful discharge of his trust. The statute does not profess to give the precise form of the bond. It. is only a general direction to give a bond for the faithful discharge of the trust. There are 'no negative words in the act, or any thing by implication or otherwise, to make void a security taken in any other form; nor is there any thing in reason dr sound principle, that should lead to such a conclusion. Had it been deemed by Congress of such importance as is now attached to it, it is reasonable to suppose that securities taken otherwise than by bond, would have been declared void. The only objection urged against the validity of this instrument is,- that it has no seals annexed to the names of the ■ signers. In every other respect, it is not pretended but that it conforms precisely to the requirements of the statute. And what is the real difference between -an .instrument under seal, and one not under seal ? The only material difference is, that, in the one case, the seal imports a .consideration,-and in the other, it must be proved. ' There ought to be .some-very strung grounds to. authorize a Court to declare aninstrumenfabsolutely void, which has been voluntarily made, upon-a good consideration, and delivered to the .party for whose bénefit it was intended. There is, in this case, no principles of public policy or morality violated. .But,on the contrary, the object and purpose for which the instrument was given, was in furtherance of the provisions" of the statute, and in Compliance with the legal and moral.obligations imposed upon the Receiver of Public Moneys. The act of Congress directs a bond to be taken, in the pénalty 'of tén thousand dollars. Suppose a bond should- be taken in the penalty of twenty thousand, would it on that -account be void ? If it' must pursue the precise directions of .the áct, ft certainly would be void. The authority given to the President to increase the amount of the bonds, was not passed until the year 1820, (3 Story, 1790;) and if any departure from the precise form of the security directed by the statute would make void the bond, an increase'of the penalty would have had that effect, before the act of 1820. The act directs a bond to be given, with approved security. The nature of this security is not prescribed. A mortgage, or any other approved security, voluntarily given, would no doubt he *316 valid; and it would be no very forced interpretation of this act, to consider this instrument as such security-. It will be seen, from the recital, compared with the date of this instrument, that it was given long after the appointment of Linn. -Why, and under what circumstances it was given, do not appear; nor is, it important here to inquire. Should that become necessary, the proper time to inquire into that matter will be upon the trial of the cause. The point now presented to this Court is a single and abstract question; whether this instrument is good at common law. It is argued that this instrument is absolutely void, on the ground that it is - .gainst the policy of the act to permit security to be taken in any other form than is prescribed by the act. In a certain. sense this may be true. It is the duty of all public officers intrusted with the execution of powers delegated.to them, to. pursue the directions of the law conferring the power. But to construe all such laws as a special delegation of authority, to be strictly and literally pursued; and to consider every departure from it, as done without authority, and absolutely void; would frequently be defeating the very object and purpose for which the law is made; and ought not to receive such a construction, unless the statute itself declares all such acts void. But if the mere omission to put seals to the instrument shall make it void, every other departure from a strict -and literal compliance with the direction of the act, would make void the -security.' ' This has not been the light in which this Court have viewed analogous cases. In the case of The United States v. Bradley, already referred to, the Court say, “it has been urged that the act. of 1816,ch. 69, does, by necessary implication, prohibit the taking of any .bonds from Paymasters other than those in the form prescribed by the 6th section of the act; and, therefore; that bonds taken in any other form, are utterly void. We do not think so. The act merely prescribes the form and purport of the bond to be taken of-Paymasters by the War Department, r It is in this respect directory to that department; and, doubtless, it would he illegal for that department to insist upon a bond containing other provisions and conditions, differing from those prescribed or required by law. But the act has nowhere declared that all other bonds, not taken in the prescribed’ form, shall be *317 Utterly void. Nor does such an implication arise from any of the terms contained in the act, or from any principies of public policy which it is designed to promote. A bond may, by mutual mistake or accident, and' wholly without design, be taken in a form not prescribed by the act. It would be a very mischievous interpretation of the act, to suppose that, under such circumstances, it was the intendment of the act tha't the bond should be utterly void. Nothing, we think, but very strong and express language should induce a Court of justice to adopt such an interpretation. Where the act speaks out, it woirld be our duty ■to follow itr Where it is silent, it is a sufficient compliance with the policy of the act to declare the bond void, as to any conditions which are imposed upon a party beyond what the law requires. This is not only the dictate of the common law, but of common sense.” . " _ The act under which the security, in that case, was taken, is substantially the same as the one under which the instrument now in question was taken. 3 Story, 1575. It requires the Paymaster to give good and sufficient bond to the United States, fully to account for all moneys and public' property which he may receive, in such sums as the Secretary of War shall direct. All the reasons urged in favour of the validity of the bond in that case, apply with equal force to the one now before the Court. The only departure of the instrument from the directions of the act, is the want of a seal; and this, as is said in the case against Bradley, may have been omitted by'mntual mistake, or accident, and wholly without design. We think that the mere want of seals is not such a departure from the act as to warrant the Court, upon any supposed principles of public policy, to pronounce this instrument utterly void; it being good at common, law, and given in furtherance of the great object of the statute, and as security for the faithful discharge of the duties required of the office. We are accordingly of opinion that the second question must be answered in the affirmative. Mr'. Justice Story, Mr. Justice M‘Lean, and Mr. Justice-Baldwin, dissented. This cause came on to be heard on the transcript of the record from the Circuit Court of the United States, for the District of *318 Illinois, and on the points and questions on which the judges of the said Circuit Court were opposed in opinion, and which were certified to this Court for its opinion, agreeably to the act of Congress in such case- made and provided, and was argued by counsel. On consideration whereof, it is the opinion of this Court, 1st. That the obligation set out in the second and third counts in the declaration, being without seal, is not a bond within the act of Congress; and 2d. That such an instrument is good at common law : whereupon it is now here ordered and adjudged by this Court, that it be so certified to the said Circuit Court.