Marshall v. Redfield

NELSON, Circuit Justice. The principal objection to a recovery in this case is, that the money has been paid by the plaintiffs voluntarily, and not under coercion or duress by color of law, so as to lay a foundation for the action. The act of congress of February 26. 1845 (5 Stat. 727), saves the action to parties “who have paid, or shall hereafter pay, money, as and for duties, under protest, to any collector of the customs,” &e., “in order to obtain goods, &c., imported by him,” &c., and upon which the duties claimed were not chargeable. Now, in the present ease, the goods in question were not in the hands of the collector, or under his authority, and, indeed, had never been in the custom-house, and hence the money cannot be said to have been paid to get possession of them. It is supposed, however, that the payment with a view to the surrender or cancellation of the bond, and to avoid a suit thereon, comes within the spirit or intent of the act of congress; and the case of Maxwell v. Griswold, 10 How. [51 U. S.] 242, is referred to as sustaining this position. ’ But, on looking into that case, it will be found not to be an authority for this action. There the goods were in the hands of the collector, and the merchant was obliged to do one of two things, in order to obtain them, namely, allow his invoice price to remain, and be subjected to the penalty of twenty per centum, under the 8th section of the act of 1846 [9 Stat. 43], or add to the invoice price, so as to bring it up to that claimed under the treasury circular. The claim was, in either case, unlawful, as was subsequently held by the court. Among other things, the court say: “The money was thus obtained by a moral duress, not justified by law, and .which was not submitted to by the importer, except to regain possession of his property withheld from him on grounds manifestly wrong.” In the present case, the money was paid to avoid a suit on the bond, that being threatened if the duties were not paid. But the de-fence to that suit was as perfect as if the bond had not been in the case, and to hold such a payment to be one by coercion and not voluntary, would be equivalent to holding that every payment of money demanded by the collector is an involuntary payment, and lays a foundation for an action to recover it back, if the demand (urns out, in the end, not to have been founded in law. Upon the case made, a judgment must be entered for the defendant, with costs.