In re Ray

BIjATCHFORD, District Judge. At the request of the parties, made through the register, the court consented to receive written briefs on the question certified in this case. A brief has been furnished on the part of the bankrupt, but none on the part of the creditors. The questions discussed on the part of the bankrupt are, whether the bankrupt is estopped from availing himself of n lie statute of limitations by reason of bis having set forth the- claim of the creditors in the schedule of creditors annexed to his petition; whether the bar created by the statute of New York cannot operate as a complete bar to the debt, unless it be also shown that the debt would be barred in all the states of the Union; and whether, this being a proceeding for the relief of the debtor, and the discharge he petitions for being a matter of concession and favor, he cannot interpose a technical defence or objection, or one that does not go to the equities between the parties. It is argued, on the part of the bankrupt, that the placing by him of the debt upon the schedule to his petition is not a promise to pay the debt, or an admission of a willingness to pay it, or an admission that it is due, or an acknowledgment or recognition of its existence, or of an existing liability to pay it, from which a new promise may be inferred, the fact that the debt is named in a proceeding, the sole purpose of which is to obtain a discharge from all liability on the debt, being a circumstance calculated to repel the presumption of an intent or promise to pay the debt; that, under the facts in regard to this debt, the creditors cannot claim the benefit of the statute of limitations of any other state than New York; and that the right to ■a discharge on complying with the law is a legal right. The question certified is treated by the argument on the part of the bankrupt as identical with the question whether the claim in this case is provable under the bankruptcy act. The twenty-sixth section provides, that the court may, on the application of “any creditor,” require the bankrupt to submit to an examination upon, among other things, all debts claimed from him, and all matters concerning his property and estate. The twenty-second section provides, that the court may, on the application of “any creditor,” “examine upon oath the bankrupt, or any person tendering, or who has made proof of claims, and may summon any person capable of giving evidence concerning such proof, or concerning the debt sought to be proved, and shall reject all claims not duly proved, or where the proof shows the claim to be founded in fraud, illegality, or mistake.” Before a creditor can, under section 26, apply for an order to examine the bankrupt he must prove his claim. The words, “any creditor,” in that section mean any creditor who has proved his claim. It is true, that the examination under that section may extend to an examination concerning the claim itself. But an examination of the bankrupt, when desired, in regard to a claim proved or sought to be proved, can take place under the twenty-second section; and the words, “any creditor,” in the last clause of that section, must, from the language of the whole section, be held to mean not only a creditor who has proved his debt, but a creditor who has tendered proof of a debt which has not yet been allowed, so as to authorize the latter, as well as the former, to apply for an examination under the twenty-second section. The order [324] ior the examination in. the present case is stated to have been made under the twenty-sixth section, and I must contend that it was aot to be merely an examination in refer-«irce to the debt claimed by these creditors. As their debt had been proved, they had a night, under section 26, to apply for the order. 'The debt being proved, and the order being made, the creditors have a right to proceed •with the examination. The twenty-third section requires the court ⅜© allow all debts duly proved. But, under ■the provision in the twenty-second section, '¡before quoted, the court is required to reject ¿all claims not duly proved, or where the proof shows the claim to be founded in fraud, /illegality, or mistake. The claim of these «creditors must stand as proved until it is rejected, either as not having been duly proved ••or as having been founded in illegality or mistake. If the bankrupt desires to have the claim rejected for any such reason, he must apply to the court by petition, and a reference will be ordered, under section 3S. :,to make the examination provided for by section 22. I might content myself with answering the «question certified, by saying that a creditor who has proved his debt has a right to examine the bankrupt under section 20 of the act, although his debt may appear to be bar-,rcd under the circumstances set forth in this «case. But what is really desired by the parties is a decision whether the debt in this -case is one which ought to be rejected as being barred by the statute of limitations of New York. The bankruptcy act is silent as to the operation of any statute of limitation. The nineteenth section provides, that “all debts due and payable from the bankrupt at the time •of the adjudication of bankruptcy,” may be proved against his estate. This language is ■¡broad enough, on its face, to include all debts, :mo matter of how long standing. I have not .met with any decision under any former • bankruptcy act of the United States on the • question presented. But in England it has ¡.always been held, under the bankruptcy law, fihat a debt which cannot be recovered in an .•action, .against a plea of the statute of limit-:-aliens, 'cannot be proved in bankruptejw Ex parte Dewdney, 15 Ves. 479; In re Clendining, 9 Ir. Eq. (N. S.) 287. And in England a ■dividend paid on such a debt was ordered to be repaid. Ex parte Dewdney, ubi supra. ’’.The principle involved is, that the debtor is mnder no obligation to pay such a debt, and t&nt, therefore, it cannot be said to be “due ¡.and payable.” The rule in England continues to be the same and the ground on ■which it is put by elementary writers is, that •the bankrupt has no option as to defending or not defending a claim against his estate •in bankruptcy, save through the action of the •assignee, and the assignee is bound, in the interest of the body of creditors, to set up any legal defence which the bankrupt could have set up if he were not bankrupt. 1 Archb. Bankr. Law (by Griffith & Holmes, Ed. 1S67) p. 533 ; 2 Dor. & M. Bankr. p. 787. I think that is the proper rule, and that, under section 19 of the bankruptcy act, no debt can be considered “due and payable” which is barred by limitation, and that a debt so barred cannot be proved in bankruptcy. Is'the debt in the present case so barred? The Code of Procedure of ¡New York provides (sections 74, 91) that a civil action on causes of action such as those in this case, can only be commenced within six years after the causes of action accrued, but that the objection that the action was not commenced within the time limited can only be taken by answer. The whole scope of the statute is one affecting the remedy merely, and not the contract. A complaint setting out a cause of action which appears to have accrued more than six years before the action was commenced, is not objectionable on its face 'or open to a demurrer. The de-fence of the limitation must be set up by answer. If it is not so set up, it is waived. Now, the distinction between a law which affects the rights and merits of a contract, and extinguishes it and makes it null and void as the result of a prescription or limitation, and a law which does no more than limit the time within which an action must be brought upon the contract in the courts of the country which enacts the law, is well settled. A law of the latter description is wholly confined to the country enacting it. A law of the former description may, under certain circumstances, so affect the contract and its construction as to be capable of being invoked as a bar to an action on it in another country. Huber v. Steiner, 2 Bing. N. C. 202; Story, Confl. Laws, § 5S2. The statute of limitations of New York goes exclusively to the remedy in the courts of New York, and could never be invoked as a bar to an action in another state on the contracts in question in this case. This principle is sought by the creditors in this case to be applied to their claim, and they insist, that, as' they would have a right, notwithstanding anything found in the law of New York, to sue the bankrupt on their claim if they find him within the jurisdiction of another state, they ought not to be deprived of the privilege of proving their claim in bankruptcy under a law of the United States, whose operation is co-extensive with the limits of the United States, unless it is shown that the claim is barred throughout the limits of the United States. The English bankruptcy law is co-extensive, as to territorial operation, with the English statute of limitations. The bankruptcy act of the United States operates in all the states as well as in New York. Under these circumstances, I think, that a debt, to be barred by limitation, so as not to be provable under the bankruptcy act, as not being “due and payable,” must be shown to be so barred throughout the limits of the [325] United States. I am the less reluctant to hold this view, because a contrary rule would have an effect which the counsel for the bankrupt in this case seems to have entirely overlooked. By section 32 of the bankruptcy act, a discharge under it discharges the bankrupt from all debts and claims .which are by the act made provable against his estate (except such as are excepted by section 33); and, by section 34, it is declared, that the discharge shall, with such exception, release the bankrupt ‘‘from all debts, claims, liabilities and demands which were or might have been proved against his estate in bankruptcy.” If it be held that the debt in this ease cannot be proved against the estate, it will not be discharged, and it will stand against the bankrupt. If he shall hereafter be sued on it in another state, the discharge in bankruptcy will be no defence to such suit, if it appears that, on a direct adjudication, the creditors were refused permission, by the court in bankruptcy, to prove their claim, on the ground that it was not provable because it was barred by the statute of limitations of New York, and that statute will be no defence to such suit. The effect of applying, in this case, the views contended for on the part of the bankrupt, would be very disastrous to his interests. The schedules to his petition disclose the names of 324 creditors, whose aggregate debts, as set forth therein, amount to over $120,000. Of these creditors, 235 are set down as residing in the state of New York. Of the entire amount of debts, some $30,000 have been put into the shape of judgments. The rest appear to have been all of them past due for more than six years at the time the petition in bankruptcy was filed, and to be simple contract debts. The same rule that would exclude the debt in question here from being provable, would exclude others, probably the debts of all the 235 creditors who reside in New York, possibly the debts of all the 324, except those in judgment. Thus the bankrupt would, by his discharge, secure a discharge from but a meagre fraction of his debts. In the present ease, 10 debts have been proved, amounting, in the aggregate, including the debt in question here, which is proved at $2,-807.29, to a little over $13,500. These debts are all of them in the same category. They are simple contract debts, not in judgment, and were all of them due and payable more than six years before the filing of the petition in bankruptcy in this ease. If they should be held to be not provable against the estate of the bankrupt because they were barred by the statute of limitations of the state of New York at the time such petition was filed, and yet should be held, under section 34 of the act, to be discharged by a discharge in this case, because they were in fact proved against the estate, and all the other unproved simple contract debts should be held not to be discharged because they were not proved, and because, having been due and payable for more than six years ben-fore the filing of such petition, they were-not provable, the result would be that the-debts in judgment, amounting to $30,00<⅛ arkS the debts proved, amounting to $13,500, would! be discharged, while the remainder of tbe-debts, amounting to nearly $80,000, wooiidi be unaffected by the discharge. This is- certainly a result which the bankrupt cannn’i be supposed to be aiming at by his proceedings in bankruptcy, or by taking the objection that the debt in question here is non; provable against his estate. And yet it & .-r result which must inevitably follow, if fcr views urged on his behalf are sound. I not think that any interpretation of the act ought to be admitted which can work out any such result, if any other interpretation! is fairly to be deduced from its provision silt is not to be presumed that a beneficiad, statute like this, which was designed to restore to the pursuits of trade and business, for the benefit of the whole country, energies' which have been crippled by misfortune, is so hampered in its operation as not to extendi to the discharging of a simple contract debt; which has been past due for more than six: years. The provision in section 19, that “all debts due and payable from the bankrupt”' may be proved, is broad enough to include all debts, no matter how old, for the recovery of which, but for a discharge under the act, the bankrupt can be sued anywhere withins the territory where the discharge will operate; and no provision is found in the act which destroys the provability of a debt because it is barred by the statute of limitations of one state. These views dispose of the question presented in the certificate from the registers without the necessity of deciding on any off the other points raised. But I ought to say-that I am not satisfied, that the setting forth.' of a debt in a schedule to a voluntary petition in bankruptcy, can have the effect of" destroying a bar which has come into operation in regard to the debt by virtue of a statute of limitations.