Sands v. Champlin

STOEY, Circuit Justice. The only Important question in the present case is, whether the legacies or bequests unto Anna Sands, the widow of the testator, and the plaintiff in the suit, constitute a charge on the real estate devised by the will to Samuel P. Eob-inson. If they do, then the plaintiff is entitled to have a decree against the defendants; otherwise, the bill ought to be dismissed. It is observable, that the principal part of the legacies and bequests, at least of that part now in controversy, consists of annual supplies of produce and other articles, which are the common produce, growth, contents, or accompaniments of a farm; and may naturally, therefore, be presumed, from the very language used by the testator, to be exactly those things, which were, and would be, the growth, produce, contents, or accompaniments of the homestead farm devised to Eobinson. That farm included the testator’s mansion house; and it was manifestly contemplated by the testator, that his wife should, during her widowhood, hold and occupy a part thereof for her own use. It might, therefore, be fairly inferred, that the produce and other articles were to come from the same farm. This is not, in the construction of a will, like this, drawn by an uninstructed yeoman, an unimportant circumstance. If the legacies (or annuities, as perhaps they may more properly be called) be charged on the homestead farm, then it is-a just conclusion, that the language used meant to charge it also upon all the other real estate devised to Eobinson. In other words, the charge was designed to be a charge upon the real estate, and also upon the person of the devisee, in respect of the devise, and the benefit thereby conferred upon him. It by no means follows, in cases of this sort, that because the charge is on the real estate, it is so exclusively; for it may be a charge on the real estate, and also on the person of the devisee, in respect of the devise. The argument, therefore, that es [341] tablishes the one, by no means repels the other. This doctrine was sufficiently shown to be supported by principle and authority, in the case of Gardner v. Gardner [Case No. 5,227], The devise is to Robinson “and his heirs and assigns, with such reservations as 1 (the testator) shall hereafter make, and one express condition.” The testator, in the same clause, afterwards adds: “These bequests are to him, his heirs and assigns for ever, with the conditions, that will hereafter be expressed.” What were these reservations? The reservations are sufficiently manifest. They include, by implication, the part of the homestead devised to his wife during her widowhood, and that part devised to the black woman, Phillis; and by express declaration, the devise to his black boy, John, “it being (as the testator states) one of the reservations I made to Samuel P. Robinson.” Another express reservation from the devise to Robinson is, the quarter of an acre in the northeast corner of the homestead farm, to be set apart, as a family repository for the dead. But what is the condition, or what are the conditions referred to by the testator? We observe, that the expression in one place is, “one express condition;” in another, “the conditions, that will be hereafter expressed.” The counsel for the plaintiff contend, that the condition or conditions, here referred to, are the due payment and discharge of the legacies to the plaintiff, and perhaps also the legacies to the other persons named in the will, which are to be paid and discharged by' Robinson. The counsel for the defendants, on the other hand, contends, that the words refer to the devise over, after the death of Robinson, if he should die without lawful issue, to Ray T. Sands, of all the estate devised to Robinson, with the same reservations; and the further provision, that in case Robinson should die without issue, that the wife of the testator (the plaintiff) should improve the estate so long, as she remained his widow. Perhaps it is not easy, in a case of this sort, where the will was drawn by an illiterate person, in loose and inaccurate language, to say exactly what the testator did actually intend by the words “condition” or “conditions.” If I were compelled to give a construction to the words, with reference to the clauses of the will, to which they might appropriately apply, I should incline to apply them to the clause, in which the testator directs Robinson “to pay all my .iust debts, as it is my meaning and will to leave all my property I have not disposed of, as well that in the granary, as that may be growing at the time of my death, to aid him in discharging them.” It is plain, here, that the testator intended to charge Robinson, in consideration of the devises and bequests to him, with the payment of all his debts. Such a charge of debts upon a devisee, in respect to lands devised to him, has always been held to be, not a mere charge on the devisee personally, but a charge on the lands. This is clearly established in the cases of Clowdsley v. Pelham, 1 Vern. 411; Alcock v. Sparhawk, 2 Vern. 228; and Awbrey v. Middleton, 2 Eq. Cas. Abr. p. 497, § 16, — which fall far short of the stringency, in point of language, which is to be found in the present will. 2 If the language used in this will makes the charge of the debts of the testator a charge on tire land devised to Robinson, there is, certainly, very strong reason to apply the same interpretation .to the legacies to the plaintiff, if not to the other legacies payable by Robinson. Each of them may be properly deemed conditions annexed to the estate. But I lay no particular stress upon the words “condition” or “conditions,” in this will. My judgment proceeds upon the ground of the intention of the testator, derived from the language of the will, with reference to the devise to Robinson. The testator says, “In consideration of the devises and bequests to Samuel P. Robinson, I order and direct (him) as follows;” and he then directs him to provide and supply and furnish his wife with the very articles now in controversy. Here, then, there is a positive direction and order, that these legacies shall be paid to the plaintiff by Robinson. Such an order and direction is in the language of. command, and imports a trust fixed upon the estate devised; for it is a charge, in consideration of the devise; or in other words, it is a charge upon the estate in the hands of the devisee. The reasonable intendment of the will was, to provide a sufficient maintenance for the plaintiff during her widowhood, and to have the supplies annually furnished. Now, if the will were to be construed a mere personal charge on Robinson, it is very clear, that, in case of his insolvency, the widow would be left without any maintenance. In case of his death in the lifetime of the testator also, there is no small ground to contend, that the devise might be a lapsed devise, and that the other clauses in the will, devolving the estate and the payment of the legacies on Ray T. Sands, might not apply to such an event; and then, the widow would be left without any maintenance. But if the legacies to the plaintiff are treated, as a charge on the estate devised, the charge will survive, and may be enforced in either event. To carry into effect, then, the obvious intention of the testator from the professed objects of these provisions, ut res magis valeat, quam pereat, (as one may say,) it seems necessary to give this interpretation to the clause. It is at once reasonable, safe, and in entire harmony with the words. Indeed; I understand it to be a general rule in the construction of clauses of this sort, that where the testator de [342] vises an estate to a person, and in respect thereof charges him with the payment of debts and legacies, the charges are always treated as charges in rem, as well as in per-sonam, unless the testator uses some other language, which limits, restrains, or repels that construction. Upon no other principle can many cases in the books admit of any rational explanation. There is an anonymous case in Freem. 192, which fully sustains this doctrine. It was there said: “If a man, by his will, de-viseth his lands to J. S. and doth desire, that the said J. S. should pay his debts, or if it be, he, the said J. S., paying his debts, or if, immediately after the devise of his lands, he doth appoint or desire, that his debts should be paid, or, if he useth any expression in his will, whereby it appears, that he had any intent to charge his lands with his debts; in such case his lands will stand charged.” Now, the doctrine, here laid down, is applied to words of desire, or directions to the devisee to pay debts, and even to a desire immediately after a devise, that his debts should be paid; so as to hold them to import, per se, a manifest intention to charge the real estate devised with the debts. In the present case the words are “order and direct,” “in consideration of the devises,” which are far more cogent. The case of Miles v. Leigh, 1 Atk. 573, approaches still nearer to the present. There A. devised his real estate to his wife for life, and then to his son R., and gave his daughter C. a legacy of £150, to be paid her in a twelve months’ time after R. should come to enjoy the premises, and if It. should die before his wife, then, that H. (another son) coming to the possession of the premises, and surviving his mother, pay to the daughter C., £200; and the testator made his wife his executrix. The sons died before the mother; but R. left a son, against whom the bill was brought by the daughter for the legacy of £200. The question was, whether the legacy was charged on the real estate. The master of the rolls (Mr. Ver-ney), and afterwards Lord Hardwicke, upon an appeal, held the legacy to be a charge on the real estate, and decreed payment out of it accordingly. Oh that occasion Lord Hard-wicke said; “It is objected, that it is not said, to be paid out of the estate at Hills, nor is it said by whom it is to be paid. But there are many cases, where it is neither said to be paid out of the estate, nor by 'whom, yet has been considered as a charge upon the estate, where the general intent of the testator has appeared. But here, the whole will being taken together, the subsequent clause directing Henry to pay, he coming into possession, &c. is a plain declaration of the testator’s intent, that the person, who possessed the estate, should pay the legacy. The testator intended it should come out of both estate:, and he has charged his son in respect to the whole estate he was to have; and that is generally the rule of proportion in charging the son for younger children’s fortunes, in respect of the value of the whole estate, that is to come to him. The words are, I think, sufficient to charge the real estate; and as to the personal, it is given absolutely and entirely to the mother; she might spend it, or do what she pleased with it. Nor is the legacy given to be paid at the particular time of the death of the mother; so that it is impossible to imagine, that could be the fund intended by the testator.” Now, every word, here stated, applies with increased force to the present case, where the legacies were payable annually. It is plain, that the wife was to receive the same during her widowhood. And yet, if Robinson should die during the life of the wife, leaving issue, they would not be responsible for the charge to her personally; nor, according to the argument, would the estate be chargeable. So that the very objects of the testator would be defeated. His intention was to have a fund for the security of the payment durante viduitate, which can only be by construing the will, as making the legacies a charge on the estate, as well as on the devisee personally, in respect to the estate. The case of Cary v. Cary, 2 Schoales & L. 173, 188, presents quite as striking an analogy. There, the testator, after sundry bequests, gave to his son, George Cary, “all the rest, residue, and remainder of my real and personal estates, not hereby disposed of; and I do hereby order and direct my said son to pay off my just debts.” Lord Redesdale held the debts to be a charge on the real estate. His language was; “He (the testator) charges all his debts on what he gives to his eldest son; that is, all his simple contract debts, as well as the other debts. He says, in effect, I direct they shall be paid out of what I give George Cary. It is not a personal obligation; but an obligation in respect of the property given him.” As to its not being a personal obligation, I greatly doubt; but as to the other language, its clear import decides the present question. The testator here expressly charges Robinson with the payment of the legacies, “in consideration of the devises and bequests to him”; that is, as has been already said, and it agrees exactly with the language of Lord Redes-dale. it is a charge on him in respect of the property given him by the will; and therefore a charge thereon. Upon the whole, my judgment is, that the legacies given to the plaintiff (Mrs. Sands) are a charge on the real estate devised to Robinson, and that she ought to have a decree accordingly, for the due payment and discharge thereof. Footnotes [2] See many of the eases collected in 2 Pow. Dev. (by Jarman) pp. 644-6G3, c. 34. See, also, Anon., Preem. 192: Miles v. Leigh. 1 Atk. 573; Gary v. Cary, 2 Schoales & L. 173, 188; Warren v. Davies, 2 Mylne & K. 49.