United States v. De Bare

DYER, District Judge. Careful consideration of the question has confirmed me in the opinion that the instruction given to the jury was right. Undoubtedly it is not, in all cases, essential that an indictment against a receiver should allege by whom the property was stolen. A party may be indicted for l-eceiving goods stolen by persons unknown. In a case where an indictment was objected to because it did not ascertain the principal thief, and did not, therefore, state to whom in particular the prisoner was accessory, it was neld good [Thomas’ Case, O. B. 1700]but “where the principal, however, is known, it seems proper to state it according to the truth.” 2 East, P. C. 781. It is laid down in the books as a settled principle, that if an indictment allege that the goods were received from the thief, it must be proved that they were received from the thief, and if it appear that the thief gave them to a person from whom the accused received them, it is a fatal variance. In support of this principle, Arundel’s Case, 1 Lewis, 115, cited by defendant’s counsel, on this motion, is the leading authority. The prisoner was indicted for receiving stolen goods, and the indictment alleged that he received them from the person who stole them, and that this person was a certain ill-disposed person to the jurors unknown. It was proved that the person who stole the property handed it to J S., and that J. S. delivered it to the prisoner; and Parke, J., held, that on this indictment it was necessary to prove that the prisoner received the property from the person who actually stole it, and he would not allow it to go to the jury to say whether or not the person from whom he was proved to have received it was an innocent agent of the thier. Now, in the case at bar, the indictment charges that the defendant received the postage stamps from Crawford. To convict, the proof should conform to the charge. If the proof is that the defendant received the stamps from the Quincy postmaster and not from Crawford, the variance is fatal. Crawford was the principal felon. After arrest, as we have seer., the stamps passed into the possession of the Quincy postmaster, who took them from the express office, and subsequently, by direction of the department,, forwarded them to the consignee. There was no relation of principal and agent between Crawford and the postmaster. The former had originally authorized the express company to carry and deliver the stamps to the defendant. By his order in writing, given" to the postmaster, he withdrew that authority, ceased to be a party to the contract of transportation, and surrendered the stamps to the postmaster. The subsequent re-deposit of the stamps in the express office, was the act of the postmaster under direction of the department, and I think the case is directly within the principle of Arundel’s Case before cited. I am convinced, therefore, that it would not have been error to have instructed the jury that the variance between the allegation in the indictment and the proof, is fatal to a conviction. If there be any doubt upon the point thus far discussed, there can be none, I think, [798] concerning the second ground urged in support of this motion. The ownership of these stamps was in the United States. The Quincy postmaster was the agent of the owner. When Crawford surrendered them to this agent they were reclaimed property that had been stolen, but their character as stolen property ceased in che hands of the postmaster, so far as the subsequent receiver was concerned. The moral turpitude of a receiver under such circumstances may be as great as in case the property comes directly from the hands of the thief, because the criminal intent on his part exists equally in both cases. But to create the offense which the law punishes, the property, when received, must, in fact, and in a legal sense, be stolen property. If these stamps were received by the defendant, they did not, when received, upon the proof made, bear this character. They had been captured from the thief by the owner, and the act of forwarding them to the alleged receiver was the act of the owner. I regard this point conclusively settled upon authority In State v. Ives, 13 Ired. 338, it was held that an indictment for receiving stolen goods must aver from whom the goods were received, so as to show that the person charged received them from the principal felon. If received from any other person the statute does not apply. In Reg. v. Schmidt, L. R. 1 Crown Cas. 15, the case was this: Four thieves stole goods from the custody of a railway company, and afterwards sent them in a parcel by the same company’s line addressed to the prisoner. During the transit the theft was discovered, and, on the arrival of the parcel at the station for its delivery, a policeman, in the employ of the company, opened it and then returned it to the porter, whose duty it was to deliver it with instructions to keep it until further orders. On the following day the policeman directed the' porter to take the parcel to its address, where it was received by the prisoner, who was afterwards convicted of receiving the goods knowing them to be stolen, upon an indictment which laid the property •in the goods in the railway company. Held, that the goods had got back into- the possession of the owner so as to be no longer stolen goods, and that the conviction was wrong. The ease of Reg. v. Lyons, 41 E. C. L. 122, was cited by counsel for the prosecution in support of a conviction in this case. The report of the case is meager, but it appears that a brass weight had been stolen by a lad in the employ of the prosecutors; and it having been taken from him by another servant in tlie presence of one of the prosecutors, it was restored to the lad again, in order that he might take it for sale to the house of the prisoner, where he had been in the habit of selling similar articles before. The lad took it and sold it for 6%d. The point was made that as the property had been restored to the possession of the owner it could not after-wards be considered as stolen property. Coleridge, J., said that for the purposes of the day, he should consider the evidence sufficient to sustain the indictment, but would take a note of the objection. The prisoner was convicted and sentenced to transportation, and no change was subsequently made in the judgment of the court. But this ease of Reg. v. Lyons is expressly overruled in the case of Reg. v. Dolan, 29 Eng. Law & Eq. 533, Lord Campbell, C. J., delivering a judgment in which Justices Coleridge, Cresswell, Platt and Williams concur. Lord Campbell says: “With regard to the Reg. v. Lyons, I think that the facts cannot be accurately stated. But if they be, I must say that I cannot concur with that decision, and I think that it ought not to be acted upon.” Of his previous decisiou in that case, Coleridge, J., says: “Having no recollection of the case oi Reg. v. Lyons, I cannot take upon myself to say it is wrongly reported. But if it is not, I am bound to say that I think I made a great mistake.” Motion for a new trial granted. Footnotes [2] [From 7 Chi. Leg. News, 321.]