Yale & G. Manuf'g Co. v. North

SHIPMAN, District Judge. [This is a bill for an injunction to restrain the respondent from infringing certain alleged rights of the complainants, and is founded upon a reissued patent numbered 1,470, granted to one of the complainants, Linus Yale, Jr., and dated April 28, 1863. The other complainants, the Yale & Greenleaf Manufacturing Company, are the sole and exclusive licensees of Linus Yale, Jr., under this patent. The patent is for an alleged new and useful improvement in locks, and embraces three claims.] 3 Of the three claims in this patent only two are involved in the present controversy, and the main struggle between the parties relates to the second. The object of the alleged invention, embraced in this second claim, is declared, in the body of the specification, to be, to prevent the picking of the lock. This claim is stated in the following language: “In combination with a pack or series of tumblers, set separately and in succession, I claim a vibrating fence and a bolt, and a proper stop against which the fence may abut, the whole being and operating substantially as set forth.” The specification, in describing the state of the art at the date of the invention, and the alleged improvements made by the patentee, distinguishes combination locks as capable of being separated into two classes—the first class embracing those “locks in which each tumbler is.set separately, in its proper position, by a key or its equivalent, or by hand, as in alphabetical or index locks;” and the second class embracing those “locks in which all the tumblers are set at one time, or nearly so, by the action of a key or bit.” It is to the first class only that the alleged improvements of the patentee are declared to be applicable. This distinction between these two-classes of locks has an important bearing on the main question to be determined in this case. It is set forth in the specification, and was insisted on by the -plaintiffs, at the hearing, for the purpose of marking the line of separation between what is alleged to be a new combination and what is admitted to be old. The novelty of the invention embraced in the second claim depends, therefore, upon the verity and validity of this distinction, as will be seen hereafter. Whether the combination described in the second claim is patentable, when considered apart from this question of novelty, is another and different matter, and will be discussed when we consider that point as separately presented by the de-fendapt. Locks, in their ordinary construction and use, are susceptible of being plainly separated into two classes. One elass, which, for convenience, we will continue to denominate the first, is that in which the tumblers are so constructed and arranged that they are set separately and in succession, by bringing the gates of the tumblers, one by one, from different points, into a line, for the fence to enter, so that the bolt may be retracted. This setting of the tumblers separately, for the retraction of the bolt, presupposes, of course, that 1be tumblers have been disarranged after locking, upon a combination fixed by, and known to, the locker. Having thrown forward the bolt and disarranged the tumblers to a selected combination, the locking is complete, and, whatever security the mechanism affords against illicit opening is attained. By reversing the motion of the tumblers exactly according to the same combination, the gates are all brought again in a line with the fence, and the bolt can be retracted. In this class of locks the key-hole is dispensed with. No aperture is left in the ease, through which the lock.can be picked with an instrument, or into which explosive substances for blowing it open, or coloring matter for taking an impression of its internal structure, can be passed. There is no key to be lost or duplicated. In this class of locks, the tumblers may be said to be passive, and move through a wide range of motion, operated by a locking instrument, or the human hand, uncontrolled by springs or catches. 'The operator disarranges and sets or rearranges them, according to a combination formed in his own mind, and by his own discretion. The second class of locks is operated by a key or bit passed through a key-hole in the lock ease. This key takes up the tumblers simultaneously, or nearly so, in a mass, and carries them forward to a common point,. where the fence can enter the gates, and the bolt be thrown forward or retracted, when the key is withdrawn from pressing against [779] the tumblers, and the latter, by force of gravity or springs, are carried back to their original positions. The tumblers are carried forward to one fixed point by force of the operating hand, and return to the other fixed point by force of gravity or springs. All this is done, not in accordance with a rule originating and resting in the mind of the operator alone, but in accordance witht a fixed rule resting in and limited by the mechanism. By this rigid mechanical law, the tumblers are both set and disarranged. The discretion or intelligence of the operator cannot vary the operation of the lock, except by changing the wards of the locking instrument to a different combination. The lock is more or less accessible through the hole in the case or door. Through this aperture, picking instruments can be introduced by the thief, or explosive materials for blowing it off, or coloring or plastic matter for the purpose of obtaining an impression of its internal construction or condition. In the first class of locks, all these means of illicit access and information are cut off, by dispensing with the key-hole, and setting the tumblers separately, each one by itself, and distributing the gates upon a combination resting wholly in the knowledge and discretion of the operator, and not in the mechanism of the lock or key. Tumblers of this character are different mechanical devices or instruments from those of the second class, and accomplish very different and more complete results. They are flexible and obedient servants of secrecy and intelligence, upon which the security of locks greatly depends. These tumblers, combined with various other parts of locks, are old and well known. Their introduction formed an important era in this branch of invention. But, while they dispensed with the key-hole and removable key, and thus got rid of several means through which the bolt could be illicitly reached and controlled, it is said that they did not always baffle the thief, and that he could still communicate with, and draw information from, the interior of the lock, by the sense of feeling applied directly to the tumblers, or indirectly through the parts of the lock which communicated with the bolt and tumblers. Even where the hand of the burglar, however practised and sensitive, applied to the instrument for retracting the bolt, could detect no variations in the tumblers, and, therefore, could not bl'ing the gates into line and present them to the fence, it is said that a delicate instrument, capable of measuring minute variations, could be attached to the part where the force was to be applied for moving the bolt, and thus the position of each notch or gate could be made known, and brought to the place necessary in order to free the bolt, and enable the operator to throw it back. It is obvious that, to oyer-come this defect, the tumblers, when any attempt is made to feel out their positions, must be isolated from all those parts of the locks which have any connection, either directly or indirectly, with the hand of the thief, or to which a measuring instrument can be applied. The parts, or connection of parts, through which intelligence of the position of the notches in the tumblers is communicated. to the operator outside, must be cut somewhere. To accomplish this was the object of the combination described in the second claim of the patent in question. The patentee combined this class of tumblers with a vibrating fence, a bolt, and a stop against which one arm of the fence strikes when an attempt is made to retract the bolt. After the bolt is thrown forward, and the tumblers are disarranged, and the locking is thus completed, an attempt to retract the bolt brings one arm of the fence against the edge of the tumblers, and throws the other arm in a line with and against the stop, always at the same point of retraction. This retracting pressure on the bolt, by which one end of the vibrating fence is brought against the stop, relieves the pressure of the other end of the vibrating fence on the edge of the tumblers. The absence of pressure, and the uniformity of the range of motion of the bolt each time it is attempted to be thrown back, prevents the operator from distinguishing one tumbler from another, or discovering their set, or the relation of one gate to the other. He has, therefore, nothing left to guide his efforts to bring the gates in line, so that the fence will enter and the bolt pass back to its unlocked position. After the bolt is thrown forward, and the tumblers are disarranged to a combination existing only in the mind of the locker, every effort of a stranger must result only in retracting the bolt through uniform motions fixed by the stop, against which one arm of the fence abuts. No pressure can aid him in his attempts to distinguish the tumblers, for the fence conveys no information either to the hand or to a measuring instrument, as to the position of any one tumbler, or its relations to the rest, or the relative positions of any one or of the whole to the point to which all must come, in order to effectually throw back the bolt. The proofs do not show that this combina-' tion of the vibrating fence, bolt, and stop with this class of tumblers was ever made until it was done by this patentee. Locks with this class of tumblers, having various combinations and devices intended to baffle the thief, are numerous. To describe and discuss these would prolong this opinion and shed no light on the vital point of this controversy, for, in none of them is found this simple combination of the tumblers, fence, bolt and stop, so arranged as to check the backward motion of the bolt and isolate the tumblers at the same time, and thus protect the tumblers from any adjustment by a stranger that would enable him to pick the lock. [780] On the question of the discrimination of tumblers into two classes, as set forth in the patent, proof was introduced by the defendant, which he claimed was evidence that no such classification could be properly made. By an ingeniously constructed key, for locking and unlocking tumblers of the second class, these tumblers were picked up separately, one by one, and carried to the point where the bolt could be thrown forward and retracted, and held there by the key. It was insisted, that the success of this experiment demonstrated that the tumblers of these locks could be set separately and' in succession, and therefore, that the distinction which was attempted to be made in the different classes of tumblers, in this particular, was purely imaginary. The true answer to this is to be found in the fact, that the terms “set separately and in succession,” as used in the second claim of the patent, as well as similar words in the body of the specification, refer not merely to their separate and successive movement, but to their separate movement and adjustment under the exclusive control of the operator—to combinations resting entirely in his own discretion. The tumblers that are distinguished from these, in the specification, are those which are controlled in their movements, not by the mere discretion of the locker, but by the law of their mechanism. Experiments were also performed to show that the tumblers on the plaintiffs’ lock, could, from a certain point, be thrown forward and set simultaneously. But they had to be picked up first sepáratela and carried to a given point, before the mass could be operated upon simultaneously. In practical use, one class have always been set simultaneously, and the other separately, and the descriptive terms of the patent followed the language which naturally had grown out of that use. The ingenious experiments here referred to do not change the nature or functions of the different species of tumblers, or obliterate the distinctions which legitimately pertain to them. It was insisted, on the hearing, that the reissued patent was false and fraudulent and improperly issued. But, no such issue is raised by the pleadings, nor is there anything in the proofs that would warrant the court in sustaining such an objection. A more important point urged by the de-fence, and one directly involved, is that which relates to the construction of the second claim of this patent. It is insisted, that this claim purports to be for a combination of mechanism for preventing the picking of a lock, with the fact, or act, or means of setting the tumblers. If the claim were to receive this construction, it would fail, for it would be an absurdity. The manner of setting the tumblers can form no part of the combination. A combination in mechanism must consist of distinct mechanical parts, having some relation to each other, and each having some function in the organism. The combination embraced in this claim consists of the bolt, vibrating fence, stop and tumblers. These four distinct parts are brought together and into proper relation to each other, for the purpose of attaining more perfect security against any illicit opening of the lock. But, it is claimed that this construction destroys the patent, because this combination was made in the Edwards and Stephenson locks, long before the alleged date of Yale’s invention. This would be a conclusive answer to the suit were not the tumblers in the Edwards and Stephenson locks a different mechanical device from those in the locks of the patentee and of the defendant. The defendant insists, that the only difference is in the mere fact, that in one they are all set at the same time, or nearly the same time, and in the other they are set one by one. But, as already intimated, these two classes of tumblers are constructed and operate upon different principles, and reach very different results. One is constructed to, and does, operate only upon fixed mechanical laws, limited and controlled by mechanical devices. The other is made to operate at the discretion of the locker, and thus become the secret instrument of his intelligence, controlled alone by his will and purpose. The latter are, therefore, sufficiently unlike the former to form a novel element in a combination, where they are introduced into that combination for the first time. The proofs show that Yale was the first to combine such a pack of tumblers with a bolt, vibrating fence, and stop for the fence to abut against, substantially as set forth in his patent. This combination is found in the defendant’s lock. It has these four elements in the same combination. It has, also, a different and much more perfect mechanism for setting the tumblers and throwing the bolt. Indeed, the lock of the defendant is, in every way, a much superior piece of mechanism to that of the plaintiffs, but, as it emDraces the precise combination first introduced by Yale, it is an infringement of his second claim. As to the first claim of the plaintiffs’ patent, it cannot be sustained, in its present form at least, for the same combination is found in the prior patent of Isham. A decree must, therefore, be rendered for the defendant on this issue. As there is to be a decree in favor of each party on one issue, no costs will be allowed to either party. An account being prayed for, there will be a reference to a master to take proofs and report the amount which the plaintiffs are entitled to recover. The decree for an injunction will be withheld till the. coming in of the master’s report