Teakle v. San Pedro, Los Angeles & Salt Lake Railroad

McCARTY, J. (After stating the facts as above.) Tbe general duty which the appellant owed tbe traveling public — who for years bad been permitted, without objection, to use tbe yards in question; as a thoroughfare — to exercise reasonable care in operating its trains and locomotives, to avoid injury toi persons who might pass along or over its yards, and tbe duty of such persons to look out for their own safety when using tbe yards as a thoroughfare, were fully discussed, and tbe rights and reciprocal duties of appellant and the' deceased, under tbe facts and circumstances of this-case, were determined by tbe former opinion.of this court. (Teakle v. Railroad Co., 32 Utah 276, 90 Pac. 402, 10 L. R. A. [N. S.] 486.) In tbe course of tbe opinion it is said:“There is much reason for tbe distinction that tbe railroad company should not be held liable in case of an1 actual or conscious trespasser until bis position of danger is discovered,, and should be held liable in case of one not a trespasser ex — 36 — posed to peril through negligence, not only after the consequences of such negligence have been discovered, but which ordinarily could have been discovered, if there was a breach of duty continuing or intervening after the commission! of the contributory negligence. In the one instance the train operatives were not called' upon to expect or anticipate the trespass or the presence of persons, and hence owed no duty of lookout or of giving warnings. ... If, upon the other hand, through a, long usage or custom the public has made a thoroughfare of the track ini a populous city or thickly settled community, though not with any express authority, but under circumstances of an implied license', the train operatives are required to reasonably expect and anticipate the probable presence of persons on or near the track at such place, and there is consequently imposed on the train operatives a duty toward such persons of a reasonable lookout. . . . Notwithstanding such duties imposed on the train operatives, the deceased was himself in duty bound to observe a reasonable lookout for his own safety, and to exercise all reasonable care, commensurate with the attending dangers, to avoid coming in contact with cars and trains being moved and operated in the yard. He was at a place where cars might momentarily be expected. He had an unobstructed view of the premises^ and there was nothing to divert his attention or to prevent him from seeing or hearing the approach of the cars. His act of walking or stepping «n the track in front of the moving train without observation, as shown by the evidence, rendered him guilty of negligence as matter of law.” Then follows a discussion of the “last clear chance” doctrine, after which the following observations are made: “The duty which the train operatives owed the deceased of observing a reasonable lookout existed before he was struck by the train, as well as thereafter. The proffered evidence should therefore be considered not only with respect to> duties owing from the engineer, after he had knowledge of the deceased’s exposed peril, hut also with respect to duties owing from the train operatives continuing or intervening after the commission of the de — 37 — ceased’s negligence, which, had they been performed with reasonable care on their part, would have disclosed to the engineer the peril o'f the situation in time sufficient to have avoided the fatality. . . . When the deceased was struck by the train and rendered helpless, the effect of his antecedent or contributory negligence was spent. Plaintiff then had the right to show, if she could, a breach of 'duty on the part of the train operatives intervening or continuing thereafter which was the proximate cause of the death.” It being conceded that the evidence given at the first trial was substantially the same as that produced at the last trial, the decision of this court of the questions presented on the former appeal became and is the law of the 1 case. (Potter v. Ajax Min. Co., 22 Utah 277, 61 Pac. 999; 2 Spelling, New Tr. & App. section 691; 5' Words and Phrases, 4024; 2 Ency. PI. and Pr. 373.) The case on this appeal is therefore practically narrowed down to two propositions. The first involves the question as to whether or not the evidence is sufficient to support a finding by the jury that Tealde, notwithstanding the injuries he received by being struck by the train in the first instance and run over by the forward truck of the foremost car, would have survived if the train had been stopped before he was hit by the engine ? And the second involves the question as to whether the operatives of the train, notwithstanding the negligence of the deceased in going upon the track withorit looking or listening for the cars, could, by the exercise of such care and diligence as a reasonably careful and prudent person would have exercised under like conditions and circumstances, have discovered the deceased’s position of peril after he was struck and thrown! under the cars and his arm severed from his body, in time to have stopped the train and saved his life ? In other words, stated in a more, condensed form, the case as now presented involves the question of the sufficiency of the evidence to show: (1) Whether there was any continuing or intervening negligence on the part of the train operatives after the deceased was struck by the train and rendered helpless; (2) whether the proximate — 38 — cause of bis death was due to that negligence, or to bis own negligence; and (3) wbetber tbe injuries received by him when he was first struck by the train, or when he was hit by the engine, caused his death. The case involves, and in fact was tried by the lower court upon, the “last clear chance” doctrine. 'Counsel for respondent, in their printed brief, have tersely, and, as we think, correctly, stated the case as presented by this appeal, as follows: “It has been decided, and it is conceded, that deceased was guilty of contributory negligence, and that no recovery can be had for the loss of his arm; also, that no recovery cam be had for his death, except upon the ground of (appellant’s) negligence continuing and intervening after the effect of his contributory negligence had been spent, and without which (continuing and intervening) negligence” the life of the deceased could have been saved. When1 respondent rested her ease, appellant moved the court for a nonsuit on the ground that the evidence failed to bring the case within the “last clear chance” doctrine, “not having shown or tended to show that the deceased was alive after the results of his contributory negligence,” and, further, that “there is no evidence that Teakle was not killed when struck, thrown upon the ground, and passed over by the first trucks of the first car.” The order of the court overruling the motion is assigned as error. At the close of the case appellant requested the court to peremptorily instruct the jury to return a verdict in its favor. The refusal' of the court to thus direct a verdict is also assigned as error. As both of these assignments of error relate solely to the alleged insufficiency of the evidence to justify a verdict against appellant, they will be considered together. The contention of appellant with respect to the question presented by these assignments is clearly set forth by its counsel, in their brief, as follows: “She (respondent) has not sustained the burden of proof that was upon her to show that the failure to stop the train after deceased was struck was the proximate cause of his death, and this is so because there is no' evidence in the record that can be pointed out tending to show that Teakle would — 39 — have survived bis first injuries, or tending to sbow even that the injuries sustained by reason of his own negligence did not cause his death.” Counsel then proceeds to argue that Tea-kle wa,s killed by being run over by the first or forward truck of the car with which he first came in contact, and that therefore recovery is barred by his own negligence, which contributed to his death, and without which negligence the accident would not have happened. John Elkins, a witness for plaintiff, who was in the yards south of Teakle when the accident occurred, testified, in part, as follows: “I heard some one yell and turned around just in time to see Mr. Teakle step on the track and the train push him over. I stepped back even with where he was. I came up on the west side of the train and stood nearly opposite where he was lying. I saw the north trucks of the first car pass over him, though they did not touch him that I could see. They did not move him. While his left aim was-stretched out, the right was kind of semicireled in' front of his head. His head was face down. I saw him move. When I reached there he was apparently alive. His head was not injured that I could see, nior his clothes disarranged. The wheel had run over his left arm between the elbow and wrist. After I got there his position did not change at all until the engine or fire box struck him — only the wheel of the first car that passed over him interfered with him. The second car didn’t interfere with him at all that I could see, nor did the engine tender. I was there looking at him. If it had' disturbed him I would have seen.” On cross-examination he testified that he was between thirty and forty feet from Teakle when he was struck, and was about three or four feet west of the track on which the accident occurred. “As the ear approached I would he looking right into' the end of it. . As I ran north I didn’t take my eyes off Teakle. The front part of the train pushed Teakle over, and the wheel caught his arm. No other part of the train struck him until the firebox hit him. . . . He threw out his hand evidently to protect himself or get hold of something. . . . No other part of the train struck him until the fire box hit him. . . — 40 — I didn’t hear Tealde speak as be lay there, nor cry out. I say Teakle was alive when the cars passed over him, because be moved bis bead and seemed to be conscious of wbat be was doing. He crouched bis head down just once and held it down after be got it there. Q. Can you tell the jury with any assurance whether the motion you saw was voluntary or involuntary on Teakle’s part? A. Voluntary. Q. How do you know that? A. Because be moved' it himself. Q. Yes, but be didn’t speak did be ? A. No, sir; I didn’t bear him. Q. So that when you say that be voluntarily and intentionally lowered bis bead, that is simply surmise, is it not ? A. Yes, sir. Q. That is simply the way it appeared to you ? A. Yes, sir. Q. For aught you know, the motion you say might simply have been an involuntary relaxing of Teakle’s muscles ? A. I think not. Q. I say, not wbat you think, but for aught you know? A. Yes. Q. So you cannot say to this jury of your positive knowledge that Teakle did lower bis bead with the idea of protecting himself? A. No, sir; not with positive knowledge.” On this point the witness Hayburn testified: “I saw Tea-kle struck. He was bit by the back of the car, and it pushed him over He fell down. When I reached him the center of the first car was passing over him. He was lying face down, with bis right arm in front of bis face. His left arm was on the rail. His bat was off, and bis scalp and bead were not bruised at all, or cut. His clothes were not damaged, and there was no blood other than at the point where the wheel ran over bis arm. ... I watched him there till the train passed over him up to the fire box. Hp1 to the time the fire box struck him he remained in the same condition in which I first saw him after falling. . . . Teakle got through all right without the brake beam hitting him. When the fire box struck him, it rolled him over and mangled him up. After the train passed over him, he lay just a few yards south of the point where the fire box struck him with his head to the north. Before the fire box struck him, it was pointing south.” Earl Gill, another witness for plaintiff testified: “He — 41 — was lying face down witb bis left arm over tbe rail and bis right arm around bis bead. His bat was off, and bis bead was all right. His body and clothing witb tbe exception of bis left arm, bad not been disturbed. There was blood running from bis left arm, but not from any other part of bis body. He remained in that position without further injury from tbe train until the engine got to him. I was still watching him and saw tbe fire box bit him; that is, tbe ash pan. He passed under tbe ash pan, and when tbe engine passed over him be lay fifteen or twenty feet south of tbe point where I saw him pass under tbe ash pan. He was all doubled up, mangled, and bis bead was badly cut. He was practically scalped. His bead was lying to tbe north, though, at tbe time be originally fell, it was to the south.” The foregoing is practically all the evidence introduced by respondent in support of her theory that the only serious injury received by Tealde, when the first truck of the foremost ear passed over him, was the loss of his 2 arm, and that, if the train had been stopped before he was hit by the engine, his life would probably have been saved. We think the evidence is sufficient to support a finding by the jury in accordance with this theory. We are also of the opinion that there was sufficient evidence to support the findings of the jury that the operatives of the train, by the exercise of that degree of care and diligence which a reasonably careful and prudent person would ordinarily 3 use under the same or similar circumstances, would have discovered Teakle’s perilous position after the first truck of the foremost car had passed over him, and his contributory negligence bad spent itself, and that they could have stopped the train in time to have saved bis life. The undisputed evidence shows that the accident occurred at a point about seventy feet north of the north line of North Temple street. H. L. Johnson, a witness for defendant, testified : That be was standing “in the middle of the crossing at North Temple street,” when Teakle was first struck by the train; that he “stood there five or ten seconds kind of spell bound,” and then ran north along the east side of the track — 42 — (a distance of about seventy feet), and, when he got opposite of where Teakle was lying, the last truck of the second car was passing over him. Witness Elkins testified that he was between thirty and forty feet south of Teakle when the accident occurred, and that he ran north on the west side of the track and got to where Teakle was lying just as the first truck of the second car passed over him. Witness ftayburn testified that he was “just south of North Temple” street when Teakle was first struck by the train. According to a map conceded to be a correct representation of the yards, tracks, and streets in the vicinity of where the accident occurred, Bayburn was over two hundred feet south of Teakle when he was struck. This witness further testified: That, when he saw Teakle struck by the train, he ran north on the west side of the track in the direction of where Teakle was lying; that he passed beyond him a few steps shouting to the operatives of the train to stop it, but failing to either see or attract their attention, he retraced his steps to a point opposite to where Teakle was lying under the train, just as the center of the foremost car was passing over him. Schell, the brakeman,, whose duty it was to keep a lookout on the south end of the train, as it moved backwards through the yards, and to signal the engineer and fireman in case of danger, testified that he was on the southeast corner of the forward car, and, when Teakle started to cross the track in front of the moving train, he (Schell) shouted to him as loud as he could and gave a signal to the engineer to stop the train; but the train being on a curve at the time, the engineer was hidden from his view, and did not get the signal. Being unable to get a signal to the operatives of the train from the east side, Schell jumped off and ran around in front of the moving train and up along the west side of it shouting and signaling, but failed to attract the attention of either the engineer or fireman. Schell testified that, when he got over on the west side of the train, he looked for the fireman, but did not see him. John Carlson, another witness for defendant, testified: That he was tower watchman, and on the morning of the accident he was at his post of duty in a tower situated in the yards re — 43 — ferred to, and on the north line of North Temple street; that he saw Teakle struck by the train. Further testifying, he said: “What attracted my attention was the switchman hollered, and I looked to the north. ... I know Switch-man Schell. He is the one that hollered after Teakle was struck. He jumped across, ran across, the tracks to the west side and gave signals to the fireman to stop.” The evidence, without conflict, shows that the train was moving slowly, and could have been stopped within a space of ten feet. Now, if the testimony of these witnesses is to be believed, and that was a question of fact for the jury to determine, the jury, as we have stated, might well have found that if the engineer and fireman, and especially the fireman, had been keeping a proper lookout in the direction in which the train was moving, and exercising that degree of care and diligence which a reasonably careful and prudent person would ordinarily use and exercise, under the same or similar circumstances, one or more of the persons who rushed towards the train shouting and signaling, when they saw Teakle struck, would have attracted the attention of one or both of them, in time for them to have stopped the train before Teakle was hit by the engine. The court, among other things, instructed the jury, as follows: “(4) In this case the court instructs you that under the evidence of the plaintiff’s own witnesses the deceased, Thomas W. Teakle, in stepping upon' the railroad track in front of an approaching car in the manner in which plaintiffs witnesses testified that the deceased stepped upon the track, was himself guilty of negligence, 4 and therefore the court instructs you that in order to recover in this case the burden is on the plaintiff to prove by a preponderance of the evidence: First, that the defendant’s servants in charge of or operating the train were guilty of negligence continuing or intervening after the negligence of the deceased, and that such negligence of the defendant was the proximate cause of the death of said Teakle. . . . (15) The plaintiff concedes that, at the time the deceased was struck, he was guilty .of contrib — 44 — utoiy negligence, and that for injuries sustained by him up to this time there can be no recovery. If, however, you believe from the evidence that the negligence referred hr — that is the failure to maintain such operative as a. lookout, or the failure of those upon the car to look in the direction in which the train was backing — continued after the deceased was knocked under the car, and that his death was caused by this negligence, and if it had not existed, the defendant would have been enabled to stop the train before the deceased was killed, then your verdict must be for the plaintiff for the death of the said Thomas W. Teakle.” It is contended that under these instructions the jury . might very properly have found the issues in favor of plaintiff on account of defendant’s negligence prior to the time that Teakle was first struck and knocked down by the train. We do not think the instructions are open to this objection. Not only did the court say to the jury in these instructions that the deceased was guilty of contributory negligence when he stepped upon the track in front of the moving train, and that no recovery could be had for injuries sustained by him from his first impact with the train; but the court, in the ninth instruction charged the jury that: “The undisputed evidence of the plaintiff’s witnesses shows that he stepped upon such trade in front of the moving train, when but to look or otherwise use ordinary care on his part would have disclosed to him the approach of the train. The court further instructs you that such negligence on the part of the deceased was a concurring and contributing cause of the collision and bars all right of recovery for whatever injury proximately resulted from such collision.” In the sixteenth instruction the jury were told that: “If the deceased was killed when he was first struck by the train, the plaintiff could not recover.” In the eighteenth instruction the court charged: “You are further instructed that it was the duty of the deceased, Thomas W. Teakle, before attempting to cross or walk upon the railroad track upon which he was injured, to look and listen to ascertain the presence of any locomotive or train of cars that might be approaching thereon; and, if you believe from the evidence that — 45 — said Teakle did attempt to cross or walk upon said track without looking or listening for tbe approach of a locomotive or train, such failure on his part to look and listen was such negligence as would bar a recovery by the plaintiff in this action, and your verdict should therefore be for the defendant, unless you find from the evidence that the men in charge of the train which ran over him could, ini the exercise of ordinary care, have avoided the consequences of the deceased, Thomas W. Teakle’s negligence; for if the train in question, in the exercise of ordinary care, could not have been stopped in time to have avoided the death of Teakle, no liability has been shown on the part of defendant for his death.” .And, again, ■in the nineteenth instruction, the court said: “Therefore, if you find from the evidence that the plaintiff has failed to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that Teakle would have survived but for the failure of the men in charge of the train to exercise ordinary care to stop the same, after Teakle was struck by the train, or if you find that the evidence was equally balanced on the question, your verdict should be for the defendant.” It will thus be seen that the court clearly and repeatedly charged the jury that the deceased ini stepping upon the track in front of the train was guilty of negligence, and that such negligence was a contributing and concurring cause of the collision, and that nn recovery could be had for any injury which proximately resulted from such collision; also, that the burden was upon plaintiff to show, by a preponderance of the evidence, that defendant was guilty of negligence continuing or intervening after the negligence of deceased, and that such negligence was the proximate cause of his death. This assignment is without merit, as the instructions are not susceptible of the construction which counsel suggest the jury might have given them. The judgment is affirmed, with costs to respondent. STRAUP, C. J., and FRICK, J., concur.