Salt Lake City v. Gardner

FRICK, C. J. This action was instituted pursuant to section 1288x14, Comp. Laws 1907, to determine the right of respondents to32 appropriate a specific quantity of water from Utah Lake. In September, 1905, pursuant to section 1288x6, respondents duly made and filed with, the state engineer their application to appropriate forty cubic feet of water per second of time from said lake. Appellants, pursuant to section 1288x9, duly protested said application, which protest the state engineer overruled and allowed respondents’ application, whereupon appellants brought this action to determine respondents’ rights to appropriate any of the waters of said lake as aforesaid. Utah Lake is a rather shallow body of water which varies in depth from a few inches near the shore line to thirteen feet at its deepest part. The water covers an area of about ninety-three thousand acres, or approximately one hundred and fifty square miles. The lake is the lowest part of a drainage basin comprising an area of about three thousand square miles. The sole outlet of the lake is Jordan Eiver with its source in the extreme north end of the lake, and thence flows in a northerly direction emptying into the Great Salt Lake. In the year 1882, each on¿ of the plaintiffs, as separate corporations, and each in its own right and behalf, constructed certain canals into which they diverted a certain quantity of the water flowing from the Jordan Eiver or Utah Lake and devoted such to a useful and beneficial purpose. The combined capacity of the canals aforesaid amounted to a flow of eight hundred and twenty-eight cubic feet per second. In addition to the foregoing corporations, other parties, had also appropriated certain quantities of water from said lake in the manner aforesaid, and whose rights were prior to appellants’, amounting to a flow of about one hundred and seventy-six cubic feet per second. In diverting the water, and for the purpose of obtaining a more regular as well as a more continuous flow from the lake into- the Jordan Eiver at its source, appellants caused a certain dam to be constructed at the point where the water of the lake flowed into’ the Jordan Eiver, and in that way impounded the water in the lake, and thus, in certain seasons of the year, caused the water to rise and stand at a higher level. In — 33 — doing this, tbe water in the lake was caused to overflow some of the lower lands surrounding the lake, to which the landowners objected and insisted that the dam be removed or lowered. In 1885 a compromise was effected, and it was agreed between the water users and the landowners that the dam might be maintained at a certain height, which was fixed at three feet three and one-half inches above low-water mark, which point was designated “compromise point.” This point is precisely three feet three and one-half inches above the bottom of Jordan Eiver at the point where the water of the lake enters that stream. It will thus be seen that, when the water in the lake rose so that it reached compromise point, the water users had to permit the water to flow into and through the Jordan Eiver unmolested, and, when the water fell so that it was three feet three and one-half inches below compromise point, the water users could obtain no water by natural flow from the lake at the intakes of their canals, which were some distance north from the source of the Jordan Eiver and along said stream. In view of the foregoing conditions, the lake water flowed somewhat irregularly and in varying quantities into the Jordan Eiver, and from that stream into the diverting canals of the plaintiffs. The varying quantities so flowing were determined by a series of measurements, from which the following results were obtained, namely: When the water in the lake stands at one foot above compromise point, the natural flow from the lake into the river is eight hundred cubic feet per second; when' the water is only six inches above that point, the flow is six hundred and twenty-five feet per second; when the water stands at compromise point, the flow is reduced to five hundred and five feet per second; when it is six inches below that point, the flow is four hundred and ten feet per second, and at two feet below; it is one hundred and eighty-seven feet per second, while at three feet below the flow is but eighty-two and a fraction cubic feet per second. As a matter of course, when the water fell below the bottom — 34 — of tbe Jordan Kiver there was no natural flow at all. For the purpose of overcoming the difficulty arising from the foregoing variation in the flow, and to obtain a regular flow of water from the lake into their diverting canals, plaintiffs, in 1902, installed a pumping plant at the point where the lake empties into the Jordan Kiver, to which plant they have added from time to time after 1902 so that when this case was tried appellants had seven pumps installed with a combined theoretical pumping capacity of seven hundred cubic feet per second. From various measurements that were made, it was also made to appear from the record that from 1887 to 1900 the water fluctuated in Utah Lake from being eleven inches above compromise point, the highest point reached, in June, 1893, to three feet one inch below that point, the lowest, in October, 1900. During the term of years aforsaid there were only four years when the water rose above compromise point, namely, 1893, 1894, 1896, and 1897; and two years, to-wit, 1890 and 1899, when the water reached, but did not go above, compromise point; while in all the years it fell below that point during a large portion of each year. The average of all the measurements, as near as we can Ob'lain it from the record, that the water fell below compromise point each year during the years aforesaid, was probably about eleven inches; while the average of all the measurements that the water rose above that point was about five inches. The water, however, was above compromise point but a short time in each year. In one year it was above that point for about sixty days; while in the other years the time did not exceed thirty days, which was during the high-water season. It is important to bear in mind that from the foregoing measurements, which are not disputed by any one, there was no time, so far as the record shows, when the natural state of the water in Utah Lake was such as would permit a natural flow into Jordan Kiver and from thence into the diverting ditches of appellants of the quantity of water claimed by them, namely, eight hundred and twenty-eight cubic feet — 35 — per second. Tbe highest amount that would thus flow was during parts of the months of June and July, 1893, and May, 1897, at which times, however, less than eight hundred second feet would flow into the Jordan Eiver. During two other months the flow of water was slightly in excess of six hundred feet, and during eleven months more the flow was between five hundred and six hundred feet, while during all the remainder of the time between December, 1887, and December, 1900, covering the whole period of the measurements, the flow was less than five hundred cubic feet per second into the Jordan Eiver from the lake. Moreover, taking the period from 1893 to 1906, during which time an attempt was made to show the quantity of water that appellants diverted from their ditches and actually applied to a useful and beneficial purpose, the clear weight of the evidence is to the effect that appellants did not at any time take or use water in the amount allowed them in the decree by the trial court. In referring to the findings, it is manifest that the court allowed appellants all that the evidence showed that they were entitled to. Indeed, in the tenth finding which is excepted to, the court among other things found “that the aggregate number of acres which have been brought under irrigation by the plaintiffs (appellants) other than Salt Lake City is forty-nine thousand acres, and the maximum contemplated interests of the plaintiff (appellant) Salt Lake City will be fully satisfied by a quantity of water equal to thirty-six thousand acre feet supply during the irrigating season as heretofore defined at the head of said plaintiff’s canal. . . . -That thirty-six thousand (36,000) acre feet, measured at the headgates of its canal, and used in such volume as from time to time may be necessary through the irrigation season, is a sufficient quantity of water to satisfy all the needs and necessities of the plaintiff, Salt Lake City. That one hundred and eighty-five thousand (185,000) acre feet, measured at the headgates of their canals, is a sufficient quantity of water, when used at such times and' in such quantities as their necessities require, to satisfy the needs and necessities of the plaintiffs in this action for irrigation, municipal, culi — 36 — nary, and all domestic purposes; the same being an equivalent of a continuous flow of approximately five hundred and fifteen (515) cubic feet of water per second during the irrigation season of one hundred and eighty days.” The court also found that the highest amount of water that appellants took from the lake in any one year by means of their pumps and otherwise was in the year 1905, which approximately amounted to one hundred and thirty-six thousand acre feet or an equivalent of a continuous flow of about three hundred and seventy-three cubic feet per second for a period of one hundred and eighty days during the irrigation season. The findings go into great detail and will be referred to hereafter only in a. general way. So far as appellants’ rights were concerned, the court decreed: “That, subject to the prior appropriations heretofore set forth in paragraph one, plaintiffs are jointly the owners of one hundred and eighty-five thousand (185,000) acre feet of water, flowing from and drawn from Utah Lake through the Jordan Niver, in Utah and Sale Lake Counties, Utah, during the irrigation season of approximately one hundred and eighty days in each and every year; said quantity of water being the equivalent of a flow of five hundred and fifteen (515) cubic feet of water per second continuously for a period of one hundred and eighty days.” The appellants also have the right to use a specified amount of water from said lake during the remaining.portions of each year. This is not material because it in no way is interfered with by respondents’ claim, which is strictly limited to the irrigation season of one hundred and eighty days in each year. The court further found that there was a large amount of unappropriated water in Utah Lake at the time respondents made and filed their application ; that said amount was in excess of the quantity applied for by them; and that they, in drawing the forty cubic feet per second of water from said lake, would not interfere with the rights of appellants as prior appropriators. The court also decreed: “That, subject to the rights hereinbefore set forth, defendants (respondents) are the owners of the right to draw and take from the waters of Utah Lake forty — 37 — (40) cubic feet per second continuously from the 1st day of April to the 1st day of November in each and every year, for irrigation, culinary and domestic use.” The court also found the quantity of water that was necessary to supply the needs of appellants, which was fixed at a quantity “equal to three (3) acre feet per acre measured at the headgates of plaintiffs’ respective canals.” Appellants strenuously insist that the following facts found by the court are either not supported by the evidence or are clearly contrary thereto, to-wit: (1) That there was unappropriated water in Utah Lake when respondents made their application; (2) that respondents will not interfere with appellants’ prior rights in the use of the water; and especially (3) those relating to the amount of water used and required for their needs. As we view the matter, the finding that respondents will not interfere with appellants’ prior rights in drawing forty cubic feet per second of water from Utah Lake is more in the nature of a conclusion of law than a finding of fact, and whether this conclusion necessarily .follows from the facts as found, or whether it is sound or not, seems to us to be the real question to be determined. This question involves appellants’ prior rights, which we shall consider hereafter. As to the other questions, we have carefully examined the evidence, and we cannot agree with counsel that the material findings of the court are not sustained by, or that they are contrary to, the evidence. Upon the contrary, we think that upon nearly all if not quite all, of the litigated questions, the findings of the court could not well have been to the contrary. That the court allowed appellants all that they were entitled to is well illustrated by the testimony of Mr. A. U. Doremus, a competent civil engineer, who, from personal knowledge and experience, was qualified to testify, and who was the leading witness for appellants. After showing his familiarity with the prevailing conditions as they affected appellants in the use of water, and especially the appellant Salt Lake City, the witness, as appears from appellants’ abstract, testified: “The requirements per capita per day (for Salt Lake City) a"re about — 38 — three hundred gallons independent of the amount needed for irrigation. The requirements for irrigation purposes are about thirty second feet per day.” Further: “The liabilities of Salt Lake City for water during the irrigation season for which it is dependent to a certain extent upon its city canal are 18,000 acre feet, 9,000 acre feet, and 6,000 feet. . . . The total requirements of the city then would be 12,000 acre feet for the irrigation of the city, 18,000 acre feet for the sixty feet exchanged with Big Cottonwood, and 6,000 acre feet for the exchange with Parley’s creek, making a total of 36,000 acre feet.” The court thus gave the city all the water the witness said it required regardless of whether it had already applied that quantity to a beneficial use or not. The witness also testified with respect to the combined requirements of all of the appellants, which he placed at 182,000 acre feet. The court by the decree, however, awarded them 185,000 acre feet of which, as we have seen, Salt Lake City was awarded 36,000 or nearly one-fifth of the amount. We thus see that in this regard the court again added 3,000 acre feet to what the witness said were the combined requirements of all of the appellants. The ultimate question for determination, however, is not how much water appellants required, but what amount had they applied to a useful and beneficial purpose for a term of years prior to the time when respondents made their appropriation ? The evidence is conclusive that at no time during all of the years commencing with 1885, when the.compromise agreement was entered into, up to the year 1905, when respondents made their application, had the appellants, during the irrigation season, used and applied water in excess of the amount decreed to them by the court. It may be possible that on some occasions in a few years when the water, during the high-water season, rose considerably higher than compromise point, more than five hundred and fifteen second feet of water flowed into the diverting ditches of the appellants. The weight of the evidence, however, is to the effect, that such increased flow was not used by the appellants, or by any of them. Moreover, appellants in entering into the — 39 — compromise agreement must be assumed to have inown that when the late stood at compromise point the natural flow therefrom was far less than the eight hundred and twenty-eight feet claimed by them; and further that, whatever that flow was, they could not increase it by impounding the water of the lakes so as to raise it above tliat point. The flow, when the lake stands at that point, as we have seen, is only five hundred and five second feet, and appellants therefore cannot claim more than that amount unless they by some artificial or other means have increased that flow and have applied the water to some useful and beneficial purpose. When the waters of IJtah Lake rise above compromise point, it is entirely due to the fact that the flow of water into the lake from its sources of supply is larger than the discharge over the dam into the Jordan River and the loss by evaporation. ' This is a mere incident, and, as we have seen, occurred only a limited number of times since 1885, when the height of the dam and at which it may be maintained was established by the agreement which was still in force at the time of the trial, and which agreement is enforced as nearly as it can be by a commission appointed by the District Court of Dtah County. The evidence that when the water is at compromise point the natural flow over the dam into the Jordan River does not exceed five hundred and five cubic feet per second is without conflict. It would seem, therefore, that, if appellants rely upon a natural or gravity flow of water from Dtah Lake through the Jordan River, they are limited to a flow of five hundred and five cubic feet per second, since that is the greatest amount that will flow into the Jordan River from which their diverting canals lead when the water stands at the highest point permissible under the compromise agreement. No doubt appellants could by use have appropriated and acquired the right to use an amount or flow of water in excess of said five hundred and five cubic feet per second by drawing the same from the lake by means of their pumps. The evidence, as we have seen, however, is conclusive that they had not done so at any time prior to the time respondents made their application, and hence, un — 40 — der the facts and circumstances of this case appellants should be limited to the amount of water they applied to a beneficial use, and not to an amount they could have claimed or require. Our statute -(section 1288x20, Comp. Laws 1907) expresses the law upon that subject very tersely, in the following language: “Beneficial use shall be the basis, the measure, and the limit of all rights to the use of water in this state.” The doctrine reflected in the foregoing statute has so often been declared to be the law with respect to the appropriation of water during the last twenty-five years that it has become elementary and is no longer questioned by anybody. By what we have said we do not mean that an appropriator is limited to the amount of water he applies to a beneficial use during the first month, or even the first year, or perhaps a series of years; but he is limited to the amount he applies to a beneficial use if he has had a reasonable time in which to apply the water to such use; or, if the time when the water is to be applied to a beneficial use is fixed by statute directly or indirectly, then he is limited to the amount that he has devoted to such a use. within the time fixed. Under the facts and circumstances of this case, no 1, 2 question arises, and no claim is made, that appellants did not have a reasonable time in which to perfect their means through which the water sought to be appropriated by them could be and was applied to a beneficial use; nor does the evidence leave any reasonable doubt that there always has been, and perhaps always will be, a large amount of water in Utah Lake in addition to the amount claimed by .appellants and drawn from the lake by them as aforesaid; but whether such water is available to applicants therefor, and can be drawn from the lake either naturally or artificially without interfering with appellants’ prior rights is the question we must determine. Appellants strenuously insist that to permit respondents to draw any water from Utah Lake by any means will necessarily interfere with appellants’ rights, while respondents vigorously contend that from the evidence in the case it is made clear that appellants’ contentions are not sustained. We are clearly of the opinion that — 41 — the court’s finding or conclusion that Utah Lake, when respondents’ application was made, contained a large amount of unappropriated water, is right. We are also clear that, if there is the amount of water applied for by respondents unappropriated and which can be drawn from the lake and applied to a beneficial use, without interfering with appellants’ prior rights, then respondents should be permitted to take the water they ask for and apply the same to a beneficial purpose. We are likewise clear that in this arid region no water that is sought to be applied to a beneficial 3 purpose should be permitted to go to waste unless it is clearly made to,appear that it cannot be so applied without interfering with the prior rights of other users. If, however, such prior rights can be preserved by merely changing the methods or means through which the water of prior users is applied, then the methods or means used by them should be changed if they can be without interfering with a. particular use so as to permit the use of the surplus and unappropriated water by the subsequent applicant therefor. We are also of the opinion that, if respondents are permitted to draw forty cubic feet per second of water from Utah Lake, appellants’ prior rights can nevertheless be protected; Appellants, however, insist that their prior rights have not been sufficiently protected by the decree entered by the district court, and this seems to us to be the important question to be determined. As we have seen, the amount of water in Utah Lake fluctuates. By reason of that, for a short period of the year, the amount that flows into it is greater than the amount that flows out, including evaporation, and hence causes the water to rise to and sometimes above compromise point, while during a larger portion of the year, by means of the pumping plant of appellants and through evaporation, the outflow exceeds the supply; and hence the water falls below that point, and sometimes considerably below it. The greatest variation shown by the record between the highest and lowest points that the water rose and fell is about six feet, or seventy-two inches. . It is also shown that by far the greatest factor — 42 — in causing the fall of the water is evaporation, and only a comparatively small part of this fall is due to the drawing of water from the lake for irrigation and other beneficial purposes. In other words, about five feet of the water of Utah Lake is evaporated each year. It is also shown that a continuous flow of forty cubic feet per second of water for one hundred and eighty days from the lake would lower its surface when at compromise point about one and sixty-two hundredths inches, and as the lake falls, if this amount be continued to be taken from the lake, it will increase the lowering of the lake surface so that if the lake stands at three feet below compromise point the surface will be lowered two and sixteen hundredths inches, and, when the water stands at five feet below compromise point (which is about the lowest limit to which the water has fallen during the period of years aforesaid), the surface of the lake is thereby lowered two and eighty-eight hundredths inches. It is also shown that all the water drawn from the lake by appellants during a year will lower its surface less than two and one-half feet, perhaps not over two feet. There is evidence to the effect that appellants’ pumps will be affected in their working capacity when the water in the lake is lowered to four and sixty-six hundredths feet below compromise point; but there is also evidence to the effect that in 1905 the water fell lower than that, namely, it had fallen to five and one-half feet below compromise point, and still the working capacity of appellants’ pumps was not affected. It is, however, made to appear that the depth of the lake varies, and that the bottom of the lake south of and near the point where the pumps are placed is such as will be easily affected by the motion of the water, „and hence may at any time interrupt the free flow of water from the body of the lake to the pumps, even when the lake is less than five feet below compromise point. At all events, appellants’ pumps are all now so set that, if the water falls to about four and sixty-six hundredths feet below compromise point, their capacity to draw from the lake and to discharge water into the Iordan River so that it may reach the diverting canals of plaintiffs may 'be — 43 — seriously affected, and thus appellants may be prevented from obtaining tbe water necessary to supply tbeir wants unless and until they make some alterations in or in some way .again make available for use their pumping plant by dredging the bottom of the lake so as to cause the water to flow to the pumps. To install the pumping plant as it was at the time of trial, appellants necessarily expended about $112,000. To change it in case the water fell below the point stated so as to make it again available for pumping would no doubt entail an outlay of an additional large sum of money, and with respect to dredging the bottom of the lake the evidence is in hopeless conflict, and the conditions assumed by the several experts are at such variance that it seems to us no one in advance can say either what the cost or the duration of such an experiment would be. While so far as the evidence shows, and unless conditions change, appellants’ rights to the use of the quantity of water to which they are entitled would perhaps not be interfered with although respondents are permitted to draw forty cubic feet per second from the lake, yet those conditions may change, and the evidence leaves but little room to doubt that they may so change at most any time and may thus affect appellants in their rights in case present methods of drawing water from the lake are continued. As we view the evidence, such interference will perhaps only arise in extraordinary or abnormal conditions; but appellants’ rights should be protected under such conditions if they arise as well as under natural or normal conditions. By the foregoing we do not mean that, in view of the natural precipitation and the consequent inflow of water from that source into the lake,, the amount of water in the lake when considered as a whole, will be so diminished by any act of respondents as will prevent appellants from obtaining in some manner the amount of water from the lake to which they are entitled by their prior rights. What we do mean is that, by reason of the acts of respondents in drawing their water from the lake, appellants may not at all times be able by their present means and methods to draw and obtain from — 44 — the lake the amount of water awarded to them by the court, and in order to obtain water sufficient for their needs, and to which they have, a prior right, they may be required to apply additional mechanical energy and expend additional large sums of money annually. The questions, therefore, that present themselves, are: (1) In view that appellants may be affected in their rights as aforesaid, shall respondents therefore be denied the right to draw any water from the lake, and thus leave a large amount of water useless which otherwise will be put to a useful and beneficial purpose; or (2) shall respondents be permitted to dr aw. the surplus water from the lake, and in doing so make appellants assume the risks incident thereto as outlined above; (3) shall respondents be given the right to the use of the- surplus water to the extent asked for by them, and in so doing be required to assume all the risks incident thereto, and in cáse any of appellants’ rights are invaded which can be protected and maintained by the expenditure of energy or money, or both, all such expenditures shall be borne and met by respondents before they shall be permitted to continue to take the proportion of the water allotted to them from the lake ? In other words, ought not the prior rights of appellants in taking the water from Utah Lake be protected to the full extent, and the subsequent appropriators be made to bear all the expenses, if any, in case appellants are affected in any way in diverting their proportion of water from said lake so that appellants may obtain their full share of water without any increase of expense which may arise out of any subsequent appropriation ? Practically we have already answered the first proposition and will add only that, in our judgment, our statutes which relate to the use of the water for a beneficial purpose are to be liberally construed and applied, to the end that, when it is possible to apply to a beneficial use water which would otherwise be wasted where all prior rights can be preserved and protected, the right to appropriate such water should not be withheld. The doctrine is in strict harmony with and corollary to the doctrine announced by this court in Nash — 45 — v. Clark, 27 Utah. 158, 75 Pac. 371, 1 L. N. A. (N. S.) 208, 101 Am. St. Rep. 953, where one whter user, in order to make his appropriation available, was permitted, by condemnation proceedings, to acquire a right to the use of the ditches or means of diversion of a prior water user. It would seem that if it be once conceded that, in order to make his appropriation available, a subsequent claimant of water may by condemnation proceedings acquire an interest in or right to the use of the ditches, flumes, or other means of diversion belonging to a prior user, then the right to apply to a beneficial use water which cannot be so applied without in some- way affecting prior rights, where such rights may nevertheless be protected and maintained, cannot well be questioned. 'Counsel for respondents, however, insist that the prior appropriator acquires no right in his means of diversion, but obtains a prior right only to use the quantity of water appropriated and applied to a beneficial use by him. We cannot yield assent to this view. We think the. original taker or appropriator from a stream or body of water also acquires the right' to continue to use his method or means of diverting which he has installed. If this be not so, then prior appropriators, who have appropriated only in small quantities, and whose means of diversion from the stream are simple but sufficient for their purpose, could have their means made entirely ineffective by a subsequent appropriator of a large volume of water the diverting of which would so lower the stream that the water would no longer reach the point of diversion of the small appropriator. In this way it may well be that the cost to the small appropriator to make the water appropriated by him available for his purpose might under changed conditions be prohibitive if not ruinous. Upon the other hand, the cost of making the change might not be so great as to prevent the larger appropriator from supplying and paying for some means whereby the prior rights to the use of the water appropriated by the small user might be preserved, and the wants of the large appropriator could nevertheless be met and supplied. In this way, perhaps, very large quantities of water theretofore — 46 — wasted, or used only to aid the original appropriator to obtain Ms meager supply, would be put to a useful and beneficial purpose without- destroying the rights of any one; If it be held, therefore, that a subsequent appropriator of water need have no regard for the diverting means or methods of the prior appropriator, but may in fact or effect malee prior appropriations of water unavailable with impunity, then there is in fact no such a right as a prior right, but all rights may, at any time, be invaded or destroyed by a subsequent appropriator by simply making the diverting means used by the prior appropriator useless. To permit such an invasion of a prior right would, in effect, amount to an indirect taking of a prior appropriator’» water. This neither the legislative nor the judicial power can allow without permitting confiscation of property rights. The contention of respondents’ counsel that the case of Natoma W. & M. Co. v. Hancock, 101 Cal. 42, 31 Pac. 112, 35 Pac. 334, sustains the doctrine that a prior appropriator obtains no rights in his means of diverting water, and that he must so construct them as to leave all the water in the stream or body of water from which he draws his supply available for use without causing any interference with his means of diversion by subsequent appropriators, is, in our judgment, not tenable. The principle announced in that case does not go to such an extent. If that case, however, did go to the extent contended for, we should decline to follow it, because the doctrine would, in our judgment, be unsound. Upon the other hand, we are not prepared to agree with the claims of counsel for appellants as we understand them, namely, that a subsequent appropriation of water must be denied if to allow it would in any way or to any extent interfere with the prior appropriator either in depriving him of some of his water or in affecting him in applying it to the purpose for which his appropriation is made. No doubt no court could rightfully permit a subsequent appropriator to take any water already applied to a beneficial purpose by a prior appropriator; but we can see no good reason for denying a subsequent applica — 47 — tion for unappropriated water simply because to allow such an application might require a change in the prior appropriator’s means of diversion, provided such a change can be made without affecting the prior appropriator’s ultimate rights of applying all of his water to the purposes selected by him. If all rights can be protected and preserved, a mere change in prior established means or methods of diversion, if possible, ought not to prevent the use of water which could otherwise not be beneficially applied. But, in our judgment, the risk of interfering with prior rights and the cost of any change in the prior appropriator’s means or methods of diversion should be assumed and borne by the subsequent appropriator, and a court should in no case permit a subsequent appropriation unless all prior rights can by some feasible means be protected and maintained. In the case at bar counsel for respondents concede that to some extent at least appellants may become affected in the use of the water appropriated by them. In their brief they say: “It is true that the appellants, in some seasons, might have to commence (pumping) a little earlier.” From the evidence it is made to appear that the cost to pump the appellants’ supply of water amounts to four thousand dollars a month. If, therefore, by reason of respondents’ appropriation, appellants should be required to start their pumps but seven days and a fraction of a day sooner in any season, they would have to incur an expenditure of one thousand dollars in excess of what they otherwise would. It is true that, unless appellants can obtain all the water they need by gravity flow from the lake, they, under the circumstances, are practically deprived of taking any in that way. This is so because ás soon as the pumps are set in motion the gravity flow of water ceases. From the evidence it is ma'de apparent, however, that there may be seasons when the flow of water into the lake may for some time continue to be equal to both evaporation and the gravity outflow, and it may also be that this outflow in the early part of the irrigar tion season when the water stands at or near compromise point may be sufficient to supply all of appellants’ needs, — 48 — were it not for tbe drawing of forty cubic feet per second of water from tbe lake at tbe particular time and under particular circumstances. Under sucb peculiar circumstances, therefore, it may be that appellants may be required to start their pumping plant by reason of respondents’ appropriation. True it is that sucb a condition could not exist for any great length of time. But it matters not how short the time might be; it still would constitute an invasion of appellants’ rights. We think, therefore, that under any of tbe circumstances referred to, or under any others where by reason of respondents’ appropriation appellants may be adversely affected in tbe use of their water, or may be required to incur expenses in excess of what they would otherwise have to incur in obtaining their water supply 4 from the lake, the respondents should assume the risk of such interference and should bear the expenses, if any, that may thus have to be incurred by appellants. If through respondents’ acts appellants should be threatened with a shortage of water in any season, respondents should be required to refrain from taking any water until appellants’ requirements (if within the quantity allotted to them) are met. Under no condition should respondents be permitted to take water from the lake until they can do so without interfering with appellants’ prior rights. If respondents, however, can take the amount of water applied for by them from the lake without such interference, or they can make such an amount of water available by causing and paying for a change in appellants’ means or methods of diverting their water from the lake, or in causing the water to flow to appellants’ pumping plant as now constructed, then respondents should be permitted to do so under the direction and supervision of the court. In this connection we remark that, while we approve and affirm the findings of fact made by the court, we are, nevertheless, of the opinion that the rights of appellants are not sufficiently protected, nor are the duties of respondents sufficiently defined in the decree as it now stands. Eor the purposes, therefore, of correcting the foregoing defects in the decree, the cause is remanded to the district court — 49 — of TJtab County with directions to modify tbe same in tbe following particulars: To appoint some competent and suitable person to be designated “special court commissioner;” sucb commissioner to be selected by the parties to* this action, or, in case they fail to do so witbin a reasonable time to be fixed by the court,' then the court is to select and appoint sucb commissioner. Sucb commissioner, for the purposes of effectuating the provisions of tbis decree, shall bave supervision over the waters of Utab Lake and over the pumping or diverting plants of the parties hereto, and shall bave constant access to the plants aforesaid. He shall, upon the request of either party make measurements of the waters of Utab Lake, and shall ascertain and fix the amount of water taken therefrom by either of the parties hereto or others, and upon the request of appellants be shall forthwith ascertain whether the respondents are in any way or to any extent interfering with appellants prior rights in the use of water from Utab Lake and in taking therefrom the amount of water allotted to appellants by tbis decree. He in tbis connection shall also determine whether the respondents, in taking the water allotted to them by tbis decree, are causing appellants to incur additional costs and expenses in obtaining and diverting the quantity of water allotted to them, and, in case be finds that sucb is the case, to notify respondents to forthwith advance to appellants sucb additional costs and expenses, or, in case, the amount thereof cannot then be ascertained, to require respondents to adequately secure the payment of the amount aforesaid and to fix the time of payment thereof. Further, if sucb commissioner shall find that appellants are deprived of their full allotment of water by reason that respondents are taking the water from said lake, and that there is no way by which respondents can immediately supply such deficiency, then the commissioner shall forthwith notify the respondents to refrain from taking water from the lake, and they shall not be permitted to take any until appellants are secured the full quantity of water allotted to them. the no — 50 — tices herein provided for shall be in writing and shall in-general terms state what is required of the party to whom' they are directed. In case any notice is given to any party, and such party refuses or neglects to comply with the requirements thereof within three days from the time of service of such notice upon it, the commissioner shall forthwith report the matter to the judge of the District Court of Utah County, who shall immediately cause an order to be served' upon the delinquent requiring it to show cause within three days why such delinquent should not comply with the ordersof the commissioner. In case the commissioner refuses or neglects to act as required in this decree, the party requesting the action may apply to the district judge, who shall' forthwith cause the commissioner to appear before him and show cause why he refuses or neglects to act, and, if thecourt finds that he has failed to act when he should have done so, the court shall direct him to act, and, in case he still refuses, the court may punish him as for contempt and may remove him from office. The court shall, from time- to time, fix the compensation of the commissioner and ascertain the' costs incurred in executing this decree, and shall direct the amount fixed by the court to be paid to the commissioner, or to the parties entitled thereto, by the party designated by the court. The respondents shall pay all costs and expenses incurred under this decree, including the compensation of the commissioner as aforesaid, except in case the appellants request the commissioner to act when there is no cause for such action and the court so finds. In such case the court shall fix the amount to be paid by appellants and shall direct them to pay the same. The decree shall also conform to all of the requirements of the foregoing opinion, and the court shall upon the applications provided for in this decree, or upon any application, hear the parties and the evidence produced by them and make such findings and conclusions of-law, and enter such orders and judgments, as may be just, and shall enforce the same. The district court shall retain full jurisdiction and control over this cause and all the parties hereto with a view of effectuating the purposes of this — 51 — decree. Tbe parties hereto may by agreement in open court, or by stipulation in writing filed in tbe case, modify any of tbe stipulations of tbis decree or agree to different and additional terms. Each party to tbis action is required to pay bis own costs of tbis appeal.