In re T.S.S.

¶ 1. Robinson, J. Respondent T.S.S. appeals from a decision of the Superior Court, Family Division, granting the commissioner of the Department of Mental Health’s application for a continued order of nonhospitalization (ONH) compelling T.S.S. to continue undergoing mental-health treatment. T.S.S. argues that the superior court erred in interpreting 18 V.S.A. § 7101(16) and applying it to the evidence. We agree and vacate the ONH. ¶ 2 The following facts, taken in the light most favorable to the State as the prevailing party, are drawn from the superior court’s findings and the evidence presented at the April 2014 hearing on the commissioner’s petition for continued treatment. T.S.S. is a 160 thirty-four-year-old man who lives in Rutland. Since 2000, he has received treatment at Rutland Mental Health Services (RMHS). The commissioner presented two witnesses at the hearing: Caitlyn Frazier of the Vermont Department of Mental Health, and Evelyn Susan Gerretson, M.D., a psychiatrist and medical director at RMHS. Ms. Frazier is T.S.S.’s case manager, and since 2011 has met with him about every other week. Dr. Gerretson has known T.S.S. for more than a decade and has been his treating psychiatrist since around 2006. She sees T.S.S. about once a month. ¶ 3 Dr. Gerretson testified that T.S.S. suffers from paranoid schizophrenia, a thought disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, and deterioration in functioning. When his condition is left untreated, T.S.S. experiences these symptoms. Dr. Gerretson testified that T.S.S. “has demonstrated a clear pattern that for a short period of time, despite denying that he has a mental illness, he, on orders of nonhospitalization, will take medications and improve significantly. But when he is off the order of nonhospital-ization, he quickly goes off medications and deteriorates.” T.S.S. is being appropriately treated under his current regimen. He has taken various antipsychotic drugs, initially orally and now by injection. The medication makes T.S.S. less irritable and more organized, although Dr. Gerretson testified to some concerns about his judgment. ¶ 4 Dr. Gerretson testified that if T.S.S. ended his course of treatment, his prognosis would be “poor”; it would be “very probable that he would revert back to the prior condition of being disorganized, paranoid, and very labial, and revert to past behavior”; and his mental condition would deteriorate within a year. Dr. Gerretson did not testify about whether or when T.S.S’s condition would deteriorate to a point where he would become a person in need of treatment — that is, a person whose “capacity to exercise self-control, judgment, or discretion in the conduct of his or her affairs and social relations is so lessened that he or she poses a danger of harm to himself, to herself, or to others.” 18 V.S.A. § 7101(17). Dr. Gerretson testified: “I cannot predict the timing because there was a four-year . . . [or] three-year period that he was off orders.” ¶ 5 Over the fifteen-year history testified to at the hearing, there was no evidence that T.S.S. exhibited assaultive behavior or posed a danger to others. There was evidence, however, that at times T.S.S. posed a danger to himself. In 1999, T.S.S.’s symptoms 161 first appeared; he became “very paranoid, sometimes agitated, breaking glass” and at one point harmed himself while suffering a delusion that there was a transmitter in his arm. T.S.S. was treated at Vermont State Hospital and was released on an ONH in 2000. In 2002, the commissioner filed an application for continued treatment, which the superior court denied in August of that year. After being released from the ONH, T.S.S. — whom Dr. Gerretson described as a “talented musician” — traveled to California and worked as a drummer in a band. T.S.S. later returned to his parents’ home in Vermont. ¶ 6 After returning to Vermont, T.S.S. suffered various delusions, including that his father was the head of a large drug cartel and exerted control over the government and that his food was poisoned. He held conversations with a picture of his deceased grandfather whom he claimed was “the ruler of the world,” suffered from fits of rage, and appeared emaciated. T.S.S.’s parents filed for an emergency evaluation, see 18 V.S.A. § 7504, and T.S.S. was hospitalized at Rutland Regional Medical Center. In November 2003, T.S.S. was released from the hospital on a stipulated ONH. It was around this time that T.S.S. first met Dr. Gerretson. In September 2004, the superior court granted the commissioner’s application for continued treatment. ¶ 7 Evidence of T.S.S.’s condition over the eight-year period from 2004 to 2012 is sparse. In 2008, RMHS decided not to seek renewal of the ONH. From late 2008 until 2012, T.S.S. was not under any compulsory treatment, and was not receiving any services. The record does not indicate why RMHS did not seek renewal of the ONH; nor does it address T.S.S.’s condition in 2008 or over the next four years. In August 2011, T.S.S. was charged with unlawful mischief greater than $250, a misdemeanor. 13 V.S.A. § 3701(b). At the hearing, Dr. Gerretson testified that she had only “limited information” on the circumstances surrounding the charge.1 Following an outpatient evaluation and competency hearing, the court found on March 2012 that T.S.S. was not competent to stand trial. In August 2012, T.S.S. and the State 162 stipulated to the issuance of an ONH in return for dismissal of the charge. ¶ 8 In June 2013, the commissioner filed an application for continued treatment. T.S.S. did not contest the application and stipulated to entry of the order. Ms. Frazier testified that at some point staff saw T.S.S. in distress, “yelling and kind of gesticulating” in the parking lot before entering the RMHS office, but that these behaviors diminished after adopting a new medication in September 2013. In February 2014, the commissioner filed an application for continued treatment for an additional year. T.S.S. opposed that application, leading to this appeal. ¶ 9 Evidence concerning T.S.S.’s current (rather than past) mental state and conduct was limited.2 In 2014, at the time the hearing took place, there was no evidence that T.S.S. had any food-related issues, and Dr. Gerretson testified that he did not appear emaciated. Both witnesses testified that T.S.S. “does not appreciate being on orders,” and that “[h]e does not believe that he has a mental illness and that he needs treatment.” T.S.S. also dislikes the side effects of some of his medications. Ms. Frazier testified that T.S.S.’s hopes to visit France once his ONH lapses do not seem realistic given his limited resources. Dr. Gerretson also testified that she and her staff saw T.S.S. bicycling in the middle of the street, although not during high-traffic periods. ¶ 10 On May 27, 2014, the superior court granted the commissioner’s application. The court concluded: [I]t is clear to the court that if [T.S.S.’s] current treatment is terminated, eventually, [he] will become a person in need of treatment. This has been his pattern over the last ^15 years. There is a substantial probability that this will happen. It is unknown when it will happen. According to Dr. Gerretson, whom the court finds credible, [T.S.S.’s] condition will decline in 6 months to 1 year. It is unknown when it will deteriorate to the point wherein [T.S.S.] will be “a person in need of treatment.” It is the nature of his particular mental illness that such predictions are very difficult. However, he will reach that point. 163 . . . The court concurs with the State’s parsing of the phrase in 18 V.S.A. § 7101(16) “that in the near future his or her condition will deteriorate and he or she will become a person in need of treatment.” . . . [T]he phrase “near future” references when the condition will deteriorate and not necessarily when the patient will become a person in need of treatment. The intent of the phraseology is met if [T.S.S.’s] condition will deteriorate in the near future and this will inexorably result in him becoming a “person in need of treatment.” It is not necessary that the State prove that [T.S.S.] will become a “person in need of treatment” in the near future as long as his condition will deteriorate in the near future and this will inevitably lead to him becoming a “person in need of treatment.” T.S.S. appealed. ¶ 11 On appeal, T.S.S. makes two arguments. First, T.S.S. argues that the superior court erred in construing 18 Y.S.A. § 7101(16) to provide that a person is “a patient in need of further treatment” if his or her condition would likely deteriorate in the near future if treatment were discontinued, without regard to whether it would deteriorate to the point where the patient poses a danger to himself, herself, or others within the near future. Second, T.S.S. argues that the superior court’s determination is unsupported by the evidence. I. Interpretation of 18 V.S.A. § 7101(16) ¶ 12 We first address T.S.S.’s statutory argument. “No person may be made subject to involuntary treatment unless he or she is found to be a person in need of treatment or a patient in need of further treatment.” 18 V.S.A. § 7611. In proceedings for involuntary treatment on either basis, the State has “the burden of proving its case by clear and convincing evidence.” Id. §§ 7616(b), 7621(a). If the superior court finds that the proposed patient was a person in need of treatment at the time the application of treatment was made by the commissioner and was a patient in need of further treatment at the time of the hearing, the court may order the person to undergo appropriate inpatient or outpatient treatment for a specified time period. Id. § 7617(b). “If, prior to the expiration of [such an order], the commissioner believes 164 that . . . the patient continues to require treatment, the commissioner shall apply to the court for a determination that the patient is a patient in need of further treatment and for an order of continued treatment,” stating the basis for the determination that the patient is in need of further treatment. Id. § 7620(a), (b). A hearing on the application for continuing treatment is held in accordance with the same procedures used for an application for compulsory treatment in the first instance. Id. § 7621(a). “If the court finds that the patient is a patient in need of further treatment but does not require hospitalization, it shall order nonhospitalization for up to one year.” Id. § 7621(c). ¶ 13 A “patient in need of further treatment” is defined as: (A) a person in need of treatment; or (B) a patient who is receiving adequate treatment, and who, if such treatment is discontinued, presents a substantial probability that in the near' future his or her condition will deteriorate and he or she will become a person in need of treatment. Id. § 7101(16). In turn, a “person in need of treatment” is defined in relevant part as a person who has a mental illness and, as a result of that mental illness, his or her capacity to exercise self-control, judgment, or discretion in the conduct of his or her affairs and social relations is so lessened that he or she poses a danger of harm to himself, to herself, or to others[.] ... A danger of harm to himself or herself may be shown by establishing that: (i) he or she has threatened or attempted suicide or serious bodily harm; or (ii) he or she has behaved in such a manner as to indicate that he or she is unable, without supervision and the assistance of others, to satisfy his or her need for nourishment, personal or medical care, shelter, or self-protection and safety, so that it is probable that death, substantial physical bodily injury, serious mental deterioration, or serious physical debilitation or disease will ensue unless adequate treatment is afforded. Id. § 7101(17)(B). 165 ¶ 14 T.S.S. argues that the superior court erred in concluding that the “in the near future” requirement in 18 V.S.A. § 7101(16) only applies to the deterioration in condition, and not also to actually “becoming] a person in need of treatment.” The superior court concluded that a substantial probability that a person would become a person in need of treatment at any time in the future would be sufficient to meet the requirements of the “will become a person in need of treatment” language of § 7101(16), even if that point would only come years later. T.S.S., by contrast, argues that § 7101(16) is properly read to require that both the anticipated deterioration in a patient’s condition and the becoming of a person in need of treatment are substantially likely to occur “in the near future.” ¶ 15 The meaning of § 7101(16) is an issue of statutory interpretation, which we consider de novo. In re M.B., 2004 VT 58, ¶ 6, 177 Vt. 481, 857 A.2d 772 (mem.). “In construing a statute, our principal goal is to effectuate the intent of the Legislature.” State v. LeBlanc, 171 Vt. 88, 91, 759 A.2d 991, 998 (2000) (quotation omitted). In doing so, our starting point is the text of the statute, because “we presume that all language in a statute was drafted advisedly, and that the plain ordinary meaning of the language used was intended.” Id. (quotation omitted). In construing statutes, we also “consider the purpose of the statute and look to the broad subject matter of the law, its effects and consequences, and the reason and spirit of the law.” Merkel v. Nationwide Ins. Co., 166 Vt. 311, 314, 693 A.2d 706, 707-08 (1997) (quotation omitted). ¶ 16 Construing the plain language of § 7101(16) as well as its purpose and effect, we hold that the phrase “a substantial probability that in the near future his or her condition will deteriorate and he or she will become a person in need of treatment” means that the State must show, by clear and convincing evidence, that if treatment is discontinued, there is a substantial probability that in the near future the person’s condition will deteriorate and in the near future the person will become a person in need of treatment. ¶ 17 Several factors influence our conclusion. First, the statute’s “use of the word ‘and’ indicates an intent for the phrases to be conjuctive; therefore it is necessary to comply with both requirements to meet the definition.” In re Request for Jurisdic 166 tional Opinion (F-35A Case), 2015 VT 41, ¶ 15, 198 Vt. 510, 117 A.3d 457. The construction urged by the State would essentially read out of the statute the language relating to “becom[ing] a person in need of treatment” in “the near future.” See Payea v. Howard Bank, 164 Vt. 106, 107, 663 A.2d 937, 938 (1995) (“We will not construe a statute in a way that renders a significant part of it pure surplusage.” (quotation omitted)). ¶ 18 Second, the statute’s purpose is not to prevent individuals from mental deterioration in the near future. Rather, it is to prevent persons from “posting] a danger of harm to [themselves] or to others.” 18 V.S.A. § 7101(17). It goes without saying that all persons — those receiving adequate treatment, those in need of treatment, and those with no illness requiring treatment — suffer occasional “deterioration” in mental condition. Such deterioration may be a precursor to becoming a person in need of treatment, but it might also be a normal reaction to life events, or a temporary setback in the course of an ongoing illness. The Legislature’s inclusion of the requirement that the person, if left untreated, would become a person in need of treatment in the near future reflects an intent to prevent persons from posing a danger of physical harm to themselves or to others. Put simply, the legislative scheme evinces a concern not with deterioration in itself, but with the consequences of the deterioration — the patient’s becoming a person in need of treatment. The statutory scheme does not authorize involuntary treatment of a person in need of treatment in the first instance based on a finding that he or she may at some point in the future become a danger to himself, herself, or others. Given this, it would be odd to allow continued involuntary treatment of an individual based solely on a finding that he or she was likely to pose a danger in the distant future. See Heffeman v. Harbeson, 2004 VT 98, ¶ 7, 177 Vt. 239, 861 A.2d 1149 (noting that in resolving any “doubt or ambiguity” in statute, “we discern legislative intent by considering the statute as a whole, reading integral parts of the statutory scheme together”). ¶ 19 Third, our review of the legislative history underlying this statute reinforces this understanding. See Perry v. Med. Practice Bd., 169 Vt. 399, 406, 737 A.2d 900, 905 (1999) (noting that “legislative history and circumstances surrounding [a statute’s] enactment, and the legislative policy it was designed to 167 implement,” may be helpful in discerning legislative intent). The Legislature established Vermont’s modern statutory scheme governing compulsory mental-health treatment in 1978. 1977, No. 252 (Adj. Sess.). The definitions of “person in need of further treatment” and “person in need of treatment” remain in effect today, and have never been substantively amended. 18 V.S.A. § 7101(16), (17).3 ¶ 20 The Senate Health and Welfare Committee heard testimony from two witnesses during its hearings on this bill on March 8 and 30, 1977.4 We recognize the perils of discerning legislative intent on the basis of statements of individual witnesses in committee hearings, but in this case we conclude that the key witnesses’ statements are instructive. The only two witnesses who testified before the Senate committee expressed a common understanding, even though they represented different stakeholders — the Department of Mental Health and Vermont Legal Aid — with disparate perspectives. See In re Hinsdale Farm, 2004 VT 72, ¶ 17, 177 Vt. 115, 858 A.2d 249 (‘While we have stated that testimony and statements of legislative witnesses and individual legislators can be ‘inconclusive at best,’ we cite the committee testimony and legislators’ discussions here because they convincingly illustrate . . . the Legislature^ intent.]” (quoting Vt. Dev. Credit Corp. v. Kitchel, 149 Vt. 421, 428, 544 A.2d 1165, 1169 (1988)). ¶ 21 During both committee hearings, testimony was given by Peter Bluhm, an assistant attorney general assigned to the Department of Mental Health who was closely involved in drafting the legislation. Mr. Bluhm stated that the legislation was the result of collaboration between “a broad cross-section” of interested parties — including mental-health agencies, legal aid organizations, and citizens’ groups — who had formulated a compromise bill over two years. Mar. 8 Hr’g Tr. at 5. He explained that 168 the legislation was to be a replacement for the then-existing legislative scheme, which had “some constitutional infirmities.” Id. at-7; see also Mar. 30 Hr’g Tr. at 54 (statement of Mr. Bluhm that bill is intended to make standards “more constitutionally acceptable”). He explained, for example, that the then-existing law “allows for commitments of people who are mentally ill and lacking in insight, concerning their need for treatment,” which Mr. Bluhm noted “has been held by a couple of courts to be unconstitutional.” Mar. 8 Hr’g Tr. at 9. The enactment of S. 103 was designed to rectify these infirmities and avoid the “disaster . . . [of] having major parts of our mental-health law declared unconstitutional and then trying to operate a mental-health system without a statute.” Id. Mr. Bluhm explained that in conformance with “all the newer constitutional standards that have been pronounced by courts all across the country . . . S. 103 allows commitment only if the person is considered dangerous to himself or to others.” Id. Mr. Bluhm noted that S. 103 “is narrowing the class of people” subject to court-ordered treatment, so that only persons who are dangerous to themselves or others — not the “harmlessly irrational” — are subject to compulsory treatment. Mar. 30 Hr’g Tr. at 56-57.5 ¶ 22 Mr. Bluhm testified on the meaning of the “key terms in this bill” — the definitions of “patient in need of further treatment” in § 7101(16) and “person in need of treatment” in § 7101(17). Mar. 8 Hr’g Tr. at 26, 49, 134. He explained: Paragraph 16 defines a patient in need of treatment .... You can see that the bill includes specific comments as to what amounts to a risk of injury to self or risk of injury to others. It does not include any property offenses. It does not include any nuisance-type activities. 169 Id. at 28. ¶ 23 A committee member later had the following colloquy with the other witness, William Dalton, who represented Vermont Legal Aid: Sen. Niquette: The reason for that definition [in § 7101(16) and § 7101(17)] is to show that he is going to be a danger .... Mr. Dalton: Ultimately, yes, a few weeks down the road. . . . [Y]ou can get them before it gets to be that kind of condition. Sen. Niquette: If he’s going to starve, in other words. Mr. Dalton: Because the mental health field is tremendously concerned that they can see someone who is really starting to go downhill rapidly, and if they can do something now, they think they can help. Two or three weeks from now, they represent they can’t. I have some serious reservations about that, but this, like all pieces of legislation, is a compromise and that is as stringent and concise a definition as we could come up with, that would satisfy most of the situations. It is clear that some people are going to slip through the cracks. Id. at 60-61. This legislative history suggests that the Legislature likely understood “near future” to apply to both deterioration and dangerousness. For the reasons noted above, we do not assume that this one witness’s assessment of how imminent the danger must be before a person qualifies as “in need of treatment” reflects the Legislature’s intended understanding of the meaning of “the near future.” Nor do we rest our decision in this case solely or even primarily on this legislative history. But we do conclude that the overall legislative history provides further support for our view that the Legislature did not intend to authorize continued involuntary treatment based on potential dangerousness at some undefined time in the future. ¶ 24 Fourth, we have previously emphasized the imminence of deterioration, and the resultant danger to self or others, as significant. In In re E.T., we approved of the issuance of an ONH to a person suffering from paranoid schizophrenia where experts for both parties agreed that there was a “present likelihood that 170 [respondent] will rapidly deteriorate and become violent if he stops taking his medication” and that “if E.T. were to discontinue treatment, as he has on several occasions, the likelihood of rapid decompensation and resultant public danger is high.” 2004 VT 111, ¶¶ 14-15, 177 Vt. 405, 865 A.2d 416 (emphasis added). Similarly, in In re M.C., we affirmed an ONH because the respondent had attempted to kill his brother in the past, the expert testimony was that the respondent was “just as dangerous as he ever was,” and the court made a specific finding that “the ONH was the least restrictive means of providing . . . treatment and protecting the public.” 2005 VT 60, ¶¶ 1-2, 5, 7, 178 Vt. 585, 878 A.2d 284 (mem.) (quotation marks omitted). See also Conservatorship of Murphy, 184 Cal. Rptr. 363, 365 (Ct. App. 1982) (finding expert testimony that ward, an alcoholic, “was gravely disabled . . . based upon a ‘likelihood’ that if he were released he would at some future time return to the use of alcohol” to be insufficient to show that he “was ‘presently’ gravely disabled”); State v. J.G., 180 P.3d 63, 65 (Or. Ct. App. 2008) (finding “conclusion that appellant is a danger to herself because ... at some unknown point in the future” she might be harmed to be “unduly speculative” and insufficient to “establish, by clear and convincing evidence, that appellant is a danger to herself’). ¶ 25 Finally, we construe statutes so as to avoid constitutional difficulties, if possible. State v. Cantrell, 151 Vt. 130, 134, 558 A.2d 639, 642 (1989). As we have recognized, “orders of nonhospitalization implicate important liberty interests requiring due process protections.” In re G.K., 147 Vt. 174, 176, 514 A.2d 1031, 1032 (1986). The ONH here requires respondent to “keep all appointments as set with, or by” RMHS; “take all medications in form and dosage ... as prescribed . . . and take medications in front of RMHS, if requested”; and “follow the treatment plan” as set by RMHS. It is “beyond dispute” that such restrictions clearly impinge upon an individual’s “right to unrestricted travel, and . . . right to be free from unwarranted intrusions of one’s bodily integrity.” Id. at 176-78, 514 A.2d at 1032-33 (noting that Vermont Constitution mandates presumption that “people are born free and enjoy freedom from restraint as a natural, inherent and unalienable right” (citing Vt. Const, ch. I, art. 1)). “[P]ersons subject to nonhospitalization orders are entitled to the same due process protections as persons subject to commitment orders insofar as 171 the right to periodic review of their mental health status is concerned.” Id. at 176, 514 A.2d at 1032. ¶ 26 If we were to adopt the construction of § 7101(16) that the State urges, allowing a finding that the person is likely to become a person in need of treatment at some point in the future (however distant) to support a continued ONH, it would present serious constitutional concerns. As we have held, “[i]n decisions based on a person’s mental status, few things are static.” In re T.C., 2007 VT 115, ¶ 19, 182 Vt. 467, 940 A.2d 706. That a person could or will “eventually” become a person in need of treatment is, standing alone, a thin reed upon which to predicate a continued intrusion upon fundamental liberty. See also In re Mental Health of A.S.B., 2008 MT 82, ¶¶ 38-46, 180 P.3d 625 (Gray, C.J., dissenting) (dissenting from court’s failure to consider constitutionality of “deterioration standard” purporting to allow involuntary commitment based on mere possibility that individual’s condition may worsen to point where individual would pose threat of harm to self or others, and expressing view that “it is unconstitutional to involuntarily commit a mentally ill person on the basis of a mental disorder which will, ‘if untreated, predictably result in deterioration’ ... to the point that the person becomes a danger to self or others or unable to provide for basic needs,” because “[p]eople — mentally ill or otherwise — generally have a right to be left alone unless they are an imminent danger to those around them or are committing a criminal offense”). ¶ 27 We recognize the difficult and sensitive nature of cases such as this one. Mental health professionals, family members, and judges are all rightfully concerned with the welfare of individuals suffering from serious psychiatric disorders. It is undisputed that T.S.S.’s care-providers sought a continued ONH because they are concerned for his well-being and want to protect him from making a choice that would lead him, eventually, to become a danger to himself. We also recognize that the State does not have “to wait until [a person] actually becomes dangerous to intervene,” and remain on guard against “a ‘revolving door’ syndrome characterized by recurring commitments, medication, rejection of medication, and crisis intervention,” which we have warned against. In re P.S., 167 Vt. 63, 74, 702 A.2d 98, 105 (1997). But the fact is, people who do not pose an imminent danger to themselves or others have a right to autonomy that includes the right to make decisions about the most personal of matters, even 172 if those decisions are deemed by others to be profoundly ill-advised. Our interpretation of § 7101(16) is most consonant with the statute’s text and purposes and best balances the constitutional rights of individuals with the State’s valid interest in protecting individuals and the public. See In re Torski C., 918 N.E.2d 1218, 1232 (Ill. App. Ct. 2009) (“The threshold must be narrowly tailored to ensure the commitment of only those individuals who are considered dangerous, yet broad enough to ensure that [a person] who desperately need[s] treatment can get it before his or her condition becomes significantly worse and treatment may be less successful.”). II. Findings and Evidence ¶ 28 We next turn to whether the evidence was sufficient to support the superior court’s findings, and whether the findings were sufficient to support the court’s legal conclusion. We accept the superior court’s factual findings unless they are clearly erroneous; that is, unless there is no “reasonable and credible evidence to support them.” M.B., 2004 VT 58, ¶ 6. ¶ 29 The court found that if T.S.S. terminated his treatment, his condition would deteriorate in six months to one year. The court also found that T.S.S. would “eventually” become a person in need of treatment, noting that “[t]his has been his pattern over the last [approximately] 15 years.” However, the court explained that “[i]t is unknown when [T.S.S.’s condition] will deteriorate to the point wherein he will be ‘a person in need of treatment.’ ” ¶ 30 This finding, which is the most that the superior court could make based on the evidence presented, is insufficient to meet the statutory requirement that the court find that T.S.S. is likely to become a person in need of treatment “in the near future.” An individual’s pattern of rapid deterioration and return to the status of person in need of services following the termination of an ONH may provide evidence that there is a substantial probability that the person will become a person in need of services in the near future if an ONH is discontinued. In determining the weight to assign such a pattern, a court should consider, among other factors, the frequency of the pattern; the recency of the pattern; the speed at which the person’s condition has deteriorated to the point that he or she becomes a person in need of supervision; and expert testimony concerning the likelihood that the pattern will repeat. 173 ¶ 31 In this case, the superior court’s references to T.S.S.’s pattern over the last fifteen years cannot support a continued ONH, given the record evidence of that pattern. The question in this case is whether T.S.S. is likely to pose a danger to himself in the near future. The last specific evidence of T.S.S. actually posing a danger to himself dates back to 2003, when he looked emaciated and was experiencing delusions that his food was being poisoned. The record reflects that RMHS discontinued his treatment in 2008, and that he was not under any compulsory treatment until 2012. Even then, we know only that T.S.S. was charged with unlawful mischief, that he was found incompetent to stand trial, and that he stipulated to an ONH in connection with the charges stemming from that incident. Given this record, we cannot conclude that T.S.S.’s historical pattern can support a finding that he is likely to deteriorate to the point of becoming a person in need of treatment in the near future. ¶ 32 This case is quite similar to In re T.C., in which we affirmed the superior court’s denial of the commissioner’s petition for continued treatment. 2007 VT 115, ¶ 1. In that case, the respondent suffered from paranoid schizophrenia; like the respondent in this case, he did not acknowledge any mental illness and was opposed to taking medication, which caused adverse side effects. The respondent in T.C. was unmedicated for an extended period of time, yet there was no evidence that the respondent had been violent or threatening in the recent past. For that reason, despite T.C.’s history of violence in the more distant past, we found that the superior court’s conclusion that T.C. was no longer a patient in need of continued treatment was supported by the evidence. Id. ¶¶ 24, 28. ¶ 33 For the above reasons, we conclude that the superior court applied the wrong legal standard to the evidence, and that the evidence and findings do not support a continued ONH in this case. The order of nonhospitalization issued by the superior court on May 27, 2011 is vacated. ¶ 34. Footnotes [1] Dr. Gerretson testified that she believed the charge related to T.S.S. breaking a window or windows, but acknowledged that she did not observe T.S.S. breaking any windows, that her information about the allegedly broken windows was limited, and that T.S.S. denied breaking any windows. The most we can infer from this record is that T.S.S. was accused of breaking one or more windows; we have no evidence that he actually did so. [2] Dr. Gerretson testified that T.S.S.’s behavior as far back as 2006 was still relevant “because off medications he appears to have a repetitive pattern of presentation.” [3] The act was approved on April 19, 1978. The current 18 V.S.A. § 7101(16) and (17) differ from the original 1978 act only in the following minor respects: the language has been made gender-neutral, the original phrasing of “person who is suffering from mental illness” has been changed to “person who has a mental illness,” and a comma has been added. 2013, No. 96 (Adj. Sess.), § 100. [4] S. 103 Mental Health; Commitment and Care: Hearing on S. 103 Before the S. Comm. on Health & Welfare, 1977 (Adj. Sess.) (Mar. 8, 1977) [hereinafter Mar. 8 Hr’g]; S. 45, S. 103, and S. 144: Hearing on S. 103 Before the S. Comm. on Health & Welfare, 1977 (Adj. Sess.) (Mar. 30, 1977) [hereinafter Mar. 30 Hr’g]. [5] This idea — that dangerousness, not merely lack of insight, is required — was emphasized throughout hearings on the subject. Mar. 8 Hr’g Tr. at 10 (statement of Mr. Bluhm that S. 103 “permits commitment only if the person is demonstrated to be dangerous and contains . . . examples of what kinds of things would be considered dangerous”); id. at 58-59 (colloquy between Mr. Bluhm and Sen. Niquette emphasizing that S. 103 “ends lack-of-insight commitments unless the person is dangerous”); id. at 61-62 (statement of Mr. Bluhm that under S. 103, “the paranoid schizophrenic” who has delusions that people are plotting against him but who is “not dangerous to [himself or herself], . . . not dangerous to others, and . . . not about to become dangerous” cannot be compelled to undergo treatment).