Nelsen v. Research Corp. of the University of Hawaii

ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT’S MOTION FOR JUDGMENT ON THE PLEADINGS AGAINST PATRICIA NELSEN DAVID A. EZRA, District Judge. Defendant Research Corporation of the University of Hawaii (“RCUH”) motion for judgment on the pleadings with regard to Patricia Nelsen’s (“Mrs. Nelsen”) claims was set for hearing before this court on February 18, 1992. This court, however, finds the matter susceptible of submission on the briefs and record. Having fully considered the motion and memoranda submitted in support thereof and in opposition thereto, and being fully advised as to the premises herein, GRANTS defendant’s motion for judgment on the pleadings. BACKGROUND On September 25, 1984, plaintiff Robert Nelsen (“Mr. Nelsen”) filed his original complaint seeking to recover damages under the Jones Act, 46 U.S.CApp. § 688, and general maritime law for emotional and psychological injuries he allegedly sustained while serving as the Captain of the R/V KILA from July 1984 to May 1987. The R/V KILA is a research vessel owned by the United States Government and operated by defendant RCUH. Mr. Nelsen filed his first amended complaint on January 2, 1990. On August 1, 1990, Mr. Nelsen filed a motion for leave to file a second amended complaint, adding Mrs. Nelsen as a plaintiff, and alleging claims for loss of society and consortium. Magistrate Judge Tokai-rin granted plaintiff leave to amend to add Mrs. Nelsen’s claims, but he limited Mrs. Nelsen’s claims for loss of consortium arising from injuries suffered by her husband after their marriage on January 3, 1987.1 Having been served with the second amended complaint, defendant now moves for judgment on the pleadings with regard to Mrs. Nelsen’s claims for loss of society and consortium. DISCUSSION A. Standard for Judgment on the Pleadings The standard to be applied on a motion for judgment on the pleadings under Fed. R.Civ.P. 12(c) is essentially the same as that applied to a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim under Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6): a judgment is appropriate when, even if all material facts in the pleading under attack are true, the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Hal Roach Studios v. Richard Feiner & Co., 896 F.2d 1542, 1550 (9th Cir.1990). B. Plaintiff Patricia Nelsen May Not Recover Damages For Loss of Consortium as a Matter of Law Defendants argue that judgment on the pleadings with regard to Mrs. Nelsen’s claims for loss of society and consortium is appropriate in light of a recent Supreme Court opinion holding that loss of society in a wrongful death action is not compensable under the Jones Act, 46 U.S.C.App. § 688, or general maritime law. Miles v. Apex Marine Corp., — U.S. —, 111 S.Ct. 317, 112 L.Ed.2d 275 (1990). In Miles, a steward’s assistant was stabbed to death by a crew member, and the mother of the steward’s assistant brought several claims against the vessel owner/operator under [772] the Jones Act and general maritime law, including a claim for loss of society. The Court found that there is no recovery for loss of society in a Jones Act or general maritime claim. Miles, 111 S.Ct. at 325. Subsequent to the Supreme Court’s holding in Miles, several district courts have interpreted and applied Miles to cases involving loss of society claims due to nonfatal injuries to seamen. See Melancon v. Petrostar Corp., 762 F.Supp. 1261 (W.D.La.1991); West v. Zapata Gulf Marine Corp., 766 F.Supp. 502 (E.D.La.1991); Debbie Cater v. Placid Oil Co., 760 F.Supp. 568 (E.D.La.1991). In Cater, the court stated that although the specific holding of Miles was to preclude recovery for loss of society in a wrongful death action, the logic in Miles would also preclude a nonfatal injury claim for loss of society. The court stated: The Supreme Court in Apex Marine has effectively foreclosed on the recognition of any claim for loss of society by judicially crafted general maritime law post-dating the Jones Act. Though Apex Marine on its face solely addresses the scenario involving a seaman’s wrongful death, the basic premises of the Court’s decision when traced to their logical conclusion in the context of a seaman’s nonfatal injury compels the identical result. Apex Marine is indeed analogous to the wave which cannot be kept upon the shore. In the final analysis, there is no apparent reason to differentiate between fatal and nonfatal injuries in rejecting damages for loss of society. It is simply nonsensical that the spouse of a nonfatally injured seaman should have greater rights than the spouse of a mortally injured seaman. Cater v. Placid, 760 F.Supp. at 571. Plaintiff relies on the holding of American Export Lines, Inc. v. Alvez, 446 U.S. 274, 100 S.Ct. 1673, 64 L.Ed.2d 284 (1980) as authority which supports the assertion of Mrs. Nelsen's loss of society and consortium claim in the present case. That decision, ten years prior to Miles, held that general maritime law authorizes the wife of a harbor worker injured nonfatally aboard a vessel in state territorial waters to maintain an action for damages for the loss of her husband’s society. Id. at 276, 100 S.Ct. at 1674-75. While Alvez appears to be contradictory to Miles, the two cases are distinguishable on the facts. The Miles plaintiff was seeking recovery for loss of society due to the injury of a seaman injured on the high seas. The Court in Alvez based its holding on Sea-Land Services, Inc. v. Gaudet, 414 U.S. 573, 94 S.Ct. 806, 39 L.Ed.2d 9 (1974); 446 U.S. at 275, 100 S.Ct. at 1674. In Miles, the court expressly stated that the holding of Gaudet applies only in territorial waters, and it applies only to longshoremen. Miles v. Apex Marine Corp., 111 S.Ct. at 325. Therefore, Alvez is not applicable to the present case. Plaintiff cites to a Western District of Washington district court’s unpublished order which, seemingly relying on Alvez, allowed a loss of consortium claim by the wife of a crew member against the ship’s owner/operator for injuries sustained at sea. In that case, the defendants failed to argue the preclusive effect of the Miles holding until twenty-five days after the trial ended, in a motion for relief from judgment, even though Miles had been handed down five months earlier.2 However, as discussed above, Alvez does not apply here. Based on a careful review of Miles and subsequent case law, this court concludes that Miles precludes a recovery for loss of society and consortium in nonfatal injuries to seamen. In so ruling, the court looks to the language of the Miles opinion for guidance. We no longer live in an era when seamen and their loved ones must look to the courts as a source of substantive legal protection from injury and death; Con [773] gress and the States have legislated extensively in these areas. In this era, an admiralty court should look primarily to these legislative enactments for policy guidance. We may supplement these statutory remedies where doing so would achieve the uniform vindication of such policies consistent with our constitutional mandate, but we must also keep strictly within the limits imposed by Congress. Congress retains superior authority in these matters, and an admiralty court must be vigilant not to overstep the well-considered boundaries imposed by federal legislation. These statutes both direct and delimit our actions. Miles v. Apex Marine Corp., — U.S. —, 111 S.Ct. 317, 112 L.Ed.2d 275 (1990). The above language indicates a court should look closely to the language of the Jones Act for the limitations of a litigant’s rights. In Miles, the Court discussed the history of the Jones Act, stating that it was based on the older Federal Employers’ Liability Act (FELA). Miles, 111 S.Ct. at 325. The Court found that FELA, and the still earlier Lord Campbell’s Act, upon which FELA was based, have been consistently interpreted as providing recovery only for pecuniary loss. Id. The Court thereby determined that there is no recovery for loss of society in a Jones Act wrongful death action. Id. Furthermore, the Miles opinion states: “Today we restore a uniform rule applicable to all actions for the wrongful death of a seaman, whether under DOHSA [Death on the High Seas Act], the Jones Act, or general law.” Miles v. Apex Marine Corp., 111 S.Ct. at 326. The Supreme Court has previously decided that there is no recovery for loss of society under DOH-SA. Mobil Oil Corp. v. Higginbotham, 436 U.S. 618, 98 S.Ct. 2010, 56 L.Ed.2d 581 (1978). Given the Supreme Court’s recognition of the value of uniformity in the treatment of all fatally injured seamen, and the Miles holding precluding recovery for loss of society in Jones Act wrongful death suits, this court sees no reason to allow a loss of society recovery for the nonfatally injured Jones Act seaman. Adopting the reasoning of the Cater court, this court would think it inconsistent to afford greater rights to a spouse of a seaman who survives than to the survivor of a fatally injured seaman. CONCLUSION Based on the foregoing, the court hereby GRANTS defendant’s motion for judgment on the pleadings as to plaintiff Patricia Nelsen’s claims. IT IS SO ORDERED. Footnotes [1] Defendant’s Memorandum in support of its motion for judgment on the pleadings alleges that Magistrate Judge Tokairin’s Order limits Patricia Nelsen’s claim to loss of consortium stemming from Mr. Nelsen’s general maritime claim for unseaworthiness, thus precluding Mrs. Nelsen from asserting a loss of consortium claim based upon Mr. Nelsen’s Jones Act claim. The written order, however, makes no mention of the theories under which a loss of consortium claim may be brought. [2] The court failed to grant relief from judgment after a trial in which no objection was made to the loss of consortium claim until defendant’s motion for relief was filed. In the unpublished order denying the motion, finding that there was no clear error requiring correction, the district court did not find Miles to be compelling authority under the standard for setting aside a judgment under the Federal Rules.