Rexnord Industries, LLC v. Bigge Power Constructors

DECISION AND ORDER LYNN ADELMAN, District Judge. This is a breach of contract case involving two commercial entities, Rexnord Industries, LLC (“Rexnord”) and Bigge Power Constructors (“Bigge”). Bigge manufactures and sells cranes and similar equipment for use in heavy industry. In 2009, Bigge agreed to supply a company named Shaw Constructors, Inc. (“Shaw”) with two large derricks, which Shaw intended to use to construct nuclear power plants in Georgia and South Carolina. The derricks Shaw ordered are among the largest in the world. After Bigge and Shaw entered into the contract for the derricks, Bigge entered into a separate contract with Rexnord, which is in the foundry business, for the production of twenty-eight steel castings (components made by pouring liquid metal into molds) that Bigge intended to incorporate into the derricks. The contract consists of two purchase orders and a set of “commercial terms” printed on Bigge letterhead. The purchase price for the castings was approximately $4.5 million. Rexnord manufactured and delivered the castings, and Bigge ultimately accepted them, incorporated them into the derricks, and received full payment from Shaw (less a holdback that is not relevant here). However, Bigge refuses to pay Rexnord the balance that remains due, which is approximately $1 million. Rexnord filed this suit in state court to recover that amount. Bigge removed the case to this court under the diversity jurisdiction, and in addition it filed a counterclaim alleging that Rexnord breached certain provisions of the commercial terms, causing it approximately $1.6 million in damages. Rexnord’s alleged breaches can be divided into two categories. The first category encompasses breaches of the commercial terms relating to Rexnord’s promise to deliver the castings in accordance with a schedule incorporated into the contract. Bigge contends that Rexnord’s delay in delivering the castings caused it to incur additional expenses. Bigge generally describes these as “time-related expenses” associated with “personnel” and “equipment rental.” See Bostrom Declaration ¶ 81, ECF No. 28. Bigge also states that it had to pay additional compensation to one of its subcontractors, Schuff Steel, because Rexnord’s delay required Schuff to “reschedule and re-order its work.” Id. The other category of breach involves Rexnord’s alleged failure to properly perform a “root cause analysis,” as required by the commercial terms. See Quilter Decl. Ex. 1, § 5.3, ECF No. 20. “Root — 954 — cause analysis” is not defined in the terms, but the parties agree that it is a detailed engineering analysis of the cause of a defect and the impact it would have on the product’s performance. See Rexnord Resp. to Bigge PFOF ¶ 34, EOF No. 36. Here, the parties agree that Rexnord’s duty to perform a root cause analysis was triggered when Rexnord discovered that three of the castings, which were the mast feet for the derricks, had developed internal cracks. Rexnord conducted a root cause analysis, but Bigge thought that Rexnord’s analysis was unsatisfactory. Bigge thus hired separate consultants to advise it on the condition of the mast feet and also devoted “significant internal resources (both management and engineering)” to solving the problem with the mast feet. Bostrom Decl. ¶ 69. Rexnord and Bigge have each filed motions for partial summary judgment. Rex-nord has moved for summary judgment on Bigge’s counterclaim, contending that even if Rexnord had committed the alleged breaches, Bigge would not be entitled to recover anything because all of its alleged damages constitute incidental and consequential damages, which the parties have agreed to exclude pursuant to the following provision in the commercial terms: Neither party (including its subcontrac- tors, agents, assignees and affiliates) shall be liable to the other for special, consequential or incidental damages of any kind, and regardless of whether such liability arises in contract, in tort, or by operation of law. Quilter Decl. Ex. 1, § 17. Bigge has moved for summary judgment on the question of Rexnord’s liability for breach of contract. Bigge does not seek summary judgment as to the amount of damages it is entitled to recover in connection with Rexnord’s breaches, but it does seek summary judgment in its favor on the question of whether any damages flowing from the breach constitute nonrecoverable incidental and consequential damages. The parties agree that California law, including California’s version of the Uniform Commercial Code, applies to their dispute. I begin with the question of whether summary judgment should be granted on Bigge’s counterclaim on the ground that all of Bigge’s claimed damages fall within the contract’s exclusion of incidental and consequential damages. Initially, I note that Bigge eventually “accepted” all the castings, and so the starting point for an analysis of the remedies available to Bigge is UCC § 2-714, which in California is codified as Cal. Com.Code § 2714. That provision provides that where the buyer has accepted goods “he or she may recover, as damages for any nonconformity of tender, the loss resulting in the ordinary course of events from the seller’s breach as determined in any manner that is reasonable.” Id. § 2714(1). Comment 2 to 2-714 states that the “non-conformity” referred to in 2-714(1) includes “any failure of the seller to perform according to his obligations under the contract.” In the present case, Bigge alleges that Rexnord failed to perform two of its obligations under the contract—the obligation to deliver the castings in accordance with the schedule, and the obligation to perform a root cause analysis. Assuming that Bigge proves that Rexnord failed to perform these obligations, Bigge may recover “the loss resulting in the ordinary course of events from” each failure. Damages that flow in the ordinary course from the breach are usually referred to as “direct” or “general” damages. See James J. White & Robert S. Summers, Uniform, Commercial Code, Hornbook Series § 11-4a, p. 526 (6th ed. 2010) (“General or direct damages, then, flow ‘in the ordinary course’ from the seller’s breach, as specified in 2-714(1)”). These damages may be — 955 — contrasted with incidental and consequential damages, which are available under 2-714(3) unless they have been excluded, as they have been here. In the present case, it is relatively easy to dispose of the argument that Bigge’s damages are incidental. The text of 2-715(1) enumerates a list of damages that a buyer may recover as incidental damages, but the actual definition of incidental damage appears in Comment 1 to 2-715. The comment states that the damages listed in the text “are merely illustrative of the typical kinds of incidental damage” and that incidental damages fall into one of three categories: (1) reasonable expenses incurred in connection with the handling of rightfully rejected goods; (2) reasonable expenses incurred in connection with the handling of goods whose acceptance may justifiably be revoked; and (3) reasonable expenses incurred in connection with effecting cover. See also White & Summers, supra, § 11-3, p. 522; 24 Richard A. Lord, Williston on Contracts § 66:56, p. 668 (4th ed. 2002). Bigge’s damages do not fall into any of these categories. Bigge did not reject the castings, revoke acceptance of the castings,’ or effect cover by purchasing substitute castings,1 and thus none of its expenses could be deemed to have been incurred in connection with those acts. Rexnord points out that the text of 2-715(1) lists “any other reasonable expense incident to the delay” as an example of incidental damage and contends that any damages caused by its failure to deliver the castings in accordance with the schedule falls within this language. However, delay damages of this sort do not fit within any of the- categories identified in Comment 1, and thus they do not appear to be among the kinds of damages the drafters of the UCC had in mind when drafting 2-715(1). Moreover, the phrase “any other reasonable expense incident to the delay” is vague. Use of the definite article “the” before “delay” suggests that the reader is being referred to some exact delay that is identified earlier in 2-715(1), yet no such delay is identified there or anywhere else. Thus, it is not clear what “the delay” refers to. However, given that the preceding forms of incidental damage identified in 2-715(1) and the kinds of incidental damage identified in Comment 1 relate to expenses associated with rejecting goods and effecting cover, the most reasonable interpretation is that “the delay” refers to some delay associated with those acts. Again, in the present case, Bigge did not reject the castings or effect cover by purchasing substitute castings, and so Bigge’s delay-related damages do not constitute incidental damages. I thus proceed to the question of whether Bigge’s damages are consequential rather than direct. As noted, the UCC provides that a buyer’s remedy includes . direct - damages, which are those that flow in the ordinary course from the breach. The UCC does not define consequential damages, which are sometimes referred - to as “special” damages. See Cal. Com.Code § 1305, cmt. 3. Instead, the Code relies on the principles relating to consequential damages that have been developed in contract law generally. Id. In contract law generally, the leading case concerning consequential damages is the famous Hadley v. Baxen-dale, 9 Ex. 341, 156 Eng. Rep. 145 (1854). — 956 — In that case, the plaintiffs owned a mill and experienced a broken crank shaft. They needed to send the broken shaft to the manufacturer so that the manufacturer could use it as a model for a new one. The plaintiffs contracted with the defendants, who were common carriers, to transport the shaft to the manufacturer. The plaintiffs informed the defendants that they were in a hurry, and the defendants promised that the shaft could be delivered to the manufacturer in a day’s time. However, due to the carrier’s neglect, delivery of the shaft was delayed, with the result that the mill’s replacement shaft arrived several days later than expected. The plaintiffs did not have a spare shaft on hand, and so the plaintiff's could not operate their mill during the period of delay caused by the carrier’s neglect. The plaintiffs thus sought to recover, as damages for the carrier’s breach of contract, the lost profits for the period of delay. The court held that the plaintiffs could not recover lost profits, and this holding was based on the distinction between direct and consequential damages (although the court did not use those terms). In making this distinction, the court first identified the general rule governing damages: Where two parties have made a contract which one of them has broken, the damages which the other party ought to receive in respect of such breach of contract should be such as may fairly and reasonably be considered either arising naturally, i.e., according to the usual course of things, from such breach of contract itself, or such as may reasonably be supposed to have been in the contemplation of both parties, at the time they made the contract, as the probable result of the breach of it. Id. at 151. The court then identified a subset of these damages—now known as consequential damages—as those that would ordinarily follow from a breach of contract under “special circumstances.” Id. The court reasoned that if the defendant knew about the plaintiffs special circumstances at the time of entering the contract, then the defendant should be liable for the damages ordinarily following a breach of contract under those circumstances; however, if the defendant did not know about the plaintiffs special circumstances, then the defendant should not be liable for those damages. With respect to the mill’s lost profits, the court observed that the carrier had no reason to know that the mill would not be able to operate and generate profits while the shaft was in transit, since one would ordinarily expect a mill to have a spare shaft on hand so that it could continue operations in the event that the shaft in use broke. Because the carrier did not know about the mill’s “special circumstances”—i.e., that it did not keep a spare shaft on hand—the carrier could not be held liable for the damages attributable to those special circumstances. Like most courts, those in California follow Hadley v. Baxendale. See Lewis Jorge Constr. Mgmt., Inc. v. Pomona Unified Sch. Dist., 34 Cal.4th 960, 22 Cal. Rptr.3d 340, 102 P.3d 257, 262 (2004). Thus, for purposes of the present case, the distinction between direct and consequential damages can be stated as follows: Direct damages are those that Rexnord, at the time of contracting, would reasonably have expected to follow from its breaches, assuming that it did not have knowledge of any circumstances peculiar to Bigge—cir-cumstances analogous to the mill’s not having a spare shaft on hand. Thus, Bigge’s direct damages are those that Rexnord would reasonably have expected an ordinary purchaser of metal castings to incur in the event that Rexnord delivered the castings late or failed to carry out its obligation to perform a root cause analysis. In contrast, Bigge’s consequential dam — 957 — ages are those that Rexnord, at the time of contracting, would reasonably have expected to follow from its breaches under any circumstances that are peculiar to Bigge. Under the rule of Hadley, Rexnord would be liable for such consequential damages if Bigge had communicated its special circumstances to Rexnord at the time of contracting. However, because in this case the parties have agreed to exclude all consequential damages, Rexnord is not liable for consequential damages even if Bigge is able to prove that Rexnord knew about its special circumstances. Thus, the key question is whether the damages Bigge claims are those that Rexnord would reasonably have expected an ordinary purchaser of metal castings to incur as a result of its breaches. See Applied Data Processing, Inc. v. Burroughs Corp., 394 F.Supp. 504, 509-10 (D.Conn.1975). With respect to Rexnord’s alleged failure to perform an adequate root cause analysis, it is clear that the expenses Bigge reasonably incurred in hiring separate consultants to perform the analysis, as well as any of its own, internal resources reasonably incurred in performing the analysis, would be direct damages. This is so because, at the time of contracting, Rexnord would have known that if it did not properly perform a needed root cause analysis, an ordinary purchaser of metal castings would have to incur expenses in connection with either performing that analysis itself or hiring someone else to perform the analysis. In other words, there was nothing special about Bigge’s circumstances that caused it to incur such expenses. Thus, any expenses Bigge reasonably incurred to obtain the root cause analysis called for by the contract are recoverable, assuming of course that Bigge is able to establish that Rexnord breached the root cause analysis provision of the contract in the first place.2 However, whether Rexnord is liable for the expenses Bigge incurred because of Rexnord’s breach of its scheduling obligations cannot be decided now. To decide whether such expenses are direct or consequential, I would need to know whether Rexnord should have expected an ordinary purchaser of metal castings to incur them or whether they were the result of Bigge’s special circumstances. For example, Bigge claims that it incurred “personnel” and “equipment” expenses as a result of the delay. Should Rexnord have expected an ordinary purchaser of metal castings to incur these expenses, or would Rexnord have been justified in assuming that the purchaser would have arranged its affairs such that it could have used its personnel and equipment on other projects while it waited for Rexnord to deliver the castings, thereby avoiding any wasted expense? The record does not shed any light on that question. Similarly, the record does not enable me to determine whether an ordinary purchaser of castings would have incurred the additional expenses that Bigge paid to Schuff Steel. Accordingly, given the present state of the record, I cannot grant summary judgment to either party on the question of whether Bigge’s delay-related expenses constitute consequential damages. Bigge contends that if any of its damages fall within the contract’s exclusion of incidental and consequential damages, then the contract’s limited remedies — 958 — should be deemed to have failed of then-essential purpose. This argument is based on UCC § 2-719(2), which states that “[w]here circumstances cause an exclusive or limited remedy to fail of its essential purpose, remedy may be had as provided in this code.” Usually, this provision comes into play when a contract contains an exclusive repair-or-replace remedy and the seller is unable or unwilling to repair or replace the goods. See White & Summers, supra, § 13-10, p. 603. However, in the present case, we are not dealing with an exclusive repair-or-replace remedy or any similar exclusive remedy. Although an exclusion of consequential damages might be considered a “limited remedy,” I do not see how the parties’ agreement to exclude consequential damages could possibly have failed of its essential purpose in the present case. Bigge argues that the contract’s scheduling provisions were very important to it, and that it would be deprived of the benefit of those provisions if the exclusion of consequential damages were enforced. However, this argument makes little sense. If Rexnord’s breach of the scheduling provisions caused Bigge direct damages, then Bigge will have a remedy. If Bigge’s damages are all consequential, then of course it will not have a remedy, but that is because Bigge agreed that it would not pursue Rexnord for consequential damages. Presumably, Bigge was able to negotiate a lower price for the castings in exchange for this agreement. Having made this bargain, Bigge cannot now complain that it is being deprived of the benefit of the scheduling provisions. The benefit Bigge negotiated for was performance or, if no performance, then direct damages. Bigge allocated any risk of consequential damages stemming from Rexnord’s failure to meet its scheduling obligations to itself. Accordingly, the contract’s limited remedies have not failed of their essential purpose. The remaining question is whether Bigge is entitled to summary judgment as to Rexnord’s liability for breach of its scheduling obligations. Rexnord does not dispute that it failed to deliver the castings in accordance with the contract’s original schedule. However, it contends that this failure was not a breach because (a) Bigge waived its right to enforce compliance with the original schedule by accepting the castings when Rexnord delivered them; (b) Bigge’s own acts and omissions caused the delay; and (c) Rexnord’s delay was caused by force majeure. With respect to waiver, the commercial terms make clear that Bigge could not have waived its right to enforce the schedule by accepting untimely delivery. The terms state that “[ajcceptance of any items ... shall not waive any breach,” Quitter Decl. Ex 1, § 26, and that Rexnord’s “liability shall not be deemed to have been waived by [Bigge’s] acquiescence of late performance,” id. § 27.4. The terms do state that Rexnord’s failure to comply with the schedule will not be considered a breach if Bigge “gives written approval of a revised schedule,” id. § 27.2, but Rex-nord does not point to any writing in which Bigge approved a revised schedule.3 Rexnord’s other two arguments are related and can be analyzed together. With respect to Bigge’s own acts, Rexnord invokes the so-called “prevention doctrine,” which provides that if one party to a contract hinders, prevents, or makes impossible performance by the other party, the latter’s failure to perform will be excused. See 13 Richard A. Lord, Williston on Con — 959 — tracts § 39:3 (4th ed. 2000). Force maj-eure, like the prevention doctrine, deals with events beyond the breaching party’s control, and Rexnord argues that the conduct of Bigge that hindered or prevented Rexnord from performing constituted force majeure. Rexnord also contends that other events, such as a flood at its facility, constituted force majeure. The commercial terms include a “force majeure” provision stating that “all events beyond a party’s reasonable control” will be grounds for obtaining an extension of time. Quilter Deck Ex. 1, § 11. However, a later provision in the terms states that Rexnord may obtain an extension of time due to force majeure only if Rexnord notifies Bigge in writing within three business days that a force majeure event has occurred and that it needs an extension of time. Id. § 27.5. Here, Bigge contends that Rexnord never gave Bigge written notice that either Bigge’s conduct or any other event outside Rexnord’s control constituted force majeure, and that therefore Rexnord cannot now rely on force majeure or the prevention doctrine to avoid liability for its delays. Rexnord contends that it did provide notice to Bigge. However, the only evidence Rexnord cites in support of this contention appears in the declaration of one of its witnesses, Jamie Quilter, who states that “[o]n several occasions, Rex-nord informed Bigge, both verbally and in writing, that its conduct constituted Force Majeure under California law and excused the dates Rexnord delivered the castings.” Second Quilter Deck ¶ 50, ECF No. 37. This evidence does not create a triable issue of fact on the question of whether Rexnord gave the required notice. To begin with, I can disregard Quilter’s reference to verbal notice, since the contract required written notice. As for written notice, Quilter does not identify the writings in which Rexnord gave Bigge notice, and he does not even show that he has personal knowledge that Rexnord ever sent such writings—he does not state that he drafted or saw the writings or otherwise explain how he came to know that the writings were sent. For this reason, his statement about written notice (and verbal notice, for that matter) is inadmissible. See Fed.R.Evid. 602. But even if his statement were admissible and accepted as true, it would not establish that Rexnord complied with the notice requirement. As mentioned, the commercial terms required Rexnord to give notice that it was invoking the force-majeure clause within three days of becoming aware of the delay, yet Quilter does not provide any information from which a trier of fact could reasonably conclude that Rexnord’s written notice was sent within three days. Thus, based on the present record, no reasonable trier of fact could conclude that Rexnord’s delay was excused by force majeure or the prevention doctrine.4 It follows that Rexnord has no viable defense to liability for failing to deliver the castings on time. CONCLUSION For the reasons stated, IT IS ORDERED that Rexnord’s motion for partial summary judgment is DENIED. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Bigge’s motion for partial summary judgment is GRANTED IN PART and DE — 960 — NIED IN PART. It is established that Rexnord breached the contract by delivering the castings late; that none of Bigge’s claimed damages constitute incidental damages; and that the expenses Bigge reasonably incurred in hiring separate consultants to perform the root cause analysis, as well as any other expenses reasonably incurred in performing the analysis, are direct damages stemming from any breach by Rexnord of its obligation to perform a root cause analysis. In all other respects, Bigge’s motion is denied. FINALLY, IT IS ORDERED that Rex-nord’s motion for confidential treatment is GRANTED. DECISION AND ORDER On April 12, 2013, I issued an order addressing the parties’ motions for summary judgment. Rexnord has filed a motion asking that I reconsider part of that order. It has also filed a motion for leave to file an amended complaint. I address these motions below. The basic facts of this case are as follows. Bigge Power Constructors manufactures cranes and similar equipment for use in heavy industry. In 2009, it agreed to supply a company named Shaw Constructors, Inc., with two large derricks, which Shaw intended to use to construct nuclear power plants. After Bigge and Shaw entered into the contract for the derricks, Bigge entered into a separate contract with Rexnord Industries, LLC, for the production of twenty-eight steel castings that Bigge intended to incorporate into the derricks. The contract consists of two purchase orders and a set of “commercial terms.” The purchase price for the castings was approximately $4.5 million. Rexnord manufactured and delivered the castings, and Bigge ultimately accepted them, incorporated them into the derricks, and received full payment from Shaw (less a holdback that is not relevant here). However, Bigge refuses to pay Rexnord the balance that remains due, which is approximately $1 million. Rexnord filed this suit to recover that amount. Bigge then filed a counterclaim- alleging, among other things, that Rexnord failed to deliver the castings on time and thereby caused Bigge to incur additional costs. In my last order in this case, I granted summary judgment to Bigge on the issue of whether Rexnord’s failure to deliver the castings on time constituted a breach of the parties’ contract. In opposing Bigge’s motion for summary judgment on this issue, Rexnord did not dispute that it had failed to deliver the castings on time. Instead, it argued that its late delivery did not render it liable for breach of contract because the late delivery was excused by the prevention doctrine and/or force maj-eure. I analyzed these two defenses together and determined that they both failed because Rexnord had not shown that it had complied with a provision of the contract requiring it to give Bigge notice if it believed that a delay in delivering the castings was caused by a “Force Majeure event.” See Commercial Terms § 27.5 Rexnord asks me to reconsider this ruling. It contends that although it was required to give Bigge notice of any delays caused by force majeure, it was not required to give Bigge notice of any delays caused by Bigge’s own acts or omissions. Thus, argues Rexnord, its failure to give notice does not affect its defense based on the prevention doctrine. In granting summary judgment to Bigge on this issue, I observed that Rexnord had not argued that the contract’s notice provision did not apply to any delays that might be excusable under the prevention doctrine. See Dec. & Order at — 961 — 959 n. 4. Thus, it is arguable that Rexnord has forfeited this argument. However, I do not think that it has. Bigge did not argue that Rexnord had failed to comply with the contract’s notice provision until it filed its reply brief in support of its motion for summary judgment. See Reply Br. at 12-13, ECF No. 41. Under the briefing schedule that applied to the parties’ motions for summary judgment, Rex-nord was not entitled to file a response to Bigge’s reply brief. See ECF No. 33. Thus, Rexnord did not have an opportunity to respond to Bigge’s argument that the contract’s notice provision applied to its defense based on the prevention doctrine. Although Rexnord might have sought leave to file a sur-reply to address that argument, the failure to do so cannot result in a forfeiture. See Smith v. Bray, 681 F.3d 888, 902-03 (7th Cir.2012). Accordingly, I will now consider Rexnord’s argument that the contract’s notice provision does not apply to its defense based on the prevention doctrine. Rexnord points out that the contract’s notice provision applies only to a “Force Majeure event.” Commercial Terms § 27.5. However, the contract defines “Force Majeure” as “all events beyond a party’s reasonable control,” id. § 11.1, and as Rexnord itself conceded in the last round of briefing, any delay caused by Bigge’s conduct would have been a delay caused by an event beyond Rexnord’s control and therefore would have constituted a force majeure event. See Summ. J. Reply Br. at 20, ECF No. 35. Thus, the plain language of contract states that Rexnord was required to give Bigge notice if it believed that its performance would be delayed by Bigge’s conduct. Rexnord also contends that any requirement to give notice of a delay caused by Bigge’s own conduct is unenforceable. This argument is based on sections 2311 and 1302 of the California Commercial Code. Section 2311 provides that a delay in a party’s performance is excused when that delay is caused by the other party’s failure to provide required specifications or otherwise cooperate. Section 1302 allows parties to alter the obligations created by the Commercial Code but provides that the parties may not “disclaim[ ]” “the obligations of good faith, diligence, reasonableness, and care” prescribed by the Code. Rexnord argues that the contract’s notice requirement is an attempt to disclaim the obligations imposed on Bigge by section 2311 and that this attempt must fail because section 1302 prohibits Bigge from disclaiming those obligations. However, the contract’s notice requirement does not purport to disclaim any obligation of good faith, diligence, reasonableness, or care contained in section 2311. Indeed, it does not purport to disclaim anything at all. It simply requires Rexnord to provide notice in the event that it believes that Bigge’s conduct (or another force majeure event) will result in a delay. Nothing in section 1302 suggests that such a notice requirement is unenforceable. Moreover, a separate provision of California, law, section 1511 of the California Civil Code, expressly states that a party is permitted to require notice from the other party in the event that such other party contends that a delay in its performance was caused by the acts of the original party. Thus, the notice requirement is enforceable, and I will not upset my grant of partial summary judgment to Bigge. I now turn to Rexnord’s motion for leave to file an amended complaint. In the scheduling order entered under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 16,1 set a deadline of July 13, 2012, for the parties to amend their pleadings. See ECF No. 14. Rex-nord filed its motion for leave to file the amended complaint on May 9, 2013, nearly — 962 — ten months after the deadline to amend the pleadings had passed. Accordingly, Rexnord must show good cause to amend its complaint. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 16(b)(4); Alioto v. Town of Lisbon, 651 F.3d 715, 719-20 (7th Cir.2011). If Rexnord establishes good cause, then I must consider whether granting leave to amend would comport with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a)(2). Alioto, 651 F.3d at 719-20. Rexnord’s current complaint contains a claim for damages for breach of contract. That claim alleges that Bigge has failed to pay outstanding invoices totaling $1,083,290. Rexnord requests leave to plead an additional claim for costs and expenses in the amount of $1,359,900. Rexnord contends that it incurred these additional amounts “because of Bigge’s breach of contractual duties and unjustified complaints about Rexnord’s performance.” Mot. for Leave to File Am. Compl. ¶ 6, ECF No. 47. Rexnord does not contend that it was unaware of the facts supporting its claim for costs and expenses until after the deadline to amend the pleadings had passed. Rather, it concedes that it was aware of this claim earlier but had refrained from bringing it “because it believed the damages it seeks on the claim[] were excluded by the waiver of incidental consequential damages in the parties’ Contract.” Id. ¶ 8. Rexnord explains that, in light of my rejection of its earlier argument that all of Bigge’s claimed damages constitute incidental and consequential damages, it has changed its litigation strategy and now intends to argue that its own damages for costs and expenses are not excluded by the waiver of incidental and consequential damages. Id. ¶¶ 9-10. I find that Rexnord has not demonstrated good cause for failing to amend its complaint prior to the deadline set in the scheduling order. Rexnord’s reason for waiting until now to seek leave to amend is that it has changed its litigation strategy in light of the court’s summary-judgment decision. Every district court that has considered the question has concluded that a party’s changing its litigation strategy is not good cause for amending a scheduling order under Rule 16(b)(4). Alvarado Orthopedic Research, L.P. v. Linvatec Corp., No. 11cv0246, 2012 WL 6193834, at *3 (S.D.Cal. Dec. 12, 2012); Thomas v. McDowell, No. 2:10-cv-0152, 2012 WL 5601198, at *2 (S.D.Ohio Nov. 15, 2012); Onyx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Bayer Corp., No. C-09-2145, 2011 WL 4527402, at *2 (N.D. Cal Sept. 21, 2011); Denenberg v. LED Technologies, LLC, No. 8:09-cv-03182, 2011 WL 1226103, at *2-3 (D.Neb. March 29, 2011); Byrne v. Crist, 2011 WL 1042314, at *1 (M.D.Fla. March 22, 2011); St. Rose v. Mobile Plant Mfg. Co. No. l:04-cv-114, 2009 WL 3064736, at *1 (D.Virgin Islands Sept. 18, 2009); Berger v. Rossignol Ski Co., Inc., No. C 05-02523, 2006 WL 1095914, at *5 (N.D.Cal. April 25, 2006). Moreover, it strikes me as obvious that changing litigation strategies after a previous strategy has failed does not constitute good cause. Accordingly, Rexnord’s motion for leave to file an amended complaint will be denied. Before concluding, I note that Rexnord argues that it should be granted leave to amend after the deadline to do so has expired because Bigge would suffer no prejudice if the complaint were amended at this time. However, it is clearly not the case that Bigge would suffer no prejudice if Rexnord were permitted to amend its complaint at this time. Discovery closes on November 30, 2013, the deadline for filing dispositive motions has already passed, and a trial on the merits could be scheduled for a short time after the close of discovery—probably in January 2014. If I allowed Rexnord’s new claim to pro — 963 — ceed, I would have to allow Bigge a reasonable opportunity to conduct discovery on that claim and to file a dispositive motion directed to it. The additional discovery would likely take several months, briefing on the dispositive motion would likely take an additional month or two, and it generally takes me three months after the briefs have been filed to decide a dis-positive motion. Thus, allowing the amendment would likely delay the trial until at least the middle of 2014. This delay would prejudice not only Bigge, but the court as well. See Pioneer Inv. Servs. Co. v. Brunswick Associates Ltd. P’ship, 507 U.S. 380, 398, 113 S.Ct. 1489, 123 L.Ed.2d 74 (1993) (noting that prejudice “to the interests of efficient judicial administration” is a factor to be weighed when determining whether to excuse noncompliance with a deadline). In addition, Bigge has been litigating this case for over a year with the understanding that Rex-nord’s only claim was for payment of the outstanding invoices and that Rexnord’s defense to Bigge’s claim was that its damages were excluded by the waiver of incidental and consequential damages. Requiring Bigge to defend against a new litigation strategy after it has already invested heavily in defending against Rex-nord’s original, opposite strategy is itself a form of prejudice. CONCLUSION For the reasons stated, IT IS ORDERED that Rexnord’s motion for reconsideration is DENIED. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Rexnord’s motion for leave to file an amended complaint is DENIED. Footnotes [1] “Cover” is the UCC term for purchasing substitute goods when the seller fails to deliver acceptable goods. See Cal. Coni.Code § 2712(1). In one of its briefs, Rexnord contends that some of Bigge’s damages were incurred in connection with effecting cover, see Reply Br. at 6, ECF No. 35, but it does not explain how that could be so, since Bigge never effected cover in the first place. [2] Bigge has not moved for summary judgment on the question of whether Rexnord breached the root cause analysis provision. Rather, it has moved for summary judgment as to liability only as to Rexnord’s alleged breach of its "scheduling obligations.” See Mot. for Partial Summ. J. at 1, ECF No. 25. [3] In one of its briefs, Rexnord asserts that "the parties discussed an amended purchase order,” Reply Br. at 15, ECF No. 35, but it does not contend that the parties actually entered into an amended purchase order containing a revised schedule. [4] Although the notice provision in the contract mentions only force majeure and does not separately mention the prevention doctrine, Rexnord has not argued that the contract's notice requirement did not apply to delays excused by the prevention doctrine rather than force majeure. Rather, Rexnord treats the prevention doctrine as a subclass of force majeure. See Reply Br. at 20, ECF No. 35 (arguing that Bigge’s conduct, which was beyond Rexnord's control, constituted force majeure).