Sethi v. Narod

MEMORANDUM & ORDER MARGO K. BRODIE, District Judge. Plaintiff Harsharan Sethi brought the above-captioned action against Defendants Randy Narod, Erica Lee, Deborah Morrissey, Mitchel Robbins, Brian Wasserman, Stanley Pitkiewicz, Richard Someck, Israel Dorinbaum, Neil Schorr, Donald Trump, Jr., and Cambridge Who’s Who Publishing, Inc. (“CWW”) alleging race and national origin discrimination under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq. (“Title VII”), and the New York State Human Rights Law, N.Y. Exec. Law § 290 et seq. (“NYSHRL”). Plaintiff also asserted claims against all Defendants under the Fair Labor Standards Act (“FLSA”) and the New York State Labor Law (“NYLL”), alleging failure to pay overtime compensation and violation of record-keeping requirements. Defendants moved for summary judgment on all claims. At oral argument on May 9, 2013, the Court granted Defendants’ motion for summary judgment as to Plaintiffs FLSA claim against individual Defendants Mitchel Robbins, Brian Wasserman, Richard Someck, Don166 aid Trump, Jr., Neil Schorr, Stanley Pitkiewicz and Israel Dorinbaum, and Plaintiffs claims for violation of the record-keeping provisions of the FLSA and the NYLL. After oral argument Plaintiff cross-moved for summary judgment on all of his remaining claims.1 For the reasons set forth below, the Court denies Defendants’ and Plaintiffs motions for summary judgment as to the FLSA and the NYLL claims. The Court defers ruling on Defendants’ and Plaintiffs motions for summary as to the Title VII and the NYSHRL claims and directs Plaintiff to submit additional documentation as specifically set forth below on or before October 14, 2013. Defendants shall file any objections to those documents on or before October 28, 2013. I. Procedural Background Plaintiff was represented by counsel from the filing of the Complaint in this proceeding through oral argument on Defendants’ motion for summary judgment. (See Docket Entry Nos. 1, 62, 63, and Order dated June 17, 2013.) After oral argument on Defendants’ motion for summary judgment, Plaintiff terminated his attorney and is now proceeding pro se. Plaintiff thereafter sought to file additional arguments in opposition to Defendants’ motion, (Docket Entry No. 62), and was permitted to do so by a letter not to exceed five pages. (Order dated June 18, 2013.) Plaintiff submitted a five-page letter enclosing over 3,000 pages of exhibits. (Plaintiffs Letter dated June 24, 2013, Docket Entry No. 67.) Plaintiff also filed a cross-motion for summary judgment with additional exhibits in excess of 2,000 pages. (PI. Cross-Mot., Docket Entry No. 73.) Plaintiff noted that many of the documents he submitted were being offered for the purpose of trial. (Plaintiff’s Letter dated July 3, 2013, Docket Entry No. 70.) Plaintiff also requested additional discovery. (Plaintiff’s Letter dated Aug. 6, 2013, Docket Entry No. 75.) In addition, for the first time Plaintiff asserted conspiracy and retaliation claims. (Pl. Cross-Mot., Docket Entry No. 73.) The Court held a conference on August 15, 2013 to discuss Plaintiffs submissions. (See Minute Entry dated Aug. 15, 2013.) The Court struck the additional documents submitted by Plaintiff and informed Plaintiff that documents that he sought to present at trial should be submitted at a later date if the Court denied Defendants’ motion for summary judgment. (Aug. 15, 2013 Conference.) The Court also denied Plaintiffs request for additional discovery. (Minute Entry dated Aug. 15, 2013.) The Court noted that the discovery deadline was August of 2012 and that, to the extent Plaintiff was seeking documents that were demanded from Defendants but were never provided, his counsel should have moved to compel their disclosure. (Aug. 15, 2013 Conference.) The Court also noted that because the additional discovery sought by Plaintiff related to fraud that was allegedly being committed by Defendants against the government and Plaintiff, and because — 167 — there are no fraud allegations in the Complaint before the Court, the discovery sought by Plaintiff did not appear to be relevant to Plaintiff’s claims of discrimination or violations of the FLSA and the NYLL. The Court also struck Plaintiffs new retaliation and conspiracy claims, and denied Plaintiffs application for leave to amend the complaint as untimely and unduly prejudicial.2 (See Minute Entry dated Aug. 15, 2013.) Plaintiffs action was commenced two years prior in May 2011, Plaintiff was represented by counsel from the commencement of the proceeding, Plaintiff has filed multiple actions against some of the Defendants, including seven proceedings in New York State Supreme Court challenging, among other things, his termination and asserting a claim for retaliation, (see New York State Supreme Court Index Nos. 2499/2011, 7904/2011, 11750/2011, 14021/2011, 17178/2011, 1035/2012, 14058/2012), and the Court noted Plaintiff’s intimate involvement with the proceeding, including his presence at the oral argument of Defendants’ summary judgment motion and his many objections and suggestions to his counsel. (Aug. 15, 2013 Conference.) The Court accepted Plaintiffs cross-motion for summary judgment, and directed Defendants to respond to Plaintiffs summary judgment motion as to the Title VII and NYSHRL race and national origin discrimination claims, as well as the FLSA and the NYLL overtime claims. (See Minute Entry dated Aug. 15, 2013). II. Factual Background a. CWW and the Individual Defendants Randy Narod is the President of CWW and owns 85% of CWW. (Deposition of Randy Narod (“Narod Dep.”) 5:22-6:2, 8:12-2; PI. 56.1 ¶¶ 65-66.) Defendant Erica Lee is the Chief Operating Officer and Chief of Operations and Logistics for CWW. (Declaration of Erica Lee (“Lee Deck”) ¶ 1; PI. 56.1 ¶ 32.) Plaintiff was interviewed for his position at CWW by both Narod and Lee. (Def. 56.1 ¶ 11; PI. 56.1 ¶ 115; Deposition of Harsharan Sethi (“Sethi Dep.”) 39:25-40:2.) According to Narod, Lee made the decision to hire Plaintiff and Lee had the authority to send a termination severance agreement to Plaintiff without discussing it with Narod in advance. (Narod Dep. 38:5-21, 52:12-53:2; PI. 56.1 ¶ 94.) According to Lee, she made the recommendation to hire Plaintiff to Narod, and Narod accepted the recommendation and approved the decision to hire Plaintiff. (Lee Deck ¶ 17.) During some period of his employment, Plaintiff was required to obtain permission from Lee before leaving work at the end of the day. (Deposition of Erica Lee (“Lee Dep.”) 103:12-104:18; PI. 56.1 ¶54.) Lee also generally provided Plaintiff with his assignments. (Lee Dep. 166:15-20; PI. 56.1 ¶ 48.) Deborah Morrissey is the Vice President of Human Resources for CWW. (Deposition of Deborah Morrissey (“Morrissey Dep.”) 5:19-24; PI. 56.1 ¶ 1.) Morrissey’s — 168 — responsibilities include “recruiting, hiring, dismissals, personnel evaluation, benefits, organizational development with the executive board, payroll and updating policies that were decided by the executive board, negotiations with benefit vendors and paycheck vendors, and managing a small group of HR individuals to complete all duties related to both the HR department as well [as] assisting to report sales figures for the sales representatives.” (Morrissey Dep. 10:20-11:9.) Her decisions to hire or fire, or to modify salary, hours or terms of employment had to be approved by Narod. (Declaration of Deborah Morrissey (“Morrissey Deck”) ¶ 29.) She was also responsible for making “sure that files were kept in order” and “for stepping in as a manager for the sales managers if Erica Lee was not present, opening other offices and supervising those offices.” (Morrissey Dep. 10:20-12:18; PI. 56.1 ¶2.) Morrissey also processed payroll and certain documents to implement Plaintiffs termination. (Morrissey Deck ¶ 31.) b. Plaintiffs Educational Background and Work at CWW Plaintiff was born and educated in India. (Sethi Dep. 9:21-10:19.) He obtained a bachelor’s degree in business administration, with a major in finance and a minor in business management. (Declaration of Harsharan Sethi (“Sethi Deck”) Ex. 3.) His professional experience prior to CWW included working as a manager of information systems for approximately seven years. (Id.) Plaintiff had various technical certifications. (Def. 56.1 ¶¶ 3-4; PI. Resp. 56.1 ¶¶ 3-4.) Plaintiff claims that his certifications, which he earned in 1999-2000, are now obsolete. (Sethi Deck ¶ 57.) Plaintiff worked as the Director of Management Information Systems (“MIS Director”) at CWW from July 21, 2008 to May 10, 2010. (Am. Compl. ¶ 2; Answer ¶ 2.) Plaintiff was hired after responding to a job posting for a network administrator. (Def. 56.1 ¶ 8; PI. Resp. 56.1 ¶ 8.) Plaintiff reported to Lee. (Def. 56.1 ¶ 25; Sethi Deck ¶ 15.) When Plaintiff started his job with CWW in July 2008, Plaintiffs designated work hours were Monday through Thursday from 9:00 AM to 5:30 PM and Friday from 9:00 AM to 5:00 PM. (Def. 56.1 ¶ 34; PI. Resp. 56.1 ¶34.) Plaintiffs hours were subsequently changed to 8:30 AM to 5:00 PM Monday through Friday. (Def. 56.1 ¶¶ 34-35; PI. Resp. 56.1 ¶¶34-35). In 2009, Plaintiffs hours were changed again, to 8:30 AM to 5:30 PM. (Lee Deck Ex. M at 21; PI. Resp. 56.1 ¶ 35; PI. Cross-Mot. Reply Ex. 4.) In February 2010, Lee told Plaintiff that his hours were Monday through Thursday 8:30 AM to 5:30 PM and Friday 8:30 AM to 6:00 PM. (PI. Cross-Mot. Reply Ex. 4.) Plaintiffs starting salary was $75,000 annually, and after a probationary period his salary was increased to $95,000 in November 2008. (Def. 56.1 ¶ 12; PI. Resp. 56.1 ¶ 12.) The nature of Plaintiffs work at CWW is disputed by the parties. According to Plaintiff, he spent 90% of his time working on in-house desktop support, 5% of his time on server issues, and 5% of his time on issues related to the backup, restoration, integrity and troubleshooting of backed-up data. (Sethi Deck ¶ 12.) Plaintiff has also described his work as “a hundred percent ... desktop support.” (PI. Cross 56.1 ¶ 3(c).) Plaintiff testified that “a hundred percent of my time was in systems administration,” which included “[d]esktop support, connectivity, network problems, network maintenance, server problems, et cetera.” (Sethi Dep. 69:7-70:5.) Plaintiff spent “[m]ost of the time” “working on network problems.” (Id. at 70:19-22.) Lee closely controlled Plaintiffs work activities and gave him assignments, (Sethi Deck ¶ 15), and “[a]t no time — 169 — did [he] have discretion as to [his] assignments or when and how to complete them,” (id. ¶ 3). Defendants claim that, as the “highest ranking IT person at CWW that had hands-on experience with the system,” Plaintiff handled network and software issues, and spent most of his time on network problems and systems administration. (Def. 56.1 ¶¶ 21-22, 25-26.) “Plaintiff was hired as a chief IT systems analyst to set policies for and improve the security and efficiencies of CWW’s network infrastructure,” and Plaintiffs duties “were maintaining, improving, researching, recommending, and implementing policies and procedures regarding CWW’s computer network and infrastructure,” and “included researching and reporting to [Lee] best industry practices for security and communications protocols and other network aspects.” (Lee Decl. ¶¶ 25, 30.) When Plaintiff joined CWW, CWW was relying on an outside IT vendor called Proactive, which CWW continued to utilize while Plaintiff was employed at CWW. (Lee Dep. 14:4-16:25; PI. 56.1 ¶¶3, 61, 123, 124.) The parties dispute the degree of Plaintiffs interaction with Proactive. Plaintiff claims that Lee would primarily interact with the vendor, and that Plaintiff had only occasional contact with Proactive. (PL 56.1 ¶ 124.) Defendants claim that Plaintiff interacted directly with Proactive, (Def. 56.1 ¶27), and was hostile to the employees at Proactive, (Lee Decl. ¶¶ 37-44). c. May 2009 USA Honors Society Email In approximately May 2009, Plaintiff received an e-mail from the “USA Honors Society” (“Honors Society”), a new company established at CWW. (Am. Compl. ¶ 27; Sethi Dep. 82:16-86:4.) The email indicated that Plaintiff had been selected for membership in the Honors Society for his contributions to the profession. (Id.) Plaintiff believed that the representations in the email were false, and reported his concerns to Lee. (Id.) According to Lee, “Plaintiff believed [the Honors Society] was a separate entity [from CWW] and that customers should be advised of this. I explained to Plaintiff that [the Honors Society] was a branch of CWW, yet he continued to express his concerns that CWW engaged in wrongful business offerings.” (Lee Decl. ¶ 36.) After this incident, Plaintiff claims he experienced changes in his duties and responsibilities, including a unilateral increase in his work hours. (Sethi Dep. 86:5-90:8.) Plaintiff claims that he endured long hours of work in retaliation for questioning things such as the Honors Society, when he would receive overtime pay, and why he must provide technical support to Narod’s personal businesses outside of CWW. (Pl. 56.1 ¶¶ 127-30; Sethi Dep. 88:22-89:21.) Plaintiff alleges that as part of the “abus[e]” he subsequently experienced, beginning in September 2009, CWW’s executives and managers constantly remarked about Plaintiff’s Indian heritage, including calling him “Harshidoodle” or “Harshipoodle” in front of other employees.3 (Am. Compl. ¶ 31.) — 170 — d. November 2009 Confrontation with Narod On November 10, 2009, Plaintiff attended a meeting with Narod, Lee and Morrissey. (Sethi Decl. ¶ 26; Sethi Dep. 130:19; Lee Decl. ¶ 52.) According to Plaintiff, during this meeting Narod “physical[ly] assault[ed]” him. (Sethi Dep. 124:2; see also PI. 56.1 ¶¶ 133-134; Sethi Dep. 120:2-125:25.) Plaintiff accused CWW of illegality, telling Narod, “This company is illegal. What you are doing here is illegal.” (Sethi Dep. 122:4-5.) Narod allegedly responded, “You f-king Indian, what do you think about yourself? I will make sure you are sent back to India. You don’t know who you are dealing with. You fear my wrath in your dreams.” (PI. 56.1 ¶ 133; Sethi Dep. 116:21-125:19.) Narod also told Plaintiff, “[I]f this is illegal, you are part of it, so we both will go to jail.” (Sethi Dep. 124:20-22.) Plaintiff alleges that during this meeting Narod “charged” at him, slapped his face, and “chested” him, hitting Plaintiff with his chest. (Sethi Dep. 122:19-123:21.) Defendants admit that a meeting occurred, but deny Plaintiffs allegations concerning what happened at the meeting. (Def. Cross-Mot. 56.1 ¶¶ 132-34.) e. Plaintiffs Alleged Unfair Treatment At or about the same time that Narod allegedly assaulted Plaintiff, Plaintiff claims that Morrissey began to demand that Plaintiff produce a doctor’s note whenever he was out of the office due to illness, regardless of how long he was absent, while other employees were only required to produce a doctor’s note if they were out of the office more than two consecutive days due to illness.4 (Am. Compl. ¶ 33.) Plaintiff alleges that CWW’s policy was that medical documentation was only required when utilizing un-accrued time-off, and Plaintiff never took un-accrued time-off but was still required to submit medical documentation for his sick time. (PI. Cross-Mot. Reply 2-3 (citing PL Cross-Mot. Reply Exs. 7A, 7B, 7C, 8-11).) Plaintiff alleges that other similarly situated employees were not required to produce medical documentation.5 (Id.) According to Defendants, “CWW’s standard policies and procedures required ... medical documentation for any sick time for which an employee had no available accrued paid sick time.” (Def. 56.1 ¶ 38.) Plaintiff asserts that he was singled out and treated unfairly in several ways. Plaintiff claims that he was not given the number of vacation days he was due based on the number of vacation days given to others. According to Plaintiff, he was “originally told” he would have “10 days [of] vacation per year,” but “in reality ... had only five days [of] vacation per year.” (Sethi Decl. ¶ 50; see also PL Cross-Mot. Reply 3 (citing Pl. Cross-Mot. Exs. 14— 16).) Plaintiff relies on an email dated December 11, 2009, which indicates that he had “5 Vacation Days [remaining].” (Sethi Decl. Ex. 16.) Plaintiff asserts that other employees were given 10-21 vacation days each year. (Pl. Cross-Mot. Reply 3.) — 171 — Plaintiff relies on the attendance records of employees Morrissey, Tara Siciliano and Yona Block. (See id. (citing Pl. Cross-Mot. Reply Ex. 16).) Morrissey’s attendance records for 2009 indicate 11 days listed under the column labeled “V[aeation]”; Siciliano’s 2009 attendance records indicate 15 days listed under the “V[acation]” column; and Block’s attendance records indicate 10 days listed under “V[acation].” (See id.) Plaintiff submitted no additional information about Siciliano and Block. Defendants assert that because Plaintiff was a manager and an exempt employee, he received ten vacation days. (Morrissey Dep. 163:17-22.) Plaintiff also asserts that he was only allowed to rollover three vacation days while others were allowed to roll-over an “infinite number” of vacation days each year. (Pl. Cross-Mot. 3 (citing Pl. Cross-Mot. Exs. 5, 17-18,19A, 19B).) Plaintiff points to employee Siciliano’s attendance records which indicate that fifteen vacation days were used in 2009. (Pl. Cross-Mot. Reply Ex. 18.) Plaintiff submitted what appears to be an excerpt from CWW’s employee handbook stating that “any unused vacation days will roll over,” (Pl. Cross-Mot. Reply Ex. Ex. 19A), and another excerpt stating that “[n]on-management employees can only roll over a maximum of 3 vacation days,” (Pl. Cross-Mot. Reply Ex. 19B). According to Morrissey, the employee handbook provides for the roll-over of three vacation days. (Pl. Cross-Mot. Reply Ex. 17.) Plaintiff further asserts that he was denied vacation pay after he was terminated, while other employees were paid for their vacation time after termination. (Pl. Cross-Mot. 29.) Plaintiff also asserts that he was treated unfairly because he was required to submit paperwork in order to obtain paid time off while other employees “were not required to fill out anything.” (PI. Cross-Mot. 4 (citing PI. Cross-Mot. Exs. 20-21).) According to Plaintiff, he was required to provide three weeks of advance notice for vacation and paid time off while other employees were not required to give advance notice. (PI. Cross-Mot. 4 (citing PI. Cross-Mot. Exs. 20, 21).) Plaintiff refers to a collection of email correspondence between Morrissey and various employees regarding their sick time and medical appointments. (PI. Cross-Mot. Reply Ex. 21.) According to Morrissey, during Plaintiffs employment with CWW, the employee handbook policies required that all employees submit requests for vacation at least three weeks in advance and request personal time-off in advance using a form from the human resources department. (PI. Cross-Mot. Reply Ex. 20.) Defendants claim that “CWWs standard policies and procedures required pre-approval of time taken for vacation and accrued personal time as well as same-day or prior notification of any sick time as practicable.” (Def. 56.1 ¶ 38.) Plaintiff asserts that he was subjected to unfair treatment in a number of other ways. Plaintiff alleges that CWW did not follow the company’s “progressive discipline system” with regard to him, but did so with regard to other employees. (PI. Cross-Mot. 3 (citing PI. Cross-Mot. Exs. 12-13).) Plaintiff alleges that a memorandum was placed in his personnel file indicating that he failed to give sufficient notice in advance of taking leave or departing the office early. (Oral Arg. Tr. 7:17-8:1.) Plaintiff also alleges that an entry was placed in his personnel file regarding chronic lateness, (Oral Arg. Tr. 8:3-8:13), and Plaintiff submitted a written formal warning regarding tardiness that he received on November 24, 2008, (PL Cross-Mot. Reply Ex. 12). Plaintiff submitted what appears to be an excerpt from the employee handbook concerning tardiness policies proscribing procedures for ad — 172 — dressing “[s]ales Representatives who are repeatedly late to work.” (Pl. Cross-Mot. Ex. 13.) Another way in which Plaintiff asserts that he was treated unfairly is that Morrissey, Lee and others received overtime pay, while he did not. (Oral Arg. Tr. 7:5-7:14; Pl. Cross-Mot. Reply 2 (citing Pl. Cross-Mot. Exs. 4-5, 6A, 6B, 6C, 6D).) Plaintiff submitted evidence of CWW employees other than Morrissey and Lee who were paid overtime compensation. {See Pl. Cross-Mot. Reply Ex. 6.) However, Plaintiff does not submit any evidence about the roles, duties, seniority, or exempt status of these employees. Defendants claim that managers like Morrissey and Lee did not generally receive overtime, but Morrissey admits that she received overtime pay once for working on a Saturday. (Morrissey Dep. 69:8-15; Pl. 56.1 ¶ 14.) According to Morrissey, she generally works “[o]ver 60 hours a week” and never received overtime pay other than that one occasion. (Morrissey Dep. 69:8-70:6.) Lee testified that she “never received overtime,” (Lee Dep. 87:2), but according to Morrissey, Lee did receive overtime pay once, when she worked on Memorial Day in 2012. (Pl. 56.1 ¶ 15; Morrissey Dep. 70:7-15.) Plaintiff asserts that he was treated unfairly because his benefits did not begin on the first day of his employment, while other employees were given benefits from their first day, and he was “discriminatorily forced on probation for 90 days” when he started work, while other employees “were never on probation.” (Pl. Cross-Mot. 4 (citing Pl. Cross-Mot. Exs. 22-23).) Plaintiff cites to a copy of his offer letter, indicating that he would have the option to enroll in a health insurance plan after 90 days of employment, (Pl. Cross-Mot. Reply Ex. 22), as well as an offer letter from CWW to a Michael Langdon stating that Langdon would not need to wait the 90-day probationary period for benefits and an email to a Jeffrey Rook stating that he was enrolled for benefits, but not indicating his start date, (Pl. Cross-Mot. Reply Ex. 23). Plaintiff asserts that he was treated unfairly because he was denied free health insurance benefits while other employees were given free individual health benefits. (Pl. Cross-Mot. 4 (citing Pl. Cross-Mot. Exs. 22-23).) Plaintiff cites to his offer letter which states that “the company [would] pay a stipend of $280 monthly towards [his health insurance] deduction,” the offer letter to Langdon which states that “the company would pay for his individual medical benefits,” and the email to Rook which states that “Randy will be paying for this monthly in full” and “[w]e have not done this for many employees here, so please keep this confidential.” (Pl. Cross-Mot. Reply Exs. 22, 23.) Plaintiff alleges that he was also deprived of a raise in exchange for “not taking medical benefits from CWW,” while other employees “were given [a] raise in pay for not taking medical benefits from CWW.” (Pl. Cross-Mot. 4 (citing Pl. Cross-Mot. Ex. 24).) Plaintiff points to an email from Narod to Morrissey stating, “Please give [R]onda [L]eaderman a 50 week [sic] raise in sail [sic] she does not use health insurance[.]” (Pl. Cross-Mot. Reply Ex. 24.) Plaintiff also asserts that he was treated unfairly for discriminatory reasons because he “was not introduced to a single employee,” was “denied orientation, an initial introduction to the CWW employees and a welcoming email” when he started his employment at CWW, while other employees were “given very good introduction[s] and emails were sent to the whole company welcoming” them “very cordially.” (Pl. Cross-Mot. Reply 4-5.) Plaintiff cites to a number of emails welcoming other new employees to CWW. (Pl. Cross173 Mot. Reply Exs. 25A, 25B.)6 Plaintiff claims that he was also denied business cards, while other employees were provided with business cards. (PI. Cross-Mot. 31.) Plaintiff additionally asserts unfair discriminatory treatment because he was denied compensation for travel mileage when he traveled to work off-site, while other employees received compensation for travel mileage, (id. at 29); becáuse he was forced to use CWWs hand-scanner attendance system for logging arrivals and departures at CWW while other employees were not required to hand-scan their arrivals and departures, (id. at 30); and because he was denied CWW-provided legal services, while other employees were offered a “legal service plan.” (Id. at 31.) Defendants dispute that Plaintiff was treated unfairly. Defendants allege that Plaintiff did not always comply with CWW procedures, including providing sufficient notice when he was leaving early or planning to be absent, and he was often absent, tardy and insubordinate. (Morrissey Decl. ¶¶ 17-28.) f. Chief technology officer position In January 2010, CWW created a position of Chief Technology Officer (“CTO”). (Def. 56.1 ¶ 52; PI. Resp. 56.1 ¶ 52.) Lee announced via email on January 13, 2010, that CWW was about three days away from hiring a CTO. (Lee Deck Ex. O.) Lee wrote that all of the applicants had over twenty-plus years of experience and had managed technology for large companies. {Id.) Plaintiff forwarded the announcement to Narod and asked, “[a]ny reason I was not given this opportunity?” '(Id.) In response, Narod asked Plaintiff if he had the experience necessary for the position. (Id.) Plaintiff responded, ‘Yes [t]ry [m]e.” (Id.) Narod advised Plaintiff that he would have to go through the interview process, as the applicants had “high level” experience. (Id.) According to Lee, Plaintiff “requested an opportunity to apply for the [CTO] position.” (Lee Dep. 57:17-19.) At that time, CWW had already vetted candidates and given a soft response to a candidate indicating that CWW was “leaning ... that person’s way.” (Id. at 57:19-24.) CWW was looking for a candidate with a wide range of skill sets. (Id. at 59:5-7.) When Plaintiff inquired about the CTO position, Lee emailed Plaintiff and told him that the top candidates had extensive programming experience and had taken projects from inception to execution on their own. (Sethi Dep. 167:9-18; Pl. Cross-Mot. Reply Ex. 2.) She wrote that the candidates were willing to write code as well as manage CWW business practices, and that CWW had not approached Plaintiff about the position because CWW was “looking for candidates that have executed from a business process, software development side and had strong programming backgrounds.” (Pl. Cross-Mot. Reply Ex. 2.) Plaintiff does not recall if he responded to this email. (Sethi Dep. 168:19-168:8.) Defendants claim that Plaintiff never applied for the CTO position.7 (Lee Deck ¶ 57.) CWW hired Gerard Mott for the CTO position. (Def. 56.1 ¶ 56; Pl. Resp. 56.1 — 174 — ¶ 56 .) Mott had served as the CTO at a number of large organizations, including WebMD, and had acted as “lead management” before. (Lee Dep. 60:18-25.) According to Lee, Mott was brought on because of his years of experience in big business and his large corporate CTO experience. (Id. at 61:16-23.) Mott also had experience in managing programmers and “taking projects from inception.” (Id. at 63:17-65:6.) Lee testified that Plaintiff “taking on the position of the CTO at the time didn’t seem viable because he was supposed to be our lead systems administrator and systems analyst.” (Id. at 59:5-14.) Plaintiff admitted that he did not have the desired coding experience, nor experience “executing] from a business process software development side.” (Weber Day 1 Tr. 168:9-169:20.) Plaintiff asserts that Mott also lacked the relevant experience. According to Plaintiff, Mott “did not understand” a technical conversation with Plaintiff and had “no experience in network.” (Id. at 170:4-22.) Plaintiff also asserts that a background search of Mott on Linkedln showed that Mott had prior jobs as a manager, but no technical positions.8 (Id. at 170:2-171:7.) g. Mott’s Assessment of Plaintiff Mott met with Plaintiff after Mott was hired. (Def. 56.1 ¶ 58; Sethi Dep. 171:14-179:3.) Defendants allege that Mott assessed Plaintiffs skills and experience and found Plaintiffs skillset to be “above a typical desktop technician but well below that of a competent network administrator.” (Def. 56.1 ¶ 58.) According to Mott, Plaintiff had no knowledge regarding CWW’s database and web servers, and he could not provide Mott with basic information about “the number of hard drives, processors, memory, or configuration for redundancy in case of failure.” (Declaration of Gerard Mott (“Mott Deck”) ¶8.) Mott assessed Plaintiffs knowledge as limited to knowing “the backup drives (or ‘tapes’) in the servers needed to be removed every night and replaced.” (Id.) When questioned about his policies for “the configuration of the servers” that ran CWW’s web services and online portals, Plaintiff had no knowledge. (Id. ¶ 9.) Plaintiff disputes that this meeting occurred. (PI. Resp. 56.1 ¶ 58.) h. Plaintiffs Allegedly Hostile Behavior Defendants allege that Plaintiff exhibited hostile behavior during his time at CWW. According to Lee, Plaintiff “demonstrated a hostile attitude” toward other CWW employees, as well as employees of Proactive. (Lee Deck 1134, 40.) After Plaintiff wrote a January 12, 2010 email to Proactive that Lee found to be “unnecessarily hostile and combative” and Proactive employees “expressed frustration” to Lee regarding “Plaintiffs aggression and his combative attitude toward them,” Lee arranged a meeting with Proactive and Plaintiff for January 15, 2010. (Id. ¶ 37-41.) Lee felt that her “efforts to improve Plaintiffs behavior and cooperation with Proactive were not successful.” (Id. ¶ 42.) On or about February 1, 2010, Proactive employees removed some computer components from Plaintiffs office in order to install them on other employees’ computers. (Id.) When Plaintiff discovered this, he sent Lee an email stating that “[w]ho-ever opened my office this morning ... can do so again at their own risk.” (Id.) Lee found the email disturbing and threat — 175 — ening. (Id.) According to Lee, CWW employees reported other incidents to the human resources department where Plaintiff had belittled or behaved in a hostile manner toward other CWW employees. (Id. ¶43.) Lee claims that by February 2010, Plaintiffs “inexplicable anger, belligerence and hostility towards his CWW colleagues and members of Proactive made it impossible for him to carry out his duties and responsibilities effectively.” (Id. ¶ 44.) Plaintiff disputes these allegations. He claims that when he wrote that others can open his office “at their own risk,” he meant that “whoever opens my office is responsible for anything missing from my office.... [W]hoever opens it has the risk of that liability that goes along with entering into somebody’s office without a courtesy call, without any monitoring, without any responsibility.” (Sethi Dep. 209:7-18.) Plaintiff claims that Lee is “attempt[ing] to make something out of nothing,” and that certain CWW colleagues were “pleased” with his treatment of them. (Sethi Decl. ¶ 21.) i. Plaintiffs Departure from CWW Plaintiff did not appear for work on February 10, 2010, due to snow, and on February 11, 2010, he was absent for a half-day. (Def. 56.1 ¶ 59; PI. Resp. 56.1 ¶ 59.) According to Defendants, Plaintiff subsequently requested clarification regarding the hours he was expected to be at CWW and how many days he had available for vacation and personal time. (Def. 56.1 ¶ 60.) Lee sent Plaintiff an email stating the hours CWW expected him to be on the premises. (Lee Decl. ¶ 63.) Lee asked a staff member from the human resources department to address Plaintiff’s request about his available vacation and personal days. (Id.) According to Lee, Plaintiff questioned Lee’s authority to clarify his work hours. (Id. ¶ 65.) The correspondence regarding Plaintiffs time prompted a meeting between Plaintiff, Lee, and others on February 12, 2010. (See Def. 56.1 ¶ 61-62; PI. Resp. 56.1 ¶ 61-62.) The circumstances of the February 12, 2010 meeting and Plaintiffs subsequent departure from CWW are unclear. According to Defendants, the meeting was to discuss Plaintiffs time and attendance. (Lee Decl. Ex. M.) Plaintiff became combative and refused to listen to the policies and procedures, and tried to change the subject of the meeting and discuss other issues. (Id.) Plaintiff asked “what happens ... if he doesn’t obey the policies,” and “challenge[d] and confront[ed] the authorities at the meeting.” (Id.) According to Lee, Plaintiff questioned her authority and CWW’s policies. (Id.) At the meeting, they also discussed Plaintiffs January 12, 2010 email that he sent after Proactive employees entered his office, which Lee construed as a threat to CWW employees and consultants. (Def. 56.1 ¶ 44.) Plaintiff informed Lee that he had spoken with Narod by telephone and that “Narod had instructed him to leave for the day (with pay).” (Lee Decl. ¶ 66.) After the meeting, Plaintiff asked CWW employee Michelle Trabuechi for access to his Personnel File. (Lee Decl. Ex. M.) CWW Handbook Policy states that all employees may see their Personnel File once each year and that a request to do so should be submitted in writing. (Id.) Plaintiff was asked to follow the procedure. (Id.) Plaintiff “fumed more harassment and stormed off.” (Id.) Plaintiff disputes Defendants’ characterization of the meeting and asserts that he “was sent home immediately” on February 12, 2010, after requesting in writing to see his personnel file. (Sethi Decl. ¶ 30.) Following the meeting on February 12, 2010, Plaintiff took a leave of absence with pay. (PI. Resp. 56.1 ¶ 50; Def. 56.1 ¶ 65.) Narod told Plaintiff by telephone that he — 176 — would personally address Plaintiffs concerns on February 16, 2010. (Def. 56.1 ¶ 68; PI. Resp. 56.1 ¶ 63.) On February 16, 2010, Narod met with Plaintiff. (Def. 56.1 ¶ 64; PI. Resp. 56.1 ¶64.) Lee attended a portion of the meeting with Narod and Plaintiff and heard them discuss possible resolutions of Plaintiffs concerns and complaints. (Lee Decl. ¶ 68.) After the meeting Narod decided not to terminate Plaintiff. (Lee Decl. ¶ 69.) Instead, Narod decided to give Plaintiff a leave of absence but did not change any of the terms of Plaintiffs employment. (Id. ¶ 69.) Plaintiff subsequently sent several emails to CWW employees accusing CWW and its employees of wrongdoing, and threatening to take action to injure CWW and its employees if they did not accede to his demands. (Id. ¶ 70.) Plaintiff claims that the emails were “not designed to hurt CWW but to bring the company’s attention to [his] concerns.” (PI. Resp. 56.1 ¶¶ 66-77.) In an email dated February 14, 2010, forwarding a note written by Plaintiff dated February 12, 2010, Plaintiff stated that he was being forced to resign for “voicing complaints against fraud and illegal activities” and stated that “this is very serious and might become very very ugly by Monday/Tuesday [February] 16th.” (Lee Decl. Ex. R.) Plaintiff also stated that he “fear[ed] for [his] life,” and might “file a criminal complaint.” (Id.) Plaintiff indicated that he would be sending the letter to various “State and Federal authorities [sic]” and asked that CWW “let me know if I am to report to work on Monday 15th or Tuesday Feb. 16[] as usual so that this matter can be discussed and settled amicably for smooth running of the business.” (Id.) In an email dated February 19, 2010, Plaintiff levied further accusations at CWW, including that CWW was “buying girls for immoral sexual acts and or prostitution.” (Lee Decl. Ex. S.) Plaintiff also claimed that CWW was “transacting drugs,” “committing] fraud, harassing] employees, enslaving] employees,” “collectively assaulting] employees,” and engaging in “scare tactics” and other “various illegal activities.” (Id.) Plaintiff wrote that he “was belittled, insulted, harassed, discriminated, enslaved, threatened and assaulted on the threat of getting fired.” (Id.) He threatened to go to the media, as well as “have every call and every employee past and present subpoenaed ... as I have had it with these threats.” (Id.) On February 22, 2010, Plaintiff sent another email to Narod and others at CWW suggesting that “we can set aside all our ego’s [sic] and circumstances and start all over again to work together towards any common business goals there by [sic] rectifying the situation and the issues in the quickest time possible trying to achieve normalcy with minimum damage.” (Lee Decl. Ex. T.) Plaintiff wrote, “[L]et me know what you want to do, I am giving you three days to figure this out calmly and coolly along with your associates. All I want is to go back to my work as before as I do not believe that I have done anything to cause such circumstances.” (Id.) On March 5, 2010, Plaintiff emailed to Narod, “Its [sic] been a while now and I need to get back to work at Cambridge preferably by Monday March 8th.” (Lee Decl. Ex. U.) On March 11, 2010, Plaintiff again wrote to Narod, “I am a patient and peaceful man you know that and I believe I have been patient enough but its [sic] high time I get back to work.” (Lee Decl. Ex. V.) “Rectifying the wrong and letting me return to work is most probably the only way you can keep the attorney’s [sic] out of this mess.” (Id.) Plaintiff wrote to Morrissey, copying Narod and others, on April 30, 2010, re — 177 — questing an “update ... on my status of employment.” (Lee Decl. Ex. W.) He asked if “any investigation [was] conducted by HR on my complaints,” and requested that the findings be forwarded to him. (Id.) He accused Morrissey of “continuing to harrass [sic]” him. (Id.) Morrissey informed Plaintiff by email that Narod was not in that day but someone would contact him the following week to discuss the matter. (Lee Decl. Ex. X.) Plaintiff followed-up with another email on May 3, 2010, with further allegations of illegality, including accusing CWW of manipulating and falsifying his personnel file, and of “discriminatingly” and forcibly increasing Plaintiffs work hours. (Id.) Plaintiff accused CWW of “fooling around” with his life and wrote, “Please be advised that if my health runs into any complications cardiac or otherwise I will hold each of you individually responsible[ ]and liable.” (Id.) On May 6, 2010, Plaintiff wrote to Narod and Morrissey that they had “till Friday May 7th,” after which point he would be “busy at [CWW’s building] Cafeteria ... meeting employees, Newsday, [possibly Channel 12 News, Help me Howard and EEOC Attorneys,” and would also be posting information on various websites including “Cambridgeregistryscam.com,” “Cambridgewhoswhoscams.com,” “Cambridgewhoswhoconnectscam.com,” and “Worldwidewhoswhoscam.com.” (Lee Decl. Ex. Y.) Plaintiff wrote that “involving attorney’s [sic] and third parties might have a spiral effect which could get out of control but you are leaving me no choice I guess. This is your choice not mine.” (Id.) Plaintiff referenced various allegations including “threats to my life and assault,” “VP HR illegally harassing me for my medical records,” “discriminatory work hours,” “defaming me for insubordination,” and “HR trying to illegally and discriminatorily deduct[ ] my personal, sick and vacation hours.” (Id.) Plaintiff signed the email “Buddy Hershidoodle.” (Id.) On May 8, 2010, Plaintiff emailed Morrissey and Narod’ regarding “www. worldwidewhoswhoscam.com,” stating that he “would like to increase awareness by bringing it to peoples [sic] attention.” (Lee Decl. Ex. Z.) The following day Plaintiff wrote to Narod, Morrissey and another CWW employee that “I guess we are now moving towards point of no return very rapidly.” (Lee Decl. Ex. AA.) In the email Plaintiff challenged Morrissey’s qualifications and asserted that she was “not qualified to look into my grieviences [sic] relating to my complaints for which I was sent on a so called legal leave of absence.” (Id.) Plaintiff was terminated by CWW on or about May 11, 2010. (Sethi Decl. ¶ 58.) CWW claims that based on Plaintiffs threats, it had no choice but to terminate him. (Lee Decl. ¶ 83.) Plaintiff commenced this action on May 25, 2011. (Docket Entry No. 1.) III. Discussion a. Standard of Review Summary judgment is proper only when, construing the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-movant, “there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a); see also Kwong v. Bloomberg, 723 F.3d 160, 164-65 (2d Cir.2013); Redd v. N.Y. Div. of Parole, 678 F.3d 166, 174 (2d Cir.2012). The role of the court is not “to weigh the evidence and determine the truth of the matter but to determine whether there is a genuine issue for trial.” Cioffi v. Averill Park Cent. Sch. Dist. Bd. of Educ., 444 F.3d 158, 162 (2d Cir.2006) (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 249, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986)). A genuine issue of fact exists — 178 — when there is sufficient “evidence on which the jury could reasonably find for the [non-moving party].” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 252, 106 S.Ct. 2505. The “mere existence of a scintilla of evidence” is not sufficient to defeat summary judgment; “there must be evidence on which the jury could reasonably find for the [non-moving party].” Id, The court’s function is to decide “whether, after resolving all ambiguities and drawing all inferences in favor of the non-moving party, a rational juror could find in favor of that party.” Pinto v. Allstate Ins. Co., 221 F.3d 394, 398 (2d Cir.2000). The Second Circuit has cautioned that “[w]here an employer acted with discriminatory intent, direct evidence of that intent will only rarely be available, so affidavits and depositions must be carefully scrutinized for circumstantial proof which, if believed, would show discrimination.” Taddeo v. L.M. Berry & Co., 526 Fed.Appx. 121, 122 (2d Cir.2013) (quoting Gorzynski v. JetBlue Airways Corp., 596 F.3d 93, 101 (2d Cir.2010)). b. FLSA Claim Plaintiff claims Defendants violated the FLSA by failing to pay him overtime. (PI. Mem. Law 9.) Defendants claim that they were not obligated to pay Plaintiff overtime because he was exempt from the FLSA as either a computer employee, an administrative employee, or a professional employee. (Def. Mem. Law 12-16.) The parties have cross-moved for summary judgment as to Plaintiffs FLSA claim. Under the FLSA, employers are obligated to compensate their employees at one and one-half times their regular hourly rate for a workweek longer than forty hours. See 29 U.S.C. § 207(a)(1). Certain categories of employees are exempt from the FLSA’s overtime requirements, including qualified computer employees, administrative employees and professional employees. Id. § 213. “Because the FLSA is a remedial Act,” the Court must “narrowly construe[]” its exemptions, and the “employer bears the burden of proving that its employees fall within an exempted category of the Act.” Ramos v. Baldor Specialty Foods, Inc., 687 F.3d 554, 558 (2d Cir.2012) (alteration omitted) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). Whether an employee is exempt from FLSA overtime coverage “is a mixed question of law and fact.” Id. (quoting Myers v. Hertz Corp., 624 F.3d 537, 548 (2d Cir.2010)). “The question of how the [employee] spent their working time ... is a question of fact. The question [of] whether their particular activities excluded them from the overtime benefits of the FLSA is a question of law....” Id. (quoting Icicle Seafoods, Inc. v. Worthington, 475 U.S. 709, 714, 106 S.Ct. 1527, 89 L.Ed.2d 739 (1986)). The Court addresses each category of exemption separately. i. Computer Employee Exemption The FLSA exempts from its overtime requirements “any employee who is a computer systems analyst, computer programmer, software engineer, or other similarly skilled worker, whose primary duty” is: (A) the application of systems analysis techniques and procedures, including consulting with users, to determine hardware, software, or system functional specifications; (B) the design, development, documentation, analysis, creation, testing, or modification of computer systems or programs, including prototypes, based on and related to user or system design specifications; (C) the design, documentation, testing, creation, or modification of computer programs related to machine operating systems; or (D) a combination of duties described in subparagraphs (A), (B), and (C) the per — 179 — formance of which requires the same level of skills, and who, in the case of an employee who is compensated on an hourly basis, is compensated at a rate of not less than $27.63 an hour. 29 U.S.C. § 213(a)(17); see also 29 C.F.R. § 541.400(b) (setting forth same). The term “primary duty” means the employee’s “principal, main, major or most important duty.” 29 C.F.R. § 541.700. “Because job titles vary widely and change quickly in the computer industry, job titles are not determinative of the applicability of this exemption.” 29 C.F.R. § 541.400(a). The Supreme Court has cautioned that the exemptions to the FLSA are to be “narrowly construed against the employers seeking to assert them and their application limited to those cases plainly and unmistakably within their terms and spirit.” Christopher v. SmithKline Beecham Corp., 567 U.S. -, 132 S.Ct. 2156, 2172 n. 21, 183 L.Ed.2d 153 (2012) (alteration, citation and quotation marks omitted).9 The computer employee exemption has been considered by a limited number of courts in this Circuit, including Clarke v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., No. 08-CV-2400, 2010 WL 1379778 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 26, 2010), and Bobadilla v. MDRC, No. 03-CV-9217, 2005 WL 2044938 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 24, 2005). In both cases the courts engaged in fact-intensive analyses of the duties of the employees in order to evaluate whether their computer-related responsibilities rose to the level required by the exemption. Factors considered by the courts in these cases included: (1) the volume of data the employee managed; (2) the number of users the employee supported; (3) the type and complexity of the problems that were handled by the employee, including whether complicated problems were specifically escalated to the employee; (4) the layers of assistance below the employee to handle lower-level or simple problems, including whether there was a helpdesk below the employee to handle routine issues; (5) the skill level of the employee, including certifications held, and the relevance and importance of those skills and certifications in the execution of the job; (6) the level of initiative, creativity, strategy, etc., allowed the employee in the execution of their job responsibilities; (7) the priority of the employee’s work relative to the overall work of the company; and (8) the relation of their role and compensation as compared to other technical employees. See generally Clarke, 2010 WL 1379778; Bobadilla, 2005 WL 2044938. Despite the fact-heavy nature of the inquiry, in Bobadilla the court concluded that Bobadilla qualified as an exempt computer employee, and granted defendant’s motion for summary judgment. See Bobadilla, 2005 WL 2044938, at *9. Similarly, in Clarke the court found that one plaintiff also qualified as an exempt computer employee, and granted defendant’s motion for summary — 180 — judgment as to that plaintiff. Clarke, 2010 WL 1379778, at *22, *25. Defendants argue that Plaintiff can be directly analogized to the plaintiffs in Bobadilla and Clarke. However, unlike the plaintiffs that were found exempt in Bobadilla and Clarke, the nature and complexity of Plaintiffs responsibilities in this case is heavily disputed. Plaintiff characterizes his work as more akin to that of desktop support, and describes it as controlled and dictated by Lee. (Sethi Deck ¶¶ 12, 15, 3.) Although technical credentials and certifications are relevant to an assessment of an employee’s qualification for the exemption and Plaintiff had many, it is not clear that Plaintiffs certifications were necessary to obtain the job or utilized in Plaintiffs work at CWW. (See, e.g., Sethi Deck ¶ 57.) Defendants argue that Plaintiff is attempting to create issues of fact to preclude summary judgment by making allegations in his declaration regarding his responsibilities that contradict his deposition testimony. (Def. Reply 6.) “It is well settled in this circuit that a party’s affidavit which contradicts [his] own prior deposition testimony should be disregarded on a motion for summary judgment.” Petrisch v. HSBC Bank USA, Inc., No. 07-CV-3303, 2013 WL 1316712, at *9 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 28, 2013) (quoting Buttry v. Gen. Signal Corp., 68 F.3d 1488, 1493 (2d Cir.1995) (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks omitted)); see also Ciullo v. Yellow Book, USA, Inc., No. 10-CV—4484, 2012 WL 2676080, at *1 n. 1 (E.D.N.Y. July 6, 2012) (“It is of course axiomatic that a party cannot defeat summary judgment by submitting an affidavit that contradicts prior sworn deposition testimony.” (internal quotation marks omitted)); Ciliberti v. Int’l Bhd. of Elec. Workers Local 3, No. 08-CV-4262, 2012 WL 2861003, at *11 (E.D.N.Y. July 10, 2012) (“A party may not create an issue of fact by submitting an affidavit in opposition to a summary judgment motion that, by omission or addition, contradicts the affiant’s previous deposition testimony.” (alteration and citation omitted)). However, an affidavit is only to be disregarded if it is actually inconsistent. See Ellis v. Century 21 Dep’t Stores, 975 F.Supp.2d 244, 281-82 n. 29, No. 11-CV-2440, Slip Op. at p. 58 n. 29, 2013 WL 5460651, *29 n. 29 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 28, 2013) (declining to disregard testimony not actually inconsistent but rather explaining and clarifying earlier testimony); Dall v. St. Catherine of Siena Med. Ctr., 966 F.Supp.2d 167, 178-79 n. 5, 2013 WL 4432354, at *9 n. 5 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 14, 2013) (declining to disregard testimony not actually inconsistent); Helena Associates, LLC v. EFCO Corp., No. 06-CV-0861, 2008 WL 2117621, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. May 14, 2008) (“the principle does not apply if the deposition and the later sworn statement are not actually contradictory” (quoting Palazzo ex rel. Delmage v. Corio, 232 F.3d 38, 43 (2d Cir.2000))). Defendants contrast Plaintiffs statement in his declaration that “[n]inety percent (90%) of my time was spent on in house Desk Top support,” and 5% on “server” issues, (Sethi DeclA 12), with Plaintiffs deposition testimony that he spent most of his time on network, connectivity and server issues. (Def. Reply 6; see also Sethi Dep. 69:7-70:24.) A careful review of Plaintiffs statements suggests no contradiction. Plaintiffs declaration states that he considered his “in house Desk Top support” work (making up some 90% of his time) to include resolving “[e]mail connectivity issues,” “[correcting internal network connectivity issues,” “connectivity to servers,” “printer connectivity issues,” and “user access issues,” (Sethi Deck ¶ 12), all of which could also fall within the categories of “network,” “connectivity,” and “server” issues that Defendants argue Plaintiff — 181 — admitted at his deposition are most of his work, (Def. Reply 6). Moreover, whilé Defendants seek to elevate Plaintiffs responsibilities for purposes of their argument that Plaintiff is exempt from the FLSA, Defendants argue that Plaintiff did not have the requisite skillset to be a high-level network manager in support of their argument that CWW’s actions taken with regard to Plaintiff were justified because Plaintiff was not adequately performing his job nor qualified for the CTO position. Defendants contend that when newly hired, CTO Mott assessed Plaintiffs abilities days before Plaintiff was suspended and concluded that “Plaintiff was fine for relatively simple IT tasks, but simply lacked the skill set to manage CWW’s computer operations,” (Def. Mem. of Law 9), “Plaintiffs skills set [sic] ‘is above a typical desktop technician but well below that of a competent network administrator,”’ (Def. 56.1 ¶ 58), and “Plaintiff ... had no knowledge regarding CWW’s database and web servers, and could not provide me such basic information as the number of hard drives, processors, memory, or configuration for redundancy in case of failure. All that Plaintiff appeared to know was that the backup drives (or ‘tapes’) in the servers needed to be removed every night and replaced.” (Mott Deck ¶8.) While Defendants argue that these statements address how well Plaintiff performed his job duties, rather than what his job duties were, Defendants’ allegation that Plaintiff had “no knowledge regarding CWWs database and web servers” by the end of his tenure at CWW, (id.), is inconsistent with Defendants’ argument that Plaintiff “spent most of his time working on exempt duties involving the server, backups, or other critical computer systems,” (Def. July 22, 2013 Ltr. at 3). Because there are disputed issues regarding how Plaintiff spent his working hours, the Court cannot decide whether Plaintiff falls within this exemption. This is an issue of fact to be decided by a jury. See Ramos, 687 F.3d at 558 (stating that the “question of how [Plaintiff] spent [his] working time ... is a question of fact.”), ii. Administrative or Professional Employee Exemption The FLSA also exempts from the overtime requirements “any employee employed in a bona fide ... administrative, or professional capacity.” 29 U.S.C. § 213(a)(1). The regulations implementing the FLSA provide that an employee falls under the administrative employee exemption when (1) the employee is “[c]ompensated on a salary or fee basis at a rate of not less than $455 per week”; (2) the employee’s “primary duty is the performance of office or non-manual work directly related to the management or general business operations of the employer or the employer’s customers”; and (3) the employee’s “primary duty includes the exercise of discretion and independent judgment with respect to matters of significance.” 29 C.F.R. § 541.200(a)(l)-(3). To qualify for the professional employee exemption, an employee must meet the same salary-based requirement as for the administrative employee exemption. See 29 C.F.R. § 541.300(a)(1). In addition, to be exempt as a professional employee the regulations require that the employee’s “primary duty is the performance of work: (i) Requiring knowledge of an advanced type in a field of science or learning customarily acquired by a prolonged course of specialized intellectual instruction; or (ii) Requiring invention, imagination, originality or talent in a recognized field of artistic or creative endeavor.” 29 C.F.R. § 541.300(a)(2). The first requirement for both the administrative and professional employee exemptions is a salary requirement. See 29 — 182 — C.F.R. §§ 541.200(a)(1), 541.300(a)(1). It is undisputed that Plaintiff was paid on a salary basis, and at all times was paid in excess of $455 per week. Plaintiff therefore meets the first test for both the administrative and professional employee exemptions. 1. Administrative Employee To fall under the administrative employee exemption, Plaintiffs primary duty must be “the performance of office or non-manual work directly related to the management or general business operations of the employer or the employer’s customers” and Plaintiff must exercise “discretion and independent judgment with respect to matters of significance.” 29 C.F.R. § 541.200(a)(2)-(3); see also In re Novartis Wage & Hour Litig., 611 F.3d 141, 155 (2d Cir.2010), abrogated on other grounds by Christopher, 567 U.S. -, 132 S.Ct. 2156; Carhuapoma v. N.Y.-Presbyterian Healthcare Sys., Inc., No. 11-CV-8670, 2013 WL 1285295, at *13 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 29, 2013). Defendants argue that Plaintiff is exempt from the FLSA as an administrative employee because “Plaintiffs primary duty involved office or non-manual work directly related to the management or general business operations of the employer of the employer’s customers and include[d] the exercise of discretion and independent judgment with respect to matters of significance.” (Def. Mem. 16 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).) According to Plaintiff, Erica Lee closely controlled his work activities and parceled out his assignments. (Sethi Deck ¶ 15.) Plaintiff alleges that “[a]t no time did [he] have discretion as to [his] assignments or when and how to complete them.” (Id. ¶ 3.) Plaintiff has presented sufficient evidence to raise a genuine issue of disputed fact as to whether he falls within the administrative employee exemption. 2. Professional Employee Defendants also argue that Plaintiff is exempt from the FLSA as a professional employee because his primary duty involved “work requiring advanced knowledge in a field of science or learning customarily acquired by a paralegal [sic] course of specialized intellectual instruction.” (Def. Mem. 15-16.) A professional employee is defined as an employee whose primary duty is the performance of work “[requiring knowledge of an advanced type in a field of science or learning customarily acquired by a prolonged course of specialized intellectual instruction.” 29 C.F.R. § 541.300(a)(2)(i); see also Young v. Cooper Cameron Corp., 586 F.3d 201, 204 (2d Cir.2009); Pippins v. KPMG LLP, 921 F.Supp.2d 26, 43 (S.D.N.Y.2012). This phrase “restricts the exemption to professions where specialized academic training is a standard prerequisite for entrance into the profession.” 29 C.F.R. § 541.301(d); see also Young, 586 F.3d at 205; Pippins, 921 F.Supp.2d at 44. “If a job does not require knowledge customarily acquired by an advanced educational degree ... then, regardless of the duties performed, the employee is not an exempt professional under the FLSA.” Young, 586 F.3d at 206. Moreover, “[t]he learned professional exemption also does not apply to occupations in which most employees have acquired their skill by experience rather than by advanced specialized intellectual instruction.” 29 C.F.R. § 541.301(d). Plaintiff has a bachelor’s degree in business administration, with a major in finance and a minor in business management. (Sethi Deck Ex. 3.) Plaintiff also has certain computer-related certifications, which were obtained in 1999-2000. (Sethi Deck ¶ 57.) Plaintiff asserts that they are now obsolete and not relevant to his job. (Id.) There is no evidence that the certifications obtained by Plaintiff were as a — 183 — result of “prolonged course[s] of specialized intellectual instruction,” 29 C.F.R. § 541.300(a)(2)(i), or that they otherwise qualify as the type of advanced and prolonged educational degree contemplated by the FLSA. In addition, the job description of Plaintiffs position, when posted in 2008, required the applicant to have a “[d]egree in Computer Science, Information Technology/Systems, or possess equivalent experience.” (Lee Decl. Ex. E (emphasis added).) Plaintiffs job did not require knowledge customarily acquired by an advanced educational degree, thus, regardless of the duties performed by Plaintiff, he is not an exempt professional under the FLSA. See Young, 586 F.3d at 206 (holding that “an employee is not an exempt professional unless his work requires knowledge that is customarily acquired after a prolonged course of specialized, intellectual instruction and study” and “[i]f a job does not require knowledge customarily acquired by an advanced educational degree ... then, regardless of the duties performed, the employee is not an exempt professional under the FLSA”). In sum, the Court finds that Plaintiff is not exempt from the FLSA as a professional employee and dismisses Defendants’ claim as to this exemption. The Court finds that there are disputed issues of material fact as to whether Plaintiff is exempt from the FLSA as a computer employee or administrative employee. Plaintiffs and Defendants’ motions for summary judgment on the FLSA claim are therefore denied. c. NYLL Claim The NYLL provides wage and overtime protections for employees similar to the protections afforded to employees by the FLSA. Reiseck v. Universal Commc’ns of Miami Inc., 591 F.3d 101, 105 (2d Cir.2010) (“The NYLL, too, mandates overtime pay and applies the same exemptions as the FLSA.”) Employers are required to pay employees overtime at a rate of one and one-half times their regular rate for time worked in excess of forty hours during any work week, unless they are exempt. 12 N.Y.C.R.R. § 142-2.2. The NYLL also provides exemptions for some employees similar to the FLSA. See id. (“[A]n employer shall pay employees subject to the exemptions of section 13 of the Fair Labor Standards Act ... overtime at a wage rate of one and one-half times the basic minimum hourly rate .... ”); see also id. §§ 142 — 2.14(c)(4)(ii) (defining administrative employee), 142 — 2.14(c)(4)(iii) (defining professional employee). The parties have cross-moved for summary judgment as to Plaintiffs NYLL claim. As discussed below, as with Plaintiffs FLSA claim, there are disputed issues of material fact as to whether Plaintiff is exempt under the NYLL as a computer employee or administrative employee. i. Computer Employee Exemption The NYLL borrows the computer employee exemption, 29 U.S.C. § 213(a)(17), directly from the FLSA. See 12 N.Y.C.R.R. § 142-2.2 (borrowing 29 U.S.C. § 213). Because as discussed above there are material issues of fact as to the nature of Plaintiffs work that preclude this Court from making a determination as to whether Plaintiff falls under this exemption of the FLSA, they also preclude a determination as to whether Plaintiff falls under this exemption of the NYLL. See Clarke, 2010 WL 1379778, at *15 n. 7 (stating that plaintiffs NYLL claim was also subject to the FLSA exemptions, that there is general support for giving them consistent interpretations, and applying a unified analysis for the computer employee exemption under both the FLSA and the NYLL); see also Ramos, 687 F.3d at 556 n. 1 (“Like the FLSA, the NYLL man — 184 — dates overtime pay and applies the same exemptions as the FLSA. We therefore discuss only the FLSA, and do not engage in a separate analysis of plaintiffs’ NYLL claims, which fail for the same reasons as their FLSA claims.” (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)). ii. Administrative or Professional Employee Exemption Under the NYLL, the administrative employee and professional employee exemptions are substantially similar to the exemptions under the FLSA. See 12 N.Y.C.R.R. § 142 — 2.14(c)(4)(ii), (iii). 1. Administrative Employee Work in a bona fide administrative capacity means work by an individual: (a) whose primary duty consists of the performance of office or nonmanual field work directly related to management policies or general operations of such individual’s employer; (b) who customarily and regularly exercises discretion and independent judgment; (c) who regularly and directly assists an employer, or an employee employed in a bona fide executive or administrative capacity (e.g., employment as an administrative assistant); or who performs, under only general supervision, work along specialized or technical lines requiring special training, experience or knowledge; and (d) who is paid for his services a salary of not less than ... $543.75 per week ... inclusive of board, lodging, other allowances and facilities. 12 N.Y.C.R.R. § 142-2.14(c)(4)(ii); see also Reiseck, 591 F.3d at 105-108 (conducting one combined analysis of the administrative employee exemption under both the FLSA and the NYLL because the NYLL “applies the same exemptions as the FLSA”); Scarpinato v. E. Hampton Point Mgmt. Corp., No. 12-CV-3681, 2013 WL 5202656, at *3 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 13, 2013) (finding that where plaintiffs FLSA overtime claim failed because she qualified as an administrative employee under the FLSA, “[bjecause N.Y.L.L. applies the same exemptions as the FLSA to overtime pay ... her N.Y.L.L. claim could not prevail”). Similar to the FLSA, in order to fall under the NYLL administrative exemption, a plaintiff must “customarily and regularly exercise[] discretion and independent judgment.” 12 N.Y.C.R.R. § 142-2.14(c)(4)(h). As discussed above, there are disputed issues of fact as to whether Plaintiff exercised discretion and independent judgment sufficient to bring him within this exemption. 2. Professional Employee Work in a bona fide professional capacity means work by an individual: (a) whose primary duty consists of the performance of work: requiring knowledge of an advanced type in a field of science or learning customarily acquired by a prolonged course of specialized intellectual instruction and study, as distinguished from a general academic education and from an apprenticeship, and from training in the performance of routine mental, manual or physical processes; or original and creative in character in a recognized field of artistic endeavor (as opposed to work which can be produced by a person endowed with general manual or intellectual ability and training), and the result of which depends primarily on the invention, imagination or talent of the employee; and (b) whose work requires the consistent exercise of discretion and judgment in its performance; or (c) whose work is predominantly intellectual and varied in character (as op — 185 — posed to routine mental, manual, mechanical or physical work) and is of such a character that the output produced or the result accomplished cannot be standardized in relation to a given period of time. 12 N.Y.C.R.R. § 142 — 2.14(c)(4)(iii). The language of the NYLL’s duty requirement for professional employees is nearly identical to that of the FLSA, requiring that an exempt individual’s primary duty consist of work “requiring knowledge of an advanced type in a field of science or learning customarily acquired by a prolonged course of specialized intellectual instruction and study.” 12 N.Y.C.R.R. § 142-2.14(c)(4)(iii). However, unlike the FLSA, the NYLL’s professional employee exemption does not include a salary requirement. See Bachayeva v. Americare Certified Special Servs., Inc., 12-CV-1466, 2013 WL 1171741, at *5 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 20, 2013) (“New York law differs from federal law ... in that to establish the [professional employee] exception, the employer need not satisfy a ‘salar/ test, only a duties test.” (alteration in original) (citation omitted)); Davis v. Lenox Hill Hosp., No. 03-CV-3746, 2004 WL 1926087, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 31, 2004) (finding that the NYLL includes similar exception for professional employees but “[u]nlike the FLSA ... employers claiming a professional exemption under the NYLL need not satisfy a ‘salary’ test, only a duties test.” (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)). As discussed above, Plaintiffs job did not require knowledge customarily acquired over a prolonged course of specialized intellectual instruction and study, thus Plaintiff is not an exempt professional under the NYLL. The Court finds that Plaintiff is not exempt from the NYLL as a professional employee and dismisses Defendants’ claim as to this exemption. The Court finds that there are disputed issues of material fact as to whether Plaintiff is exempt from the NYLL as a computer employee or administrative employee. Plaintiffs and Defendants’ motions for summary judgment on the NYLL claim are therefore denied. d. Individual Defendants — FLSA and NYLL Claims Defendants also move to dismiss Plaintiffs FLSA and NYLL claims as to individual Defendants Lee and Morrissey on the basis that they were not Plaintiffs employer.10 i. FLSA The FLSA creates liability for any “employer” who violates its terms. See, e.g., 29 U.S.C. § 207(a)(1). Under the FLSA, an “employer” is defined broadly to include “any person acting directly or indirectly in the interest of an employer in relation to an employee.” 29 U.S.C. § 203(d). The FLSA’s definition of “employer” may apply to “an individual, partnership, association, corporation, business trust, legal representative, or any organized group of persons,” 29 U.S.C. §§ 203(a), (d), and the Department of Labor regulations state that an individual may be employed by more than one employer. 29 C.F.R. § 791.2(a). “Because the statute defines employer in such broad terms, it offers little guidance on whether a given individual is or is not an employer.” Herman v. RSR Sec. Servs., 172 F.3d 132, 139 (2d Cir.1999). “In answering that question, the overarching concern is whether the alleged employer possessed the power to control the workers in ques — 186 — tion, with an eye to the ‘economic reality’ presented by the facts of each case.” Id. (internal citations omitted). “The determination of whether an employer-employee relationship exists for purposes of the FLSA should be grounded in economic reality rather than technical concepts,” and depends “upon the circumstances of the whole activity.” Irizarry v. Catsimatidis, 722 F.3d 99, 104 (2d Cir.2013) (citation and internal quotations omitted). “[E]mployment for FLSA purposes” is “a flexible concept to be determined on a case-by-case basis by review of the totality of the circumstances.” Id. (citation and internal quotations omitted). The Second Circuit has identified factors to consider in determining “whether a defendant is an ‘employer.’” Irizarry, 722 F.3d at 104. In Carter v. Dutchess Community Coll., 735 F.2d 8 (2d Cir.1984), the Second Circuit “established four factors to determine the ‘economic reality’ of an employment relationship: ‘whether the alleged employer (1) had the power to hire and fire the employees, (2) supervised and controlled employee work schedules or conditions of employment, (3) determined the rate and method of payment, and (4) maintained employment records.’ ” Irizarry, 722 F.3d at 104 (quoting Carter, 735 F.2d at 12).11 These factors do not, however, “comprise a rigid rule for the identification of an FLSA employer,” but rather “provide a nonexclusive and overlapping set of factors to ensure that the economic realities test mandated by the Supreme Court is sufficiently comprehensive and flexible to give proper effect to the broad language of the FLSA.” Id. at 105 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). When assessing “whether an individual within a company that undisputedly employs a worker is personally liable for damages as that worker’s ‘employer’ ” the Second Circuit applies the Carter factors, looks to the totality of the circumstances, and also considers the putative employer’s level of “operational control.”12 Id. at 105-17. With regard to operational control, the Second Circuit held that “to be an ‘employer,’ an individual defendant must possess control over a company’s actual ‘operations’ in a manner that relates to a plaintiffs employment,” and “[i]t is appropriate ... to require some degree of individual involvement in a company in a manner that affects employment-related factors such as workplace conditions and operations, personnel, or compensation— even if this appears to establish a higher threshold for individual liability than for corporate ‘employer’ status.” Id. at 109. “Evidence indicating an individual’s direct control over the plaintiff employees” is not — 187 — the “only evidence ... to be considered”; “[ijnstead, evidence showing an individual’s authority over management, supervision, and oversight of a company’s affairs in general is relevant to the totality of the circumstances in determining the individual’s operational control of the company’s employment of the plaintiff employees.” Id. at 110 (alterations, citations and internal quotation marks omitted). “A person exercises operational control over employees if his or her role within the company, and the decisions it entails, directly affect the nature or conditions of the employees’ employment.” Id. The question of whether an individual is an employer under the FLSA is a mixed question of law and fact; “the existence and degree of each relevant factor lend[s] itself to factual determinations. Therefore, individual employer liability is rarely suitable for summary judgment.” Berrios v. Nicholas Zito Racing Stable, Inc., 849 F.Supp.2d 372, 393 (E.D.N.Y.2012) (citations omitted); see also Franco v. Ideal Mortg. Bankers, Ltd., No. 07-CV-3956, 2011 WL 317971, at *6 (E.D.N.Y. Jan. 28, 2011) (same); but see Spiteri v. Russo, No. 12-CV-2780, 2013 WL 4806960, at *61 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 7, 2013) (granting summary judgment in favor of attorney defendants where, even accepting the plaintiff’s factual allegations as true, the plaintiff failed to demonstrate that the economic realities of the plaintiffs work for the attorney defendants established an employer-employee relationship); Bravo v. Eastpoint Int’l, Inc., No. 99-CV-9474, 2001 WL 314622, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 30, 2001) (dismissing claim against fashion designer Donna Karan as employer under the FLSA because plaintiffs only alleged her status as the owner and chairperson of the employer company and faded to allege any facts establishing her power to control the plaintiff workers or otherwise meet the economic realities test). 1. Lee Plaintiff reported to CWW’s Chief Operating Officer Lee while employed at CWW. (Def. 56.1 ¶ 25; Sethi Decl. ¶ 15.) Though Lee claims that she only recommended to Narod that CWW hire Plaintiff, according to Narod, Lee made the decision to hire Plaintiff. (Lee Decl. ¶ 17; Narod Dep. 38:5-21.) Lee, in consultation with Morrissey, prepared a list of duties and responsibilities for the position. (PI. Cross 56.1 ¶ 38; Def. Resp. 56.1 ¶ 38.) For some period of time during Plaintiffs employment, Plaintiff was required to check in with Lee to obtain her permission before departing work. (Lee Dep. 103:12-104:18; PI. 56.1 ¶ 54.) Lee generally provided Plaintiff with his assignments. (Lee Dep. 166:15-20; PL 56.1 1148.) Lee was also responsible for the day-to-day operations of CWW. (Pl. Cross 56.1 ¶ 33; Def. Resp. 56.1 ¶ 33.) Narod claims that Lee had the authority to send a termination severance agreement without first discussing it with him, (Narod Dep. 52:12-53:2; PL 56.1 ¶ 94), but Lee claims that she did not have the power to hire or fire Plaintiff, only the power to make recommendations in this regard, (Def. Resp. 56.1 ¶ 109). Applying these facts to the Carter factors, there are disputed issues that prevent the Court from deciding whether Lee is an employer. As to the first Carter factor, the facts are disputed as to whether Lee had the power to hire or fire Plaintiff. Narod’s testimony suggests that Lee did have the power to hire and fire Plaintiff, while Lee testified that her control was more limited. As to the second Carter factor, based on the evidence in the record, a reasonable jury could find that Lee supervised and controlled Plaintiffs “work schedule[] or conditions of employment.” — 188 — Irizarry, 722 F.3d at 105 (quoting Carter, 735 F.2d at 12). Though it appears from the record that Lee did not “determinen the rate and method of payment” or “maintain[] employment records” as required by the third and fourth Carter factors, Lee did handle all operations of the company on a day-to-day basis. (Narod Dep. 41:21-42:3.) Based on the foregoing, the Court cannot determine as a matter of law whether Lee was an “employer” under the FLSA. Defendants’ and Plaintiffs motions for summary judgment as to Lee are therefore denied. 2. Morrissey As Vice President of Human Resources, Morrissey’s responsibilities include hiring, firing, payroll, and record-keeping. (See Morrissey Dep. 10:20-11:9.) Morrissey specifically processed payroll and certain documents to implement Plaintiffs termination. (Morrissey Decl. ¶ 31.) According to Morrissey, Narod had to approve her decisions to hire, fire, or modify salary, hours or terms of employment. (Morrissey Deck ¶ 29.) According to Narod, the decision as to PlaintifPs starting salary was made by him and Morrissey together, while according to Lee, the decision was made by Narod on Lee’s recommendation. (Narod Dep. 40:23-41:3; Lee Deck ¶ 18.) Morrissey, in consultation with Lee, prepared a list of duties and responsibilities for Plaintiffs position. (PI. Cross 56.1 ¶ 38; Def. Resp. 56.1 ¶ 38.) According to Narod, Plaintiff reported to both Lee and Morrissey. (Id. at 42:20-13:2.) Applying the Carter factors, it is undisputed that Morrissey was responsible for maintaining employment records, however, “the existence and degree” of Morrissey’s power to hire and fire, her level of supervision and control, and her ability to determine the rate and method of payment cannot be determined based on the record before the Court. See Berrios, 849 F.Supp.2d at 393 (finding that “the existence and degree of each relevant factor lend[s] itself to factual determinations,” rendering “individual employer liability ... rarely suitable for summary judgment”). The Court cannot determine as a matter of law whether Morrissey was an employer under the FLSA. Defendants’ and Plaintiffs motions for summary judgment as to Morrissey are therefore denied, ii. NYLL The NYLL defines “employer” to include “any person ... employing any individual in any occupation, industry, trade, business or service” or “any individual ... acting as employer.” N.Y. Lab. Law. §§ 190(3), 651(6); see also Irizarry, 722 F.3d at 117 (quoting N.Y. Lab. Law. §§ 190(3), 651(6)). In Irizarry, the Second Circuit noted that the question of whether “the tests for ‘employer’ status are the same under the FLSA and the NYLL ... has not been answered by the New York Court of Appeals,” and did not decide this issue. Irizarry, 722 F.3d at 117. District courts in this Circuit “have interpreted the definition of ‘employer’ under the New York Labor Law coextensively with the definition used by the FLSA.” Spicer v. Pier Sixty LLC, 269 F.R.D. 321, 335 n. 13 (S.D.N.Y.2010) (quoting Jiao v. Shi Ya Chen, No. 03-CV-0165, 2007 WL 4944767, at *9 n. 12 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 30, 2007) (interpreting the definition of “employer” under the New York Labor Law coextensively with the definition used by the FLSA because there is “general support for giving FLSA and the New York Labor Law consistent interpretations” (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)); see also Hart v. Rick’s Cabaret Int’l, Inc., 967 F.Supp.2d 901, 940, No. 09-CV-3043, 2013 WL 4822199, at *31 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 10, 2013) (noting that “[cjourts in this District have regularly applied the same tests to determine, under the FLSA and — 189 — the NYLL, whether entities were joint employers” because “[t]he statutory standard for employer status under the NYLL is nearly identical to that of the FLSA” and that while “the New York Court of Appeals has not yet resolved whether the NYLL’s standard for employer status is coextensive with the FLSA’s,” “there is no case law to the contrary” (citations omitted)); Cruz v. Rose Associates, LLC, No. 13-CV-0112, 2013 WL 1387018, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 5, 2013) (noting that the definitions of “employer” under the NYLL and the FLSA are coextensive (citing Spicer, 269 F.R.D. at 335 n. 13)); Chen v. St. Beat Sportswear, Inc., 364 F.Supp.2d 269, 278 (E.D.N.Y.2005) (“Courts hold that the New York Labor Law embodies the same standards for joint employment as the FLSA.” (citation omitted)); Topo v. Dhir, No. 01-CV-10881, 2004 WL 527051, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 16, 2004) (noting that there is “general support for giving FLSA and the New York Labor Law consistent interpretations”); Ansoumana v. Gristede’s Operating Corp., 255 F.Supp.2d 184, 189 (S.D.N.Y.2003) (“[Bjecause New York Labor Law and the FLSA embody similar standards ... I will consider the federal law in deciding whether defendants were joint employers.”); Lopez v. Silverman, 14 F.Supp.2d 405, 411 n. 4 (S.D.N.Y.1998) (considering federal law only as to question of joint employment under federal and New York law)). As set forth above with regard to the FLSA claims, issues of fact preclude the Court from determining as a matter of law whether Lee and Morrissey are employers. Defendants’ and Plaintiffs motions for summary judgment as to Plaintiffs NYLL claims against Lee and Morrissey are therefore denied. e. Race and National Origin Discrimination Title VII prohibits an employer from discharging or discriminating “against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual’s race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(l). Thus, “[a]n employment decision ... violates Title VII when it is ‘based in whole or in part on discrimination.’ ” Holcomb v. Iona Coll., 521 F.3d 130, 137 (2d Cir.2008) (quoting Feingold v. New York, 366 F.3d 138, 152 (2d Cir.2004)). Title VII claims are assessed using the burden-shifting framework established by McDonnell Douglas Corporation v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973). See e.g., St. Mary’s Honor Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 506, 113 S.Ct. 2742, 125 L.Ed.2d 407 (1993); Texas Dep’t of Cmty. Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 253-55, 101 S.Ct. 1089, 67 L.Ed.2d 207 (1981); Brown v. City of Syracuse, 673 F.3d 141, 150 (2d Cir.2012) (race claims are subject to burden shifting); Ruiz v. Cnty. of Rockland, 609 F.3d 486, 491-92 (2d Cir.2010) (national origin claims are subject to burden shifting). Under the framework, a plaintiff must first establish a prima facie case of discrimination. Hicks, 509 U.S. at 506, 113 S.Ct. 2742; see also Ruiz, 609 F.3d at 491-92. A plaintiffs burden at this stage is “minimal.” Holcomb, 521 F.3d at 139 (quoting Hicks, 509 U.S. at 506, 113 S.Ct. 2742). If the plaintiff satisfies this initial burden, the burden then shifts to the defendant to articulate a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for its actions. Hicks, 509 U.S. at 506-07, 113 S.Ct. 2742; Ruiz, 609 F.3d at 492. Defendant’s burden “is not a particularly steep hurdle.” Hyek v. Field Support Servs., 702 F.Supp.2d 84, 93 (E.D.N.Y.2010). It “is one of production, not persuasion; it ‘can involve no credibility assessment.’” Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 142, 120 S.Ct. 2097, 147 L.Ed.2d 105 (2000) (quoting Hicks, 509 U.S. at 509, 113 S.Ct. — 190 — 2742). If the defendant offers a legitimate, nondiscriminatory explanation for its action, summary judgment must still be denied, however, if plaintiff can show that “the evidence in plaintiffs favor, when viewed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, is sufficient to sustain a reasonable finding that [his] dismissal was motivated at least in part by [race or national origin] discrimination.” Adamczyk v. N.Y. Dep’t of Corr. Servs., 474 Fed.Appx. 23, 25 (2d Cir.2012) (alterations in original) (quoting Tomassi v. Insignia Fin. Grp., Inc., 478 F.3d 111, 114 (2d Cir.2007)).13 Having reviewed the arguments of the parties on the cross-motions for summary judgment and the evidence in the record, the Court finds that additional clarification is necessary in order to evaluate Plaintiffs race and national origin discrimination claims. Plaintiff argues that he is entitled to summary judgment on his race and national origin discrimination claims because “[t]here is absolutely no other verifiable logical explanation” for Defendants’ treatment of him. (PI. Cross-Mot. 6.) Defendants argue that they are entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiffs discrimination claims because Plaintiff did not sustain an adverse employment action and CWW had legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons for the actions Plaintiff complains of. (Def. Reply 1.) Plaintiff argues that Defendants’ failure to promote him to the position of CTO in early 2010 was an adverse employment action. (Oral Arg. Tr. 46:18-48:20.) However, it is unclear whether Plaintiff applied for the CTO position. Plaintiff also claims that he was unfairly treated as compared to other similarly situated employees because of his national origin. (See generally PI. Cross-Mot. Reply.) The Court is unable to determine from the evidence in the record whether the employees Plaintiff compares himself to are, in fact, similarly situated to Plaintiff, including whether they were outside his protected group, were subject to the same performance evaluation and discipline standards, and whether they engaged in comparable conduct. In support of his arguments that CWW discriminated against him, Plaintiff attempts to rely, in part, on documents that were among those struck by the Court at the conference on August 15, 2013. For example, Defendants argue that Plaintiff never applied for the CTO position and therefore he cannot demonstrate that he was discriminated against. However, Plaintiff argues that he did apply for the position and cites to an email that is not in the record to show that he communicated to CWW that he was open to being interviewed for the position. Plaintiff also argues that he was denied overtime while other similarly situated employees were not. Plaintiff again cites to evidence that includes documents not in the record to show that all other managers and directors at CWW who worked overtime were paid overtime compensation. In view of Plaintiff’s pro se status and to ensure that the Court is properly reviewing all the relevant evidence that was disclosed during discovery, the Court will allow Plaintiff to serve on Defendants and file with the Court a list identifying the documents that he relies on to support his — 191 — discrimination claims with the supporting documents. Plaintiff can only submit documents that were exchanged by the parties during discovery in this proceeding. Plaintiff may not rely upon documents produced in other actions, including his state court actions, unless those documents were also produced in discovery in the action before this Court. Plaintiff shall specifically serve on Defendants and submit to the Court the following: (1) a list identifying each individual document, including any individual email, upon which Plaintiff relies to support his discrimination claims, and (2) for each individual document, including each individual email, a brief sentence describing how the document is relevant to his discrimination claims. Plaintiff must also serve on Defendants and submit to the Court only those documents identified in the list. The Court will not accept any documents from Plaintiff in support of any other claims. Plaintiff shall serve and file the instructed list and accompanying documents on or before October 14, 2013. Defendants shall file any objections to those documents on or before October 28, 2013. IV. Conclusion For the foregoing reasons, the Court denies Defendants’ and Plaintiffs motions for summary judgment as to the FLSA and the NYLL claims. The Court defers ruling on Defendants’ and Plaintiffs motions for summary judgment as to the Title VII and the NYSHRL claims and directs Plaintiff to submit additional documentation as specifically set forth above on or before October 14, 2013. Defendants shall file any objections to those documents on or before October 28, 2013. SO ORDERED. Footnotes [1] In deciding the motions the Court construes the Plaintiff’s additional pro se submissions liberally. See Ferrari v. Town of Nassau, 471 F.3d 363, 369 (2d Cir.2006) ("This Court will construe briefs submitted by pro se litigants liberally.”); Thompson v. Tom Vazquez Janitorial, No. 05-CV-808, 2006 WL 3422664, at *2 (E.D.N.Y. Nov. 28, 2006) (noting that a court "must construe the pro se plaintiff’s claims liberally in deciding the motion for summary judgment” (citing Sawyer v. Am. Fed’n of Gov’t Emps., AFL-CIO, 180 F.3d 31, 36 (2d Cir.1999))). In addition, "[a] district court enjoys broad discretion (1) to consider arguments made for the first time in a reply brief, [and] (2) to rely on evidence submitted with the reply papers.... ” Compania Del Bajo Caroni (Caromin), C.A. v. Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, 341 Fed.Appx. 722, 724 (2d Cir.2009) (citations omitted). [2] See McCarthy v. Dun & Bradstreet Corp., 482 F.3d 184, 202 (2d Cir.2007) (holding that district court did not exceed discretion to deny leave to amend complaint two years after filing of complaint and after filing of summary judgment motion); see also In re Commodity Exch., Inc. Silver Futures & Options Trading Litig., No. 11-MD-2213, 2013 WL 1100770, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 18, 2013) (“[L]eave to amend a complaint should generally be denied when a motion to amend is filed solely in an attempt to prevent the Court from granting a motion to dismiss or for summary judgment, particularly when the new claim could have been raised earlier.” (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)). [3] Plaintiff recalls that he was first called "Harshidoodle” by Narod, (Sethi Dep. 103:22-104:3), but does not recall how many times Narod referred to him as "Harshidoodle,” (id. at 105:23-106:5). Plaintiff also did not identify any other individual who called him “Harshidoodle.” (Id. at 106:6-107:16.) Plaintiff stated that he had “no clue” where the nickname came from. (Id. at 108:3-5.) Plaintiff believes that Narod intended the word "Harshidoodle” to refer to Plaintiff's Indian heritage because "Narod had very poor look towards Indians in the sense he thought he could hire as many Indians for double the job and half the pay.” (Id. at 112:21-113:4.) [4] At oral argument, Plaintiff's counsel stated that "a letter was put into [Plaintiff's] file indicating that he was not providing a doctor’s note when it was requested.” (Oral Arg. Tr. 5:13-16.) Counsel argued that Lee and Morrissey were not subject to the same medical documentation requirements. (Oral Arg. Tr. 5:14-6:22.) [5] The documents submitted by Plaintiff shows that other employees took time-off or missed work due to illness, but there is no evidence in the record regarding whether those employees had available accrued time-off or whether those employees were required to provide medical documentation or provided medical documentation. (See PL Cross-Mot. Reply Ex. 11.) [6] In his post-oral argument submissions Plaintiff also alleges that when he started at CWW, the "American person/entity” Plaintiff replaced was paid more per hour than Plaintiff, (Plaintiff’s Letter dated June 24, 2013, at 3; PL Cross-Mot. 23), and after he left CWW, he was replaced by an "American" individual, (PI. Cross-Mot. 19). [7] Plaintiff in his post-oral argument submissions alleges that he "agreed [to] an interview,” relying on evidence not in the record before the Court. {See Plaintiff's Letter dated June 24, 2013, at 3.) There is no evidence in the record that Plaintiff applied for the CTO Position. [8] Plaintiff in his post-oral argument submissions has made additional arguments concerning his qualifications relative to Mott and Lee, however Plaintiff relies on evidence not in the record. (See, e.g., Plaintiffs Letter dated June 24, 2013, at 1-2; PI. Cross-Mot. at 20-22.) [9] Defendants argue that "the general rule of construction that FLSA exemptions are narrowly construed is inapplicable to this case” because the definition of "primary duty” “appl[ies] throughout the FLSA and its regulations, and therefore should not be narrowly construed.” (Def. July 22, 2013 Ltr. at 1.) The Supreme Court has stated that the narrow construction given to exemptions is "in-apposite where ... we aré interpreting a general definition that applies throughout the FLSA.” Christopher v. SmithKline Beecham Corp., 567 U.S. -, 132 S.Ct. 2156, 2172 n. 21, 183 L.Ed.2d 153 (2012) (construing the "broad statutory definition of 'sale' " while assessing the outside sales exemption). While Defendants are correct that definitions that apply throughout the FLSA are construed broadly, such as the definition of an employee’s "primary duty,” the exemptions that Defendants seek to apply to Plaintiff — for computer, administrative and professional employees — are exemptions, not definitions, and they are therefore construed narrowly. See id. [10] Defendants did not separately move to dismiss Narod on this basis. At oral argument the Court dismissed Plaintiff’s claims as to Mitchel Robbins, Brian Wasserman, Richard Someck, Donald Trump, Jr., Neil Schorr, Stanley Pitkiewicz and Israel Dorinbaum. [11] The Second Circuit has noted that the court has "identified different sets of relevant factors based on the factual challenges posed by particular cases” and that the Carter v. Dutchess Community Coll., 735 F.2d 8 (2d Cir.1984), factors are "relevant to the question of whether a defendant is an 'employer,' ” while separate factors, set forth in Brock v. Superior Care, Inc., 840 F.2d 1054, 1058-59 (2d Cir.1988), are "used to distinguish between independent contractors and employees” and "to assess whether an entity that lacked formal control nevertheless exercised functional control over a worker.” Irizarry v. Catsimatidis, 722 F.3d 99, 104-105 (2d Cir. 2013) (citations and internal quotations omitted). In this case, the relevant question is whether the individual Defendants are "employers,” thus the Carter factors are the appropriate factors. [12] The Second Circuit also considered the relevance of a putative employer's level of "potential power,” or unexercised authority, but because the putative employer had exercised control, did not reach the question of whether "unexercised authority is insufficient to establish FLSA liability.” Irizarry, 722 F.3d at 111. [13] The burden of proof and production for employment discrimination claims under Title VII and the NYSHRL are identical. Hyek v. Field Support Servs., Inc., 461 Fed.Appx. 59, 60 (2d Cir.2012) ("Claims brought under the NYSHRL 'are analyzed identically’ and 'the outcome of an employment discrimination claim made pursuant to the NYSHRL is the same as it is under ... Title VIL' ” (alteration in original) (quoting Smith v. Xerox Corp., 196 F.3d 358, 363 n. 1 (2d Cir.1999))). Therefore, Plaintiff's Title VII and NYSHRL discrimination claims are analyzed together for purposes of this motion.