No. 12338 & 12339
I N THE SUPREME COURT O T E STATE O M N A A F H F OTN
— 1972 —
STATE OF MONTANA,
P l a i n t i f f and Respondent,
-vs - JAMES CONLEY SPURLOCK,
Defendant and A p p e l l a n t ,
-vs - LEONARD DONEY ,
Defendant and Appellant.
Appeal from: D i s t r i c t Court of t h e Fourth J u d i c i a l D i s t r i c t , Honorable E. Gardner Brownlee, Judge p r e s i d i n g .
Counsel of Record:
For Appellants :
Robert J. Campbell argued, Missoula, Montana.
For Respondent:
Hon. Robert L. Woodahl, Attorney General, Helena, Montana. . Jonathan B Smith, argued, A s s i s t a n t A t t o r n e r y General, Helena, Montana. R. D. Deschamps, 111, County Attorney, argued, Missoula, Montana.
Submitted: November 30, 1972
Decided: FEB 2 0 1973 X r . J u s t i c e Gene S , Daly d e l i v e r e d t h e Opinion of t h e Court.
This a p p e a l i s taken from a judgment i n t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t of Missoula County e n t e r e d on a j u r y v e r d i c t c o n v i c t i n g Jarnes Conley Spurlock of f o u r c o u n t s of robbery and Leonard Edwin Doney of t h r e e c o u n t s of robbery. Spurlock was sentenced t o f i f t y y e a r s and Doney t o t w e n t y - f i v e y e a r s i n t h e Montana s t a t e prison. The s t a t e employed t h e p r o v i s i o n s of s e c t i o n 95-1506, R.C.M, 1947, a s t o both d e f e n d a n t s i.n s e e k i n g i n c r e a s e d punishment based on p r i o r c o n v i c t i o n s . The appeal was brought t o t h i s Court on a t r a n s c r i p t of t h e proceedings t a k e n p r i o r t o t r i a l and no t r i a l t r a n s c r i p t was f u r n i s h e d . The s o l e i s s u e r a i s e d i s whether t h e d e n i a l of d e f e n d a n t s r p r e t r i a l motion f o r a c o n t i n u a n c e was an abuse of t h e t r i a l c o u r t ' s d i s c r e t i o n and a v i o l a t i o n of t h e r i g h t s guaranteed t o d e f e n d a n t s under t h e United S t a t e s C o n s t i t u t i o n and t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n of Montana.
The r e c o r d i n d i c a t e s t h a t on January 2 8 , 1972, an Tnformation was f i l e d i n t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t c h a r g i n g each de- fendant w i t h f o u r c o u n t s of robbery upon f o u r Missoula f i l l i n g s t a t i o n s committed on January 1 8 , 1972. D. R. Matthews, Esq., !4issoula P u b l i c Defender, was appointed by t h e c o u r t a s c o u n s e l and h e r e p r e s e n t e d b o t h d e f e n d a n t s i n a l l s t a g e s of p r e t r i a l proceedings. Both d e f e n d a n t s e n t e r e d p l e a s of n o t g u i l t y and
t r i a l was s e t f o r May 4 , 1972. B a i l was f i x e d i n t h e amount L J $15,000 ( l a t e r reduced t o $12,500) f o r defendant Spurlock ~
dnd i n t h e amount o f $12,500 f o r defendant Doney. N e i t h e r de- fendant was a b l e t o p o s t b a i l . Defendant Doney r e q u e s t e d a p s y c h i a t r i c examination and w a s admitted t o t h e s t a t e h o s p i t a l a t Warm Springs on February
2 , 1972, remaining t h e r e about t h i r t y days. An examination was performed and a r e p o r t submitted t o t h e c o u r t .
O March 13, 1972, defendant Spurlock f i l e d an a f f i d a v i t n of d i s q u a l i f i c a t i o n of t r i a l judge Hon. Emmet Glore, which was granted. The cause was t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e c o u r t of Eon. E. Gardner Brownlee. On A p r i l 5 , 1972, defendant Spurlock submitted motions
f o r a p s y c h i a t r i c examination by a l o c a l p s y c h i a t r i s t and f o r separate counsel, Both motions were denied. Subsequent t e s t i - mony by Spurlock's w i f e i n d i c a t e d t h a t he had been t o Warm Springs f o r t r e a t m e n t and/or examination on some previous occasion and t h a t he d i d n o t wish t o r e t u r n t h e r e , On A p r i l 6 , 1972, defendant Doney p e t i t i o n e d t h e c o u r t pro s e f o r a w r i t of habeas corpus based on v i o l a t i o n of h i s r i g h t s a t a p r e l i m i n a r y examination f o r probable cause. Judge Jack L. Green, s i t t i n g f o r Judge E. Gardner Brownlee, h e a r d t h e p e t i t i o n on A p r i l 6 , 1972, w i t h p e t i t i o n e r p r e s e n t i n c o u r t and r e p r e s e n t e d by p u b l i c defender D,R. Matthews, h i s a t t o r n e y , A f t e r argument t h e w r i t was denied. O May 3 , 1972, one day preceding t h e t r i a l d a t e , t h e n defendants through t h e i r appointed c o u n s e l , D. R. Matthews, e n t e r e d f o u r motions r e q u e s t i n g : 1. Withdraw1 of c o u r t appointed counsel. 2. Separate t r i a l s , 3, Separate counsel. 4. A continuance. The r e q u e s t e d continuance was f o r t h e claimed purpose of allowing t h e i r c o u n s e l time t o p r e p a r e t h e i r d e f e n s e , and t o o b t a i n a p s y c h i a t r i c e v a l u a t i o n f o r defendant Spurlock. The c o u r t denied a l l f o u r motions. However, p r i o r t o t r i a l on May 4 , 1972, t h e motion f o r withdrawal of counsel was g r a n t e d and Robert J, Campbell, Esq. was e n t e r e d a s c o u n s e l , In g r a n t i n g t h i s motion, t h e c o u r t s p e c i f i c a l l y questioned both defendants a f t e r making them aware t h a t t h e i r o t h e r motions ( i n - c l u d i n g t h e motion f o r a continuance) would n o t b e be g r a n t e d , a s t o whether they would s t i l l p r e f e r t o have Robert J . Campbell
s u b s t i t u t e d a s c o u n s e l r e p l a c i n g D , R , Matthews. Both defendants s t a t e d they s o p r e f e r r e d . The c o u r t then suggested t h a t Matthews remain t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e defense and r e q u e s t e d b o t h d e f e n d a n t s ' permission b e f o r e M. Matthews was p e r m i t t e d t o l e a v e . r Both defendants gave t h a t permission. A t t h e time t h e c o u r t was c o n s i d e r i n g t h e r e q u e s t f o r s u b s t i t u t i o n of c o u n s e l , M r . Matthews s t a t e d : "They have t o l d me a b s o l u t e l y nothing. They w i l l n o t c o n f i d e i n me, t h e r e h a s been no communication a t a l l . " I n t h e i r a p p e a l b r i e f , defendants s t a t e d " P r i o r t o t r i a l t h e Defendants remained i n t h e Missoula County j a i l and sought p r i v a t e counsel a s b e s t they could." The record does n o t support t h i s statement. I t does n o t d i s c l o s e t h a t defendants o r anyone a c t i n g i n t h e i r b e h a l f , c o n t a c t e d o r were r e f u s e d by any a t t o r n e y p r i o r t o t h e i r c o n t a c t i n g M r . Campbell, who d i d t a k e t h e i r c a s e . I t does n o t d i s c l o s e t h a t defendants were r e f u s e d permission t o c o n t a c t any a t t o r n e y w h i l e they were i n j a i l , I t does d i s c l o s e t h a t M r , Campbell was c o n t a c t e d f o r t h e f i r s t time by Mrs. Spur- l o c k a t 4:15 p.m. on May 3 , 1972, over t h r e e months a f t e r t h e arraignment of defendants and on t h e a f t e r n o o n b e f o r e t h e t r i a l date. Section 95-1708, s u b s e c t i o n s ( c ) and ( d ) , R.C.M. 1947, provide : "(c) A l l motions f o r a continuance a r e addressed t o t h e d i s c r e t j - o n of t h e t r i a l c o u r t and s h a l l b e considered i n t h e l i g h t o f t h e d i l i g e n c e shown on t h e p a r t of t h e movant. "(d) This s e c t i o n s h a l l b e c o n s t r u e d t o t h e end t h a t c r i m i n a l c a s e s a r e t r i e d w i t h due d i l i g e n c e consonant wit11 t h e r i g h t s of t h e defendant and t h e s t a t e t o a speedy t r i a l . " (Emphasis s u p p l i e d ) . ~ e f e n d a n t s ' r e f u s a l t o communicate w i t h t h e l r appointed counsel and t h e i r e l e v e n t h hour d i s m i s s a l of M r . Matthews and h i r i n g of M r . Campbell a f t e r a t h r e e month period d u r i n g which defendants were f u l l y aware of t h e d a t e s e t f o r t r i . a l , was n o t a,n e x e r c i s e of due d i l i g e n c e .
The i n s t a n t c a s e i s r e a d i l y d i s t i n g u i s h a b l e from S t a t e v . B l a k e s l e e , 131 Mont, 4 7 , 306 P.2d 1103, r e l i e d upon by de- f e n d a n t s t o support t h e i r S i x t h Amendment ( l a c k of r i g h t t o counsel.) and Fourteenth Amendment ( l a c k o f due process) conten- tions. I n B l a k e s l e e , t h e c o u r t appointed counsel t h r e e days before the trial---but a f t e r Blakeslee's privately retained c o u n s e l withdrew. Here, defendants v o l u n t a r i l y dismissed ap- pointed counsel and r e t a i n e d p r i v a t e counsel a f t e r b e i n g made f u l l y aware t h a t no continuance would be g r a n t e d , In contrast t o Blakeslee and o t h e r c a s e s r e l i e d on i n t h i s appeal by de- f e n d a n t s , t h i s was a v o l u n t a r y a c t i o n d i r e c t l y i n t h e c o n t r o l of t h e accused. The United S t a t e s C o n s t i t u t i o n and t h e Montana Consti- t u t i o n e s t a b l i s h c e r t a i n r i g h t s , under law, f o r persons accused of a c r i m i n a l o f f e n s e . One of t h e s e i s t h e r i g h t t o e f f e c t i v e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n by l e g a l c o u n s e l , W find the d i s t r i c t court e accorded t h e s e defendants t h a t r i g h t , The c o u r t appointed competent counsel t o r e p r e s e n t defendants and allowed them and t h e i r counsel t h r e e months t o p r e p a r e t h e i r c a s e , Numerous f e d e r a l d e c i s i o n s h o l d w i t h unanimity t h a t : "Although t h e a t t o r n e y - c l i e n t r e l a t i o n s h i p i s o r d i n a r i l y a p r i v a t e m a t t e r , a defendant does n o t have t h e u n b r i d l e d r L g h t t o d i s c h a r g e counsel on t h e eve of t r i a l * fi *. "In o r d e r t o work a d e l a y by a l a s t minute d i s - charge of counsel t h e r e must e x i s t e x c e p t i o n a l circumstances." United S t a t e s v . Grow, 394 F.2d 182, 209, c e r t . den, 393 U,S, 840, 89 S.Ct. 118, 21 L ed 2d I l l . See a l s o : Kates v. Nelson, 435 F,2d 1085 ( 9 t h C i r , 1970) ; Harper v. United S t a t e s , 143 F,2d 795 ( 8 t h C i r , 1944). For c o l l a t e r a l t e x t r e f e r e n c e s see a n n o t a t i o n s following s e c t i o n 95-1708, R,C.M. 1947; 66 ALR2d 298, 304, 54(a). I n S t a t e v. Forsness, Mont . , 495 P,2d 176, 29 St.Rep. 232, 236, a c a s e analogous t o t h e i n s t a n t c a s e on t h e i s s u e of t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n a l r i g h t of an accused t o c o u n s e l , t h i s Court s t a t e d :
" e a g r e e w i t h counsel f o r defendant t h a t t h e W r i g h t t o be r e p r e s e n t e d by counsel i n a c r i m i n a l proceeding i s a fundamental r i g h t e s s e n t i a l t o c r i m i n a l j u s t i c e . [ C i t i n g c a s e s ] However, we do n o t a g r e e w i t h defendant s c o n t e n t i o n t h a t he can d i s m i s s h i s c o u n s e l j u s t b e f o r e going t o t r i a l , a f t e r counsel had a d e a u a t e l v r e ~ r e s e n t e dhim f o r s e v e r a l months, and tden ona app;?al a l l e g e h i s b a s i c c o n s t i t u t i o n a l r i g h t s have been v i o l a t e d . S e v e r a l r e c e n t f e d e r a l c a s e s have covered t h i s argument f u l l y . [ C i t i n g c a s e s 1. " (Emphasis s u p p l i e d ) Where t h e r e i s an a l l e g e d abuse of d i s c r e t i o n by t h e t r i a l c o u r t i n denying a motion f o r a continuance, t h e burden of proof on a p p e a l i s upon t h e c l a i m a n t t o make a c l e a r showing of such abuse, S t a t e v. Howard, 30 Mont. 518, 77 P. 50; S t a t e v. C o l l i n s , 88 Mont, 514, 294 P. 957; S t a t e v . Olsen, 152 Mont. 1, 445 P,2d 926. Here, defendants have n o t s u s t a i n e d t h a t burden.
// Chief J u s t i c e
/' ~ s s b c i a t e u s t i c e s . I J