In re Wittenberg Veneer & Panel Co.

SEAMAN, District Judge (after stating the facts as above). The manufacturing plant and stock of the Wittenberg Yeneer & Panel Company were destroyed by fire on July 23, 1899, and the corporation, becoming insolvent thereby, made an assignment for the benefit of creditors, August 1, 1899. Proceedings for involuntary bankruptcy were commenced October 19, 1899. When the fire occurred six insurance policies remained in force, aggregating $12,500,. — -two written in 1898, covering $3,500, and four renewals made June 1, 1899, for $9,000. — and each containing a clause for payment of loss to the mortgagee as its or his interest may appear. Other policies to the amount of $2,500 had lapsed. After the adjudication of bankruptcy, the loss Avas adjusted at $11,833.35, and was paid to the trustee for distribution herein, as ordered by the court. The triangular [595] controversy over the portion of this fund which remains, after paying up the mortgage and the advances for insurance premiums, is substantially this: (1) The trustee contends — First, that no pledge of the insurance or lien of any character was created in fact to secure either Daskam or Roberts as creditors; and, second, that both transactions are void as preferences, within the terms of the bankruptcy act, in any view of the testimony. (2) Edward Daskam claims an equitable assignment or lien, based upon contract, whereby the insurance was to stand as security for a loan of $4,000 made by him through the First National Bank of Antigo, but with no manual delivery of the /jolicies, no policies specified, and no clause inserted to make the loss thus payable. (3) It. W. Roberts bases his claim upon notes made by the corporation, and renewed from time to time, amounting to about $3,600, and upon a clause made July 21, 1899, when all the notes were past due, annexed to the two policies issued in 1898, jiroviding for payment of loss to Roberts. 1. The first question raised by the trustee, whether a lien was created in either transaction, involves the consideration of each claim upon the merits; but the second objection challenges the validity of the alleged liens, under the provisions of section 60 of the bankrupt law, and the bearing of the statute may well be considered at the threshold of inquiry. It is true that the transaction on which the creation of a lien depends in each claim falls within the period of four months preceding the filing of the petition in bankruptcy; but it is equally true, under the testimony, that the corporation was solvent, within the definition of the act, up to the occurrence of the fire, on July 23d. The inhibitions of section 60 apply only to preferences given when the debtor is insolvent in fact, an/1 if a lien was perfected before the fire, in the case as presented, it is not affected by that section, although it may remain open to question under section 67, as i o “a present consideration.” On the oilier hand, if actual delivery and possession of the insurance policies was essential to the creation of (he lien in either case, the testimony is satisfactory, if not in all particulars clear, that the policies remained in the hands of the insurance agent, and there -was no manual delivery to either claimant until after the fire. Unless the agent can be regarded as the custodian lor these claimants, there was no actual delivery, and, on the view assumed, the Hen would become effective only after the existence of i he insolvency produced by the fire. If such is the case found under either claim, the question would remain whether the claimant then “had reasonable cause to believe his debtor to be insolvent” as the result of the fire (vide In re Eggert, 43 C. C. A. 1, 102 Fed. 735, 741), and Hie answer would not be difficull under the circumstances disclosed. It becomes necessary, therefore, to ascertain the character and constituents of the claims, respectively, to determine their status, both under the general rule and under the bankrupt act. 2. Edward Daskam held a mortgage on the plant of the corporation for the principal sum of $6,000, which covenanted for insurance (o be made payable to the extent of his interest, and all policies so provided. In the spring of 1899 he made a further loan of $4,000 to the corporation, through the First National JBaiik of Antigo, under [596] circumstances and terms which, are shown by the testimony substantially as follows: In January, 1899, the corporation required means for its operation, and the president, together with Edward Daskam, applied to the bank above mentioned for a loan of $5,000. A tripartite parol arrangement was then made — and on the part of the bank recited in a letter of January 12th — that the hank would loan that amount, upon indorsements' to be given by Daskam, together with his mortgage on the plant to be placed as collateral, and insurance on the plant to be páyable to the bank in case of loss. When the money was furnished, however, the amount was made $4,000 instead of $5,-000, advanced at several times on the personal notes of Edward Das-kam to the bank, with the mortgage and insurance as collaterals, and without notes on the part of the corporation; so that the transaction was carried out as (1) a loan by the bank to Daskam, and (2) a simultaneous loan by Daskam to' the corporation. In accordance with this final arrangement, after completion of the advances, on May 15, 1899, the corporation debtor made a promissory note for $4,106 (covering the accrued interest), payable to the order of Edward Daskam on or before August 10th, containing a printed clause which recited the deposit with the payee of “certain property as stated below, as collateral security to this note,” with provision for sale in case of default, followed by this description only in writing: “Fire insurance policies should fire occur.” And this instrument was likewise deposited with the bank as further collateral. The testimony of the three parties to these transactions concurs in showing the oral agreements which led up to the making of the instrument of May 15th; that they expressly agreed that insurance was to be kept up on the property of the corporation as security for this loan; that the agent was “to renew the policies from time to time,” and, if the corporation “was not able to take care of the premiums,” the bank and Edward Daskam “were to look after it and pay.” In the opinion filed by the' referee, it is held that these oral agreements were merged in the writing of ¡May 15th, and that the testimony referred to was inadmissible (citing Godkin v. Monahan, 27 C. C. A. 410, 83 Fed. 116); but I am of opinion that this testimony does not tend to contradict or vary the writing; that it is needful to explain the terms which are otherwise indefinite, and thus becomes admissible to show the meaning of the transaction. No policies are pointed out and none appear to have been delivered with the writing, and, while there is testimony tending to show that some of the policies of insurance were at indefinite times in the course of the transaction in the hands of the bank, it clearly appears that all of the policies were in the hands of the insurance agent at and before the time of the fire. It further appears that the premiums w7ere not paid up until after the fire, and then by the bank, presumably under the pre-existing understanding with the agent; that immediately after the fire the agent sent the two policies of 1898, containing the clause in favor of Eoberts, to the insured, by mail, pursuant to the direction given July 21st, and delivered the other policies to the bank on its demand; and that no objection is raised by the insurance companies upon either of these facts. [597] The testimony shows, therefore, that it was the intention of the parties in making and accepting the loan that insurance was to be kept up on the property of the debtor to stand as security for the advances so made, and the further question to be considered is this: Was a contract made to that end which is enforceable against the insurance proceeds? The referee held that the contract was one of pledge only; that “the thing pledged was not taken possession of”,* and concluded that no pledge was perfected. If these premises were rightly assumed, the conclusion was inevitable, as possession is “of the very essence” of such contract. Casey v. Cavaroc, 96 U. S. 467, 477, 24 L. Ed. 779. I am of opinion, however, that the transaction was not a “pledge,” within the common-law definition of that term, but was an agreement for a beneficial interest in the personal contract of insurance,- — a mere chose in action, — from which an equitable lien arises in favor of the promisee against the proceeds. 1 Jones, Liens, c. 2; Wylie v. Coxe, 15 How. 415, 14 L. Ed. 753. These propositions are well established by the authorities: That the policy of insurance is a mere personal contract between the assured and I he underwriter, to indemnify the former against any loss he may sustain by the destruction of the insured property; that it is a chose in action, and an interest in the proceeds may be assigned by parol as well as by deed; that no right to the benefits of the policy attaches in favor of either mortgagees, or creditors, in the absence of a trust or contract to that effect; and that an equitable lien arises in favor of either mortgagee or creditor when the assured enters into contract in any form that the proceeds shall be so applied, no valid objection to the transaction being raised by the insurer under any provision of the policy. This general doctrine as to the nature of the insurance contract, and an appropriation of payment by the assured, is stated in the text-hooks, and many cases cited on the argument, — most frequently in reference to the claims of mortgagees to the proceeds, — and with the remark, in some instances, that “third persons, having an insurable interest in the property,” may thus receive the benefits of the insurance. If the possession by the substitute payee of an insurable interest was thus intended to be recognized in the earlier cases as a requisite for the lien, aside from restrictions made in the policy, that distinction no longer prevails, and is q]early set aside by the decision in Wheeler v. Insurance Co., 101 U. S. 439, 441, 25 L. Ed. 1055. Indeed, the rule upheld in tha t case seems to be decisive in favor of the claim under consideration here, and the following are deemed sufficient additional citations for the several propositions stated above: Garter v. Rockett, 8 Paige, 437; Nordyke & Marmon Co. v. Gery, 112 Ind. 535, 13 N. E. 683; Merrill, v. Insurance Co. (Mass.) 47 N. E. 439; Richardson v. White (Mass.) 44 N. E. 1072; Dickey v. Bank (Md.) 43 Atl. 33; Heller v. Bank (Md.) 43 Atl. 800, 45 L. R. A. 438; Williams v. Ingersoll, 89 N. Y. 508, 521; Griffey v. Insurance Co., 100 N. Y. 417, 3 N. E. 309; Miller v. Aldrich, 31 Mich. 408; Swearingen v. Insurance Co., 52 S. C. 316, 29 S. E. 723; Carrington v. Eastman, 1 Pin. 650; Baillie v. Stephenson, 95 Wis. 500, 70 N. W. 660. And these federal cases, which are well in point on all phases: Stout v. Milling Co. (C. C.) 13 Fed. 802; [598] Aultman v. McConnell (C. C.) 34 Fed. 724; In re Little River Lumber Co. (D. C.) 92 Fed. 585. On my understanding of the doctrine thus sustained, the claimant Baskam is entitled to an equitable lien, of rank dating from May loth, when the written instrument was made, if not of the prior date of the oral agreement. Actual delivery of the policies, and continuous possession by the transferee, are not indispensable to create and preserve such lien (Spring v. Insurance Co., 8 Wheat. 267, 5 L. Ed. 614, and cases cited), as in the case of the common-law pledge, although the fact of delivery or nondelivery may be important in many instances as evidence bearing upon the question of complete execution of the agreement for a lien. In the present case the policies were not in the hands of the assured, but were held by the insurance agent, — with the possible exception, before mentioned, of policies deposited for a time in the bank under the agreement,— and it is obvious that the .custody of the agent was there treated by the parties as sufficient performance of that part of the agreement. Equity will so regard the possession on this inquiry as to the true intention of the transaction. ’ 3. The claim of R. W. Roberts remains to he examined, and the primary question is whether it presents equities which outrank the lien found in favor of Baskam, as above indicated. If not, the existence of a lien in fact, and its standing under the bankruptcy act, are immaterial, for the reason that precedent allowance of the Bas-kam claim exhausts the insurance fund. Solution of the inquiry in that view is not difficult. There is no proof that any equity attached in favor of Roberts prior to July 21, 1899, when the agent placed on the two policies of 1898, by direction of the assured, the clauses or riders that loss was payable to Roberts. This was by way of security for past-due notes, and with no definite agreement for such security when the notes were made or when the indebtedness was contracted. It is true that preliminary talk appears about insurance, coupled with a mortgage to secure the loan, but it was of indefinite suggestions only, and neither the original loans nor renewals of the notes were made upon the condition or promise of such insurance. Up to July 21st, for aught that appears, there was neither express request on one side nor promise on the other for such security. The mere fact that the assured directed the making of such provision at that time, either voluntarily or by solicitation, can give Roberts no standing in equity over the pre-existing lien of Bas-kam. He acquired, at the utmost, such interest only as .the assured possessed and had the right to give, — a mere equitable interest, and. subject to all the equities outstanding against it. Fairbanks v. Sargent, 104 N. Y. 108, 115, 9 N. E. 870, and authorities cited. Surely,, that must be the rule applicable here, whei’e there was no new consideration for the arrangement,' and no act of delivery or acceptance of the provision before the loss occurred. The policies were not negotiable instruments, were not even assignable at common law, and, while their face appearance and possession may have carried the-import of ownership, such import is of prima facie value only. The mere bcna fides of an equitable transferee of the policy will not over599 Tide a prior equity of like bona lides. On this view, the Roberts claim is subordinate to that of Daskam, and the order of the referee must be overruled, with direction to enter an order in favor of the claimant Daskam in accordance with this opinion. Let the ruling be so certified.