George Frost Co. v. Cohn

COXE, District Judge (after stating the facts). The crucial question is one of invention. It is argued by the defendants that Gor-ton’s sole contribution to the art was the substitution of a rubber button for the metal buttons previously used, and that this was merely a change of material involving only mechanical skill. Corn-ceding that the defendants’ diagnosis of the issue is somewhat severe in lopping off the other members of the combination, nevertheléss the court sees no way’to escape the conclusion that the fate of the patent depends upon the effect -of the introduction of the rubber button into the old structures. Did this involve invention? Assuming that the case involves a change of material and nothing . more, how stands the law ? In Hicks v. Kelsey, 18 Wall. 670, 21 L. Ed. 852, Mr. Justice Bradley states the rule as follows; “The use of one material instead of another in constructing a known machine is, in most eases, so obviously a matter of mere 'mechanical judgment, and not of invention, that it cannot be called an invention, unless some new and useful result, an increase of efficiency, or a decided saving in the operation, is clearly attained.” [1011] Gorton’s achievement is clearly within the exception and combines the three alternative essentials there stated. His supporter attains a new and useful result, an increase of efficiency and a saving in operation. The case of Hardware Co. v. Selchow, 112 Fed. 1006, presents an excellent illustration of a change of material which is obviously within Mr. Justice Bradley’s rule. If Gorton’s device possesses no distinguishing characteristics except that it is lighter, cheaper and stronger than the devices which preceded it the court would have 110 hesitation in declaring the patent invalid. But the proof shows that the Gorton clasp was the first perfectly successful and operative supporter ever made. There were in the prior art clasps which supported and clasps which did not tear the stocking, but the clasps which supported tore the fabric and the clasps which did not tear failed to support. In other words, only ragged stockings were kept in place. A woman who was ambitious to have her hosiery intact was liable to find it slouching about her heels. It seemed impossible to secure a supporter that would adapt itself alike to thick and thin stockings. If it succeeded in holding the former the latter would slip from its embrace. For years an army of inventors and skilled mechanics were at work to remedy these defects. All sorts of expedients were resorted to, but the old difficulties remained. At length Gorton substituted for the metal button a button with a rubber shank, and the tiling was done. This, the defendants insist, was a perfectly obvious thing to do. Every one who wore goloshes, or rode a bicycle, or placed a band around his papers, or played golf or tennis knew the properties of rubber. There was not an intelligent mechanic who did not know that rubber is more resilient and clinging and less likely to cut woven fabrics than steel or iron. Here was a situation, say the defendants, where a hard, unyielding substance had been tried and found wanting and where a soft, gripping substance was needed in its place. Rubber possessed all the required qualities and everyone knew it. What then was more natural than to use rubber? This argument has.been so often considered by the courts that little of value can be added to the discussion, and, after all, the old answer is the best answer,—“No one did it before.” The record shows that for at least ten years prior to Gorton’s invention men skilled in the art were endeavoring to make an operative supporter and several had so far succeeded as to secure patents, but always along the same lines. There was always the metal button, there was always the fabric clamped between two metallic surfaces. Rubber, in almost qvery conceivable shape and form, was everywhere in use, but no one thought of it. Like a jewel lost in a crowded thoroughfare,—multitudes pass it unnoticed, some actually tread upon it, others stop and gaze for a moment, but hurry on deeming it some worthless tinsel; at last comes one who recognizes its value and picks it up. Others might have done this it is true, but they did not; he did, and is entitled to the prize which he has rescued from the mire. If one should attempt to snatch the gem from the finder on the ground that he passed it frequently and'could have picked it up as well as not, he would in all probability be [1012] promptly turned 'over to the police as a thief or a lunatic. It is this capacity for accomplishing results, this faculty of seeing whát others fail to see and hearing what others fail to hear which has always ’ distinguished success from failure and the inventor from the mechanic. • “In the law of patents it is the last step that wins,” says the supreme court. This is the step which Gorton took. The utility of the invention is attested by the fact that the Gorton supporter, though higher in price, at once became popular with the trade, the demand increasing with each succeeding year. The public has quite generally acquiesced in the validity of the patent and although there are still a few infringers they do not represent the responsible portion of the trade. The tenacity with which these in-fringers, while asserting the equal efficiency of the metal button, stick to the rubber button, and. the desperate and dishonorable, not to say criminal, methods adopted by some of them to defeat the patent, bear eloquent testimony to the importance and utility of the invention. It seems hardly necessary to say that, the defendants at bar and their counsel are entirely blameless of wrongdoing, and indignantly repudiated the attempted fraud the moment it was discovered. It is thought that Gorton’s achievement, though by no means a great one, was yet one which marks a distinct advance in the art and should be sustained as an invention within the rule of the following authorities: Hobbs v. Beach, 180 U. S. 383, 21 Sup. Ct. 409, 45 L. Ed. 586; Electric Co. v. La Rue, 139 U. S. 601, 11 Sup. Ct. 670, 35 L. Ed. 294; Acme Flexible Clasp Co. v. Cary Mfg. Co., 41 C. C. A. 338, 101 Fed. 269; Brunswick-Balke-Collender Co. v. Thum (C. C. A.) 111 Fed. 904; Hallock v. Davison (C. C.) 107 Fed. 482. and cases cited. It is unnecessary to decide whether or not the Knight patent would anticipate if prior to Gorton’s invention, for the reason that the earliest date which can be assigned to that patent is November 9, 1888, and Gorton’s invention was several months prior to this date. The Knight specification contains the following memoranda: “Date of application, loth Feb., 18S8. Complete specification left, 9th Nov., 1888. Complete specification accepted, 31st Dec., 1888.” The date when the patent was sealed and enrolled does not appear, but it is stated that it was sometime in 1889. In Siemens’ Adm’r v. Sellers, 123 U. S. 276, 8 Sup. Ct. 117, 31 L. Ed. 153, Mr. Justice Bradley, at page 283, 123 U. S., page 118, 8 Sup. Ct., and page 155, 31 L. Ed., referred to the sealing of an English patent as the date of its publication and in another case an English patent was considered by him as dating from the time of the enrollment. Elizabeth v. Pavement Co., 97 U. S. 126, 130, 24 L. Ed. 1000. As the complainants have, apparently, conceded the date of the Knight patent to be November 9, 1888, it is not necessary to decide whether they might'not properly insist upon a date several months later. The uncontradicted evidence proves that Gorton conceived the invention and made an illustrative sketch and a device embodying its essential features during the spring of 1888. The file wrapper shows that when the Knight patent was cited against him he presented similar proofs. His testimony is cqrroborated by a number of witnesses [1013] who were sworn in the proceedings in the patent office and also by the drawings there produced. One oí these sketches which clearly shows the invention has the office stamp of its receipt by Gortdn’s attorneys, “April T3, 1888,” plainly appearing thereon. Another improved sketch was dated April 25, 1888. Also in the spring oí11888, Gorton made a working clasp showing the invention and exhibited it to several witnesses. This device was before the patent office officials in the interference proceeding and is in evidence here. A strong case anticipating the Knight patent is thus presented. It is impossible that the witnesses are mistaken as to the salient features, corroborated as they are by memoranda made at the time. A similar situation was considered by this court in Bliss v. Merrill (C. C.) 33 Fed. 39, and what was there said is equally applicable here. It follows that the complainants are entitled to a decree for an injunction and an accounting, with costs.