State v. Kamrud

*101 MR. JUSTICE DALY delivered the opinion of the Court. Defendant Robert A. Kamrud appeals from his conviction, following a jury trial, of the offense of criminal sale of dangerous drugs. On March 9, 1979, John Nelson and Gary Gill were employed as undercover deputy sheriffs of Wheatland County to investigate possible drug sales and drug use in Harlowton, Montana. They set up a trailer at Clark’s Trailer Court on a space next to the defendant’s trailer and became friendly with the defendant. The officers assumed fictitious names, displayed and used marijuana, and also held parties to ingratiate themselves with persons suspected of selling or using illegal drugs. Nelson and Gill had obtained marijuana from Wheatland County Sheriff William Duncan as a part of their cover. They manicured this marijuana and made it available for smoking to some persons invited by them to parties at their trailer. Defendant attended one such party on March 10, 1979. Another party was had at the undercover officers’ trailer during the early morning hours of March 17, 1979, after the bars had closed. Defendant did not attend this party, although he did appear at the door very briefly to recover a bottle of whiskey he had previously left at the officers’ trailer. Officer John Nelson testified on cross-examination by defense counsel that at about 3:05 a. m. that morning, as the defendant was leaving with his bottle of whiskey, Officer Gary Gill approached the defendant and asked him if he could supply Gill with some “stuff.” None was supplied. Nelson did not personally witness this conversation. At the time of the hearing on defendant’s pretrial motions, Officer Gary Gill testified to the same effect, but he did not testify at trial. Defendant took the stand at trial and testified that after recovering his bottle of whiskey, he went back to his camper to have some drinks with a woman-friend. Defendant made no mention in his testimony of any conversation with Gill in which Gill approached him for drugs at that time. Later on the 17th, at approximately 11:30 a. m., the defendant and a girlfriend stopped briefly at the trailer occupied by Nelson *102 and Gill and had a short conversation with them. Nelson testified that at that time he heard defendant, in his presence, ask Gill if he still wanted some drugs, to which Gill responded that they would see the defendant later that afternoon at his home. Gill testified to the same effect during the hearing on defendant’s pretrial motions. The defendant and his girlfriend contradicted this testimony, saying that drugs were not discussed during this conversation. At approximately 4:20 that afternoon, according to Nelson’s testimony, he and Gill went to defendant’s trailer, where Gill requested some “stuff” and defendant gave him a vial containing 1.8 grams of marijuana. Defendant refused to take any money. Gill’s testimony at the hearing on pretrial motions was similar. Defendant denied that the officers came to his trailer house that afternoon or that he sold or gave them any drugs. He testified that he spent the afternoon checking his trapline and having a beer with his girlfriend in the Argonaut Bar until her workshift began, and then drove home and went to bed and slept the rest of the day. On March 27, 1979, defendant Robert A. Kamrud was charged in the District Court, Fourteenth Judicial District, Wheatland County, Montana, with the crime of criminal sale of dangerous drugs in violation of section 45-9-101, MCA. The information charged that on March 17, 1979, at approximately 4:30 p. m. in his trailer house at Harlowton, Wheatland County, Montana, the defendant “Robert A. Kamrud gave away to Gary L. Gill a quantity of dangerous drugs as defined in Section 50-32-101, MCA, 1979, to-wit: marijuana, a Class I drug.” On June 12, 1979, the defendant’s attorney filed various pretrial motions, including a motion to dismiss the information on the grounds of entrapment. A hearing was held on these motions on June 21, 1979. Defendant made the contention that entrapment was established as a matter of law by the allegations contained in the State’s affidavit of probable cause filed in support of its application to file the information and by the evidence presented at the hearing. The District Court denied defendant’s motion in an order filed June 25, 1979, stating that entrapment had not been estab *103 lished as a matter of law but that it would present a question of fact for the jury. Kamrud pleaded not guilty and was tried before a jury. He was. found guilty and was sentenced to five years in the Montana State Prison. Appellant presents several issues on appeal but we need consider only one: Did the District Court err in denying defendant’s pretrial motion to dismiss on the grounds that entrapment was established as a matter of law? As a preliminary matter, the State urges that defendant is precluded from asserting the inconsistent defenses of (1) entrapment coupled with (2) a denial of having committed the offense. In State v. Parr (1955), 129 Mont. 175, 283 P.2d 1086, we held: “The rule is that the defense of entrapment is not available to one who denies commission of the offense.” Parr, 283 P.2d at 1089, citing Annot., 33 A.L.R.2d 883, 910. Parr involved the sale of whiskey to a minor. The minor, who was incarcerated in the juvenile department of the county jail, was given a ten dollar bill by a probation officer and instructed to purchase a bottle of whiskey in defendant’s bar while the county attorney and state liquor inspector watched the transaction. The defendant denied having sold any whiskey to the minor. In affirming defendant’s conviction for selling intoxicating liquor to a minor, we stated that the evidence did not entitle defendant to an instruction on the question of entrapment and noted further that the defendant denied having sold the liquor to the minor, holding that the entrapment defense was therefore not available. We followed the same rule in State v. O’Donnell (1960), 138 Mont. 123, 354 P.2d 1105, 1107, and State v. LaCario (1974), 163 Mont. 511, 518 P.2d 982, 985. There are cases to the contrary in other jurisdictions: United States v. Demma (9th Cir. 1975), 523 F.2d 981; People v. Perez (1965), 62 Cal.2d 769, 44 Cal.Rptr. 326, 401 P.2d 934. In the present case defendant took the stand and expressly denied that he had ever sold or given any marijuana to the under *104 cover officers. The District Court nevertheless instructed the jury on the issue of entrapment in the words of our statute, section 45-2-213, MCA, and is an additional instruction to which the defendant did not object. Thus, defendant was given the benefit of instructions to which he was not entitled under Montana law when the entrapment defense was submitted to the jury, which rejected the defense in returning a verdict of “guilty.” Although the jury, in returning their verdict of “guilty,” found as a matter of fact that there was no entrapment, and although this Court has held, in our decisions in Parr and O’Donnell that the defense of entrapment is not available to one who denies commission of the offense, as this defendant did when he took the stand at trial, the specific holding in those cases was that the trial court did not commit error in refusing to instruct the jury on the question of entrapment. In the present case defendant contends that the District Court committed error by refusing to grant his pretrial motion to dismiss on grounds of entrapment after the hearing on pretrial motions. At that time defendant had not denied committing the acts which formed the basis of the offense. The testimony of Officer Gill at the pretrial hearing on motions was substantially identical to Officer Nelson’s at the trial in regard to the facts relating to the entrapment defense. Thus, defendant argues on appeal that the testimony at the pretrial hearing and the allegations in the State’s affidavit establish entrapment as a matter of law. The entrapment defense is not a constitutional one, as the United States Supreme Court recognized in United States v. Russell (1973), 411 U.S. 423, 433, 93 S.Ct. 1637, 1643, 36 L.Ed.2d 366, where it held that “the defense is not of a constitutional dimension.” Therefore, we must look primarily to Montana statutes and case law. The federal cases are nevertheless relevant to the extent that they apply the same test used in Montana. The Commission Comment to our statute defining entrapment, section 45-2-213, MCA, states that “[t]he defense of entrapment generally follows the rule stated by the majority in the Sorrells case.” (Sorrells v. United *105 States (1932), 287 U.S. 435, 53 S.Ct. 210, 77 L.Ed. 413, 86 A.L.R. 249.) Entrapment is, of course, an affirmative defense, and the burden of proving it rests on the defendant. LaCario, 518 P.2d 982, 985; State v. White (1969), 153 Mont. 193, 456 P.2d 54, 56; O’Donnell, 354 P.2d 1105, 1106; Parr, 283 P.2d 1086, 1089. This Court has held that the defense of entrapment may be established as a matter of law. In State v. Grenfell (1977), 172 Mont. 345, 564 P.2d 171, we overturned the defendant’s conviction of sale of dangerous drugs on the grounds that the defense of entrapment had been established as a matter of law. Montana has recognized the entrapment defense by case law, and it is now codified in section 45-2-213, MCA: “Entrapment. ” A person is not guilty of an offense if his conduct is incited or induced by a public servant or his agent for the purpose of obtaining evidence for the prosecution of such person. However, this section is inapplicable if a public servant or his agent merely affords to such person the opportunity or facility for committing an offense in furtherance of criminal purpose which such person has originated.” This Court has held: “This statute is consonant with earlier decisions of this Court which set forth the following elements of entrapment: (1) Criminal intent or design originating in the mind of the police officer or informer; (2) absence of criminal intent or design originating in the mind of the accused; and (3) luring or inducing the accused into committing a crime he had no intention of committing. State ex rel. Hamlin, fr. v. District Court, 163 Mont. 16, 515 P.2d 74; State v. Karathanos, 158 Mont. 461, 493 P.2d 326.” State v. Grenfell, supra, 564 P.2d at 173. See also State v. Gallaher (1978), 177 Mont. 150, 580 P.2d 930, 935. This Court has on previous occasions discussed in detail the matters to be considered in determining whether or not the entrapment defense has been established: *106 “Entrapment occurs only when the criminal intent or design originates in the mind of the police officer or informer and not with the accused, and the accused is lured or induced into committing a crime he had no intention of committing. Only when the criminal design originates, not with the accused, but in the mind of government officers and the accused is by persuasion, deceitful representations, or inducement, lured into the commission of a criminal act, can a case of entrapment be made out. In short, there is a controlling distinction between inducing a person to do an unlawful act and setting a trap to catch him in the execution of a criminal design of his own conception . . .” State v. Karathanos (1972), 158 Mont. 461, 493 P.2d 326, 331 (holding that there was no entrapment where the defendant approached a police informant in a bar and offered to sell her drugs, later completing the transaction). See also, State v. Frates (1972), 160 Mont. 431, 503 P.2d 47, 51. In Grenfell the defendant was approached by an informant, whom the Court characterized as a frustrated and unfulfilled policeman attempting to land a job as a deputy sheriff with the Silver Bow County sheriff’s department. The informant and his wife had cultivated a close friendship with defendant and his wife over a period of six months. On several occasions within a period of four days, the informant persistently requested the defendant to procure him some drugs, which the defendant did with reluctance. Defendant obtained the drugs from two men he had worked with and knew to be involved with drugs. In coaxing the defendant to obtain and sell him drugs, the informant promised defendant that he could get him a job in Utah with a mining company, and that the trip to Utah could be financed by the profits from the sale of a large quantity of drugs to the informant’s friend. In overturning defendant’s conviction for selling the drugs to the informant on the grounds that there was entrapment as a matter of law, we stated that this was not a case where the drug informer made only a casual offer to buy and that the entire scheme originated in the informer’s mind. *107 “The record shows Grenfell was not predisposed to commit this offense. There was no evidence that prior to January 26, 1975, Grenfell had ever used or sold drugs. Grenfell’s close friendship with [the informer] spanned approximately six months, yet [the informer] testified that Grenfell never offered to sell him drugs.” Grenfell, 564 P.2d at 173-74. The facts of the present case fall within the cases cited where we have held entrapment as a matter of law, and we believe that they are sufficient to establish entrapment as a matter of law. The criminal intent or design to sell marijuana did not originate with the defendant, but with the undercover officers Gary Gill and John Nelson, who induced defendant to give them a minute quantity of marijuana. The officers did more than merely afford Kamrud with the opportunity to commit the offense by making a casual offer to buy. As in Grenfell, they befriended him and approached him on more than one occasion for the purpose of soliciting drugs. Likewise, there was no evidence whatsoever that Kamrud had ever sold or offered to sell drugs to anyone prior to his “sale” to Gill and Nelson, which was made at their request; i. e., there was no evidence that he was predisposed to commit the offense or that the idea originated with defendant. That is further buttressed by the fact that the minute quantity of marijuana involved here, 1.8 grams, is not an amount that would ordinarily be exchanged by a person who had the criminal intent to make a sale or even a gift. The officers did far more than merely afford Kamrud with the opportunity to commit the offense — they came up with the whole idea. The officers established themselves as drug users and they themselves violated the very law with which defendant is charged by preparing and giving away marijuana supplied by the Wheat-land County sheriff’s department. In short, the record does not disclose that there was any drug traffic in Harlowton by the defendant or anyone else, other than that engaged in by these law enforcement officers. While the defendant may well have had the intent to possess marijuana, the idea for him to sell it or to give it away cer *108 tainly originated with the police officers and not with defendant. Therefore, we hold that under these facts, entrapment was established as a matter of law. Grenfell, 564 P.2d at 173-74. The judgment of the District Court is reversed with directions to dismiss the information. MR. CHIEF JUSTICE HASWELL and JUSTICES HARRISON and SHEEHY, concur. MR. JUSTICE SHEA will file a specially concurring opinion at a later date.