Klutt v. Philadelphia & R. Ry. Co.

ACHESON, Circuit Judge. Julia Klutt, the plaintiff in error, in behalf as well of her minor children as herself, brought this action in the court below against the Philadelphia & Reading Railway Company to recover damages for the death of her husband, Andrew Klutt, caused by the alleged negligence of the defendant. The court directed a verdict for the defendant on the ground of contributory negligence of Klutt, and, such verdict having been rendered gave judgment accordingly. The material facts of the case, extracted from the evidence contained in this record, are as follows: Andrew Klutt worked a farm on Petty’s Island, which lies in the Delaware river opposite the city of Philadelphia and near the New Jersey shore. For several years Klutt had been accustomed to take his produce in a rowboat across the river to the Philadelphia side. He was a skillful rower. On the morning of December 23, 1903, about 11 o’clock, Klutt started in his rowboat from Petty’s Island to row across the river to Cramp’s shipyard in Philadelphia, a distance of about one-half mile. The day was clear. The tide was running down stream, and ice was floating down the river. Klutt was alone in his boat. A tug of the defendant was then proceeding up the river with two floats, carrying box freight cars attached one to each side of the tug. The tug was lashed between the two floats far aft, and hence the freight cars shut out from the view of the pilot most of the river. In his hemmed-in position the pilot could see only that small part of the river directly in front of him and visible through the narrow space between the two lines of the projecting freight cars. There was no lookout on either of the floats. The tug was coming up the river at her usual speed. How far down the river she was when the rowboat started to cross does not appear with certainty. Klutt was rowing steadily, and had reached the middle of the river, and was almost clear of the tug and her floats, when his rowboat was run down by the float on the Philadelphia side and he drowned. A witness at Cramp’s, who looked across the river just before the accident, testified: “I saw this man pulling across, Put it seems he was caught in the ice.” The tug did not blow her whistle, and she neither stopped nor abated her speed until after the •disaster occurred. [396] The learned district judge did not hold the tug to be faultless, but ruled the case wholly upon the assumed contributory negligence of Klutt. Clearly the evidence showed negligence on the part of the tug. She was running in a part of the river frequented by vessels and where small craft such as Klutt’s rowboat would naturally be afloat. Yet she was without a lookout, and her pilot was shut off from any adequate view of the river by the cars on the two floats, between which the tug was lashed. Now, where a steamboat navigating a thoroughfare of commerce is without a lookout, and she is involved in a collision, the absence of a lookout must be regarded asprima facie evidence that the collision was the fault of the steamboat. The Genesee Chief, 12 How. 443, 13 R. Ed. 1058. Moreover, the defendant’s tug gave no warning whistle and did not slacken her speed. She seems to have taken no precaution whatever to avoid running down Klutt’s rowboat. We should here note that the defendant put in no evidence. Was the court justified in deciding as a matter of láw that Klutt was guilty of contributory negligence? We are constrained to answer negatively. Certainly Klutt had a right to row his boat across the river, notwithstanding the approach of an ascending tug and tow. As we have seen, he was an experienced oarsman and was accustomed to row across the river in that locality. The presumption is that on this occasion he exercised reasonable care for his safety commensurate with the circumstances. The facts and the proper deductions to be drawn therefrom were, we think, within the province of the jury. Texas & Pacific Railway Company v. Gentry, 163 U. S. 353, 16 Sup. Ct. 1104, 41 L. Ed. 186; Grand Trunk Railway Company v. Ives, 144 U. S. 408, 417, 12 Sup. Ct. 679, 682, 36 L. Ed. 485. In the latter case, the court said: “.There is no fixed standard in the law by which a court is enabled to arbitrarily say in every case what conduct shall be considered reasonable and prudent and what shall constitute ordinary care under any and all circumstances. The terms ‘ordinary care,’ ‘reasonable prudence,’ and such libe terms, as applied to the conduct and affairs of men, have a relative significance and cannot be arbitrarily defined. What may be deemed ordinary care in one case may under different surroundings and circumstances be considered gross negligence. The policy of the law has relegated the determination of such questions to the jury under proper instructions from the-court.” The rowboat, it is to be observed, was not struck as soon as it came within the course of the advancing tug and tow, but was run down by the float most distant from Klutt, and when he had almost passed safely. In this particular, as in other respects, the case in hand is. widely different from the case of Carroll v. Railroad Co., 12 Wkly. Notes Cas. 348, relied on by the court below. Moreover, the rule of Carroll v. Railroad Co., as was said by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, speaking by Mr. Justice Mitchell in McNeal v. Railway Co., 131 Pa. 184, 188, 18 Atl. 1026, 1027, “in its nature is applicable only to clear, cases.” There is little analogy between the present case and the class of railroad cases of which Carroll v. Railroad Co. is a type. A steamboat is not confined to a fixed track like a locomotive, and [397] train, but has complete control of her movements in respect to course and otherwise. In this case it does not appear in the proofs what the precise course of the tug was, or whether she made any change in her course. These things were within the knowledge of those aboard the tug, but none of them testified. But, even, upon the assumption that Klutt was guilty of negligence in crossing in front of the approaching tug and tow, it does not follow that the defendant is exempt from liability to the plaintiff. It is a settled principle of law that although a plaintiff, who sues for an injury inflicted by the defendant, might by the observance of proper care have avoided exposing himself to the injury, yet this will not prevent him recovering damages from the defendant if the latter -discovered, or by the exercise of ordinary care might have discovered, the exposed situation of the plaintiff in time, by the exercise of ordinary care and diligence, to have averted the effect of the plaintiff’s negligence and avoided the injury which happened. 1 Thompson on Negligence, §§ 230-232, 239; Inland & Seaboard Coasting Co. v. Tolson, 139 U. S. 551, 558, 11 Sup. Ct. 653, 35 L. Ed. 270; Baltimore & Ohio R. R. Co. v. Hellenthal, 88 Fed. 116, 31 C. C. A. 414; Turnbull v. New Orleans & C. R. Co., 120 Fed. 783, 57 C. C. A. 151. These decisions show that the above-stated principle is applicable to the case before us. It was for the jury to say whether by the employment of a proper lookout the defendant’s tug might not have discovered the exposed situation of Klutt in time, by the exercise of ■ordinary care and diligence, to have avoided running down his rowboat. The question fairly arose upon the evidence and its determination was for the jury. The judgment is reversed, and the cause remanded to the Circuit Court, with instructions to grant a new trial.