Kirby-Carpenter Co. v. Burnett

SHELBY, Circuit Judge, after making the foregoing statement of the case, delivered the opinion of the court. The alleged contract which is the basis of this action is an option given by the plaintiff in error to the defen'dant in error. It gives the latter an option to buy certain lands at a certain price within a fixed time. It does not purport to bind the person to whom it is giver He paid nothing for it and makes no reciprocal promise. It contains no words that import any kind of consideration. A valuable consideration, in the sense of the law, may consist either in some right, interest, profit, or benefit accruing to the one party, or sorfte forbearance, detriment, loss, or responsibility given, suffered, or undertaken by the other. While the writing in question here contains a promise on the part of the Kirby-Carpenter Company, we search in vain to find any element of consideration proceeding from Burnett, or any one, to the company. He makes no promise, is subjected to no detriment; nor [637] «loes he give any benefit or advantage to the company. A promise or agreement made without a consideration, however strong and clear may be the terms in which it is made, is not enforced by courts, nor can a breach of it be the predicate for the assessment of damages. This rule is elementary in English courts and in American courts, Where the principles of the common law are administered. Wald’s Pollock on Contracts (3d Ed.) 185. The principle that a promise is invalid if not supported by a consideration is as applicable to options as it is to other contracts. Borst v. Simpson, 90 Ala. 373, 7 South. 814; Peacock v. Deweese, 73 Ga. 570; Davis v. Petty, 147 Mo. 374, 48 S. W. 944; Crandall v. Willig, 166 Ill. 233, 46 N. E. 755; Faulkner v. Hebard, 26 Vt. 452; Walker v. Bamberger, 17 Utah, 239, 54 Pac. 108; Graybill v. Brugh, 89 Va. 893, 17 S. E. 558, 21 L. R. A. 133, 37 Am. St. Rep. 894; Ide v. Leiser, 10 Mont. 5, 24 Pac. 695, 24 Am. St. Rep. 17; Bean v. Burbank, 16 Me. 458, 33 Am. Dec. 681; Burnet v. Bisco, 4 Johns. (N. Y.) 235. In Richardson v. Hardwick, 106 U. S., 252, 1 Sup. Ct. 213, 27 L. Ed. 145, the Supreme Court had occasion to comment on the nature of an option that was unilateral in its terms. Hardwick made a written agreement with Richardson, whereby the former agreed that the latter might become equally interested in certain lands by paying certain sums within a certain time. Both signed the agreement, but it recited no consideration proceeding from Richardson, and it contained no promise that lie would buy the interest: in the lands. It was optional with him to take the interest in the lands or not, as he chose. T le was left free, and he had paid nothing, and promised nothing. The court held that: “It is clear from the terms o£ the contract that Richardson was not bound by it. He did not agree to purchase any share in the lands or to pay Hardwick any money. The contract gave Hardwick no cause of action against Richardson. The latter was not bound to become interested in the lands, or to pay any money thereon, unless he chose to do so. In suits upon unilateral contracts, it is only where the defendant has had the benefit of the consideration for which he bargained that he can be held bound.” It is unquestionable that, according to the principles of the common law, the option, for a breach of which this suit was brought, is not a binding contract, and that neither the Kirby-Carpenter Company nor Burnett could maintain an action for damages for the breach of it by the other; nor could either enforce it in any way against the other. But the agreement in question was made to be performed in Eouisi-ana, and it was conceded in the argument at the bar that it is to be governed by the laws of that state. It has been suggested by the Supreme Court of Louisiana, in Landèche v. Sarpy, 37 La. Ann. 835, that the French commentators and courts are divided on the question as to whether, under the civil law as administered in France since the adoption of the French Code, a unilateral promise to sell, without a reciprocal promise to buy, is binding on the promisor. It would be useless for us to enter on the investigation and discussion of that question, because it would be entirely academic, as the question in the case at bar relates to the validity oí a contract under the statutes of Louisiana existing at the [638] time the contract was made, as construed by the Supreme Court of that state. Article 1893 of the Louisiana Civil Code provides that '‘an obligation without a cause, or with a false or unlawful cause, can have no effect.” In article 1896 of the Civil Code, we find a definition of the the word “cause,” as used in article 1893: “By the cause of the contract, in this section, is meant the consideration or motive for making it. * * * ” “The word ‘cause’ as here used,” said the court in Chaffe v. Scheen, 34 La. Ann. 684, 688, “and almost universally by civilians, is synonj-mous with ‘consideration’and in the same opinion it was said, “there must be such a consideration in all valid contracts.” In Mouton v. Noble, 1 La. Ann. 192, 193, the court said: “When an engagement lias no cause, or consideration, or, what is the same thing, where the cause for which it is contracted is false, the engagement is null, and the contract based on it is also null, and cannot he enforced by an action. Aloney paid under such an agreement can he recovered hack by the action condietio sine causa. The civilians use the term ‘cause,’ in relation to obligations, in the same sense that the word ‘consideration,’ is used in the jurisprudence of England and the United States.” In Taylor v. Wooten, 19 La. 518, it was held tha.t a promise by defendant to send plaintiffs his crop, or, in default, to allow them a commission on its amount, having no other consideration than the acceptance of a draft, for which a commission is already charged and allowed, is a nudum pactum, and will not be enforced. In Broaddus v. Nolley, 25 La. Ann. 184, it was held that a certain promise was not binding “because an agreement without .consideration is not obligatory.” In Huie v. Bailey, 16 La. 213, 218, 35 Am. Dec. 214, the court said: “To make any agreement for indulgence obligatory, it must be for an ' adequate consideration. The old opinion was that any agreement to give time discharged the drawer and indorsers, whether without consideration or not; but the latter doctrine is: A delay without sufficient consideration, and without taking any new security, being a nudum pactum, will not discharge other parties, if the holder has not entered into such an agreement as will disable him from suing the acceptor.” • By article 2462 it is enacted that “a promise to sell amounts to a sale, when there exists a reciprocal consent of both parties as to the thing and the price thereof. * * * ” In Peck v. Bemiss, 10 La. Ann. 160, the contract to sell was reciprocal, one party agreeing to sell and the other to buy, and it was held valid without question. The case of Campbell v. Lambert & Co., 36 La. Ann. 35, 51 Am. Rep. 1, involved the question of the validity of an agreement where there was no mutuality of engagement. Lambert & Co. agreed to deliver coal to Campbell during the year 1879 in such quantities as he might require, “with the privilege of 20,000 barrels or more.” The contract contained no obligation on the part of Campbell to take any coal. It left him free to take it or not. The court held the agreement a nudum ■ pactum, quoting and approving- common-law authorities on the subject of the necessity of a consideration to support a contract, The court said: [639] “One promise may be a good consideration for another promise, but not ‘unless there is an absolute mutuality of engagement, so that each party has the right at once to hold the other to a positive agreement.’ 1 Parsons’ Cont. p. 418. Thus it has been held that a written agreement to give A. the refusal of the lease of a farm at stipulated rent, with no agreement ou the part of A. to take it. and no other consideration, is void. Burnet v. Bisco, 4 Johns. (N. Y.) 235. So. a contract in writing to convey lands, at a fixed price, and within a slated time, where the other party did not bind himself to take and nothing was paid or agreed to be paid by him, was held void. Bean v. Burbank, 16 Me. 458, 33 Am. Dec. 681. Again, where the purchaser at an executive sale gave the defendant a written promise to reconve.v upon the payment of a specified sum by a day named, but the defendant did not bind himself to make such payment, the promise was hold to be without consideration. Mers v. Franklin Ins. Co., 68 Mo. 127. The following case is yet more exactly in point, viz.: It was hold that a written agreement under which one party was to deliver to the other prairie hay ‘not to exceed two hundred tons,’ payment to be made on delivery of designated installments, did not confer upon the latter party a right to enforce delivery to the limit mentioned, was therefore without complete mutuality, and left it optional with each party to avoid the agreement, on giving nolice to the other, at any period during the time of delivery. Houston & T. C. Ry. Co. v. Mitchell. 38 Tex. 85. If the condition upon which defendants’ promise was to take effect had been the doing of something involving labor or other value by Campbell, and, upon the faith of said promise and before its revocation, Campbell had done 1he thing, different principles would apply, not necessary to specify here. But the foregoing eases sufficiently show that the mere exercise of an option to exact the performance of a promise does not alter the situation of the parties and does not prevent the promisor from exercising his right of refusal. The authorities quoted are sound and applicable to our law. On these; grounds we hold that defendants were not bound in law to execute the naked promise contained in their agreement, but had the right, at any time, to refuse to proceed in execution thereof, and for such refusal are not responsible in damages to plaintiff.” In Landèche v. Sarpy, the court had occasion to again refer to this subject. “It is conceded,” said the court, “that a promise to sell without a reciprocal promise to buy might be valid under the civil law; but the question is whether article 2462 of our Code and 1589 of the French Code has not changed the prior law in this respect. * * * ” It is true that the court does not express an opinion as to the effect of the Code on the former law, but we do not understand that anything is withdrawn that was said in Campbell v. Lambert & Co., supra. Our attention has not been called to any later decision of the Supreme Court of Louisiana on this subject. In our opinion, the contract sued ou was not binding on the plaintiff in error, and it had the right to withdraw from it, and therefore the defendant in error was not entitled to recover damages for a breach of it. This conclusion, we think, is not only sustained by the jurisprudence of Louisiana, as announced by the Supreme Court of that state, but also by the general jurisprudence of this country. Our attention has been called to article 1802 of the Civil Code relating to time given for acceptance of a proposition. If it be conceded that this article applies to offers to sell, we do not think it applicable to the instant case, because the proposition was not so definite in terms that its .mere acceptance would have constituted a contract. It left matters open for further negotiation; “Terms to be [640] afterwards agreed on and to be satisfactory to us.” The proposal was not “made in terms which evince a design to give the other party the right of concluding the contract by his assent.” Something more .than his assent was- required before the minds of the parties would meet and the contract be complete. In an alternative defense to the action, the plaintiff in error contended that it had in fact made no breach of the alleged contract, and this defense, we think, was also well made, and would necessitate a reversal of the judgment. But, as the view we take of the validity of the contract sued on is conclusive of the case, it is useless to make a further statement of our views as to the alternative contention. The judgment of the Circuit Court is reversed, and the cause remanded, with instructions to enter a judgment for the plaintiff in error, the defendant in the trial court.