Gomila v. Wilcombe

After stating the case as above, the opinion of the court was delivered by NEWMAN, District Judge. The interesting question presented by the record in this case is whether a dation en paiement made by husband to wife in Louisiana, and executed and delivered within four months of the subsequent voluntary bankruptcy of the husband, should be set aside as a preference under sections 60a and 60b of the bankruptcy act of 1898 (Act July 1, 1898, c. 541, 30 Stat. 562 [U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 3445]). In the course of the proceedings in the case before the referee by written agreement between the parties, all questions of simulation and fraud in connection with the transfer were abandoned, and it Was agreed that the real estate transferred, after paying certain mortgages, was not worth more than the amount expressed in the dation en paiement, and that this amount was due the wife by the husband. The amount named was inherited by the wife during marriage from a deceased uncle, and had been loaned by her to the husband, so that the transaction was bona fide and for a full consideration. Should such a transfer be disturbed by the bankruptcy court under section 60 of the bankruptcy act? Counsel for the trustee claims that such a transfer, even in the courts of Louisiana, while not subject to attack by a single creditor, will be set aside at the instance of a syndic representing all the creditors, under the state insolvency law. Reliance for this position is placed on the case of Lefebvre v. De Montilly, 1 La. Ann. 42. That case, standing alone, might afford some support to this contention, but in a number of subsequent cases the Supreme Court of Louisiana have expressed the opposite view from that sought to be drawn by counsel for the trustee from that case, and have stated that the De Monthly Case was decided in favor ,of the syndic because of the failure to show the reality and good faith of the transaction. In Judice v. Neda, 8 La. Ann. 484, the court said, referring to the De Monthly Case: “The sale made to the wife In that case was set aside because she had not brought herself within the letter or spirit of the proviso of the twenty-fourth section of that aet by showing the reality and good faith of the transaction.” In Lehman, Abraham & Co. v. Levy, 30 La. Ann. 745, the Supreme Court in the opinion (page 750) uses this language: “The dation en paiement purports to have been made in consideration, and in satisfaction in part, of that judgment. The judgment might be without effect as to creditors it certainly does not conclude them; hut the dation on paiement might be valid, because its validity would not depend on the judgment. but on the reality of the claims on which the judgment purports to have been rendered. The Revised Civil Code (article 2446) specially authorizes the transfer of property by the husband to the wife, ‘even though not separated, when it has a legitimate cause, as the replacing of her dotal or other effects alienated.’ Rabassa v. Casteen, 5 La. Ann. 493. The embarrassment of the husband is the sole ground on which the wife is authorized to demand a [472] separation of property. The greater the embarrassment, the greater the danger to her rights, and the greater the necessity for the separation. Mere IJecuniary embarrassment, which may be only temporary, is not so serious as actual insolvencyand neither the one nor the other is any obstacle to a transfer by the husband to the wife, in good faith, for the replacing of her money or property used or alienated by him. See Judice v. Neda, 8 La. Ann. 485, which interprets Lefebvre v. De Montilly, 1 La. Ann. 42. “The plaintiffs in this case attached the dation en paiement on two grounds: (1) That the judgment and transfer under it was simulated, fraudulent, and void; (2) that the claims of the wife, if she ever had any, were paid and satisfied by the two judgments obtained in 1850 and 186!). Two essentials are requisite for the validity of a dation en paiement by the husband to the wife: (1) That the husband should be really indebted to her; (2) that the fair value of the property given in payment should not exceed the amount actually due to her. It was the business of plaintiffs attacking the contract to have charged distinctly the causes for which they demanded its nullity, and, as there is no allegation, and no evidence tending to show, that the property transferred was worth or could have been sold for more than the amount' at which it was taken and received by tlie wife, it must be assumed that the valuation in the contract was fair.” The above extract seems to state the whole law oí the dation en paiement in Louisiana. It seems to be thoroughly recognized as a part of the jurisprudence 'of the state, and it .may be considered as thoroughly settled, we think, that a husband in failing circumstances may in good faith transfer to the wife property in payment of money due her where the property does not exceed in value the amount so due, and that such a transfer will be good against other creditors. This right is granted and controlled by section 2446 of the Civil Code of Louisiana, as follows: “Article 2446, (2421.)—A contract of sale, between husband and wife, can take place only in the three following cases: “1. When one of the spouses makes a transfer of property to the other who is judicially separated from him or her, in payment of his or her rights. “2. When the transfer made by the husband to his wife, even though not separated, has a legitimate cause, as the replacing of her dotal or other effects alienated. “3. When the wife makes a transfer of property to her husband, in payment of a sum promised to him as a dowry. “Saving, in these three cases, to the heirs'of the contracting parties, their rights, if there exist any indirect advantage.” Being thus a part of the settled policy of the state and fixed in its laws, this peculiar and superior right of the wife should be fully recognized and given effect by the court of bankruptcy sitting in Louisiana and passing on the relative right of creditors in this state. Another view of the matter may be stated. Section 60a and 60b of the bankruptcy act are aimed at transfers made within four months by which creditors obtain a greater percentage of their debts than “other of such creditors of the same class.” In Louisiana, as to such a transfer as that in question here, the wife stands in a class alone; there are no other creditors of the “same class.” Again, by the provisions of the bankruptcy act (section 64b [5]), such priorities as that given the wife under circumstances existing here are fully recognized and protected. We deem it unnecessary to discuss the matter of the legal mortgage given the wife by the laws of Louisiana for her property alienated by [473] the husband. We have been referred to various sections of the Civil Code of Louisiana bearing on this question, and it has been discussed by counsel in an interesting manner. We think, however, the case may be determined by the validity or nonvalidity, under the admitted facts in this case, of the dation en paiement, and we hold it to be valid and effective even under the provisions of the bankruptcy act. Therefore, any further consideration or discussion of the Louisiana law on this subject is unnecessary. The entire argument, really, of the learned counsel for the appellant is based, as we understand it, on the interpretation and effect he gives to the case of Lefebvre v. De Montilly, supra, and as we believe, in view of the other decisions of the Supreme Court of Louisiana, the construction sought to be given to that case is erroneous, the counsel’s contention is left unsupported. We think the case was correctly decided in the District Court, which upheld the validity of the transfer to the wife in this case, and determined that it was not a transfer which should be set aside under the bankruptcy act. The judgment is therefore affirmed.