Malcomson v. Reeves Pulley Co.

KNAPPEN, District Judge. The defendant in error, plaintiff below (hereafter called the plaintiff), recovered judgment against the plaintiff in error (defendant below) for $12,411.62, upon an alleged cause of action arising from these relations: On November 1, 1905, defendant contracted with plaintiff for the purchase of 500 “air-cooled” automobile engines, to be built by the plaintiff, and to be shipped in specified quantities each month over a period of six months, at the price of $320 per engine, net, f. o. b. plaintiff’s works at Columbus, Ind. The engines were guaranteed to “develop approximately 20 H. P. brake test.” The plaintiff’s proposal (which, together with defendant’s acceptance, made up the contract) contained this clause: “Engines to be tested and accepted at our plant, Columbus, Indiana, and in absence of your inspector our statement of H. P. to be accepted by you, and in any event the conditions of this guarantee to cease and terminate with shipment of engines.” It was provided that defendant might transfer his rights under the contract to any company with “a credit and personnel satisfactory” to plaintiff. On January 5, 1906, defendant assigned his rights under the contract to the Aérocar Company, of Detroit, Mich., of which company defendant was president. Plaintiff consented thereto on condition that defendant “remain liable as surety thereon.” The engines shipped under the contract do not appear to have proven satisfactory, and on July 7, 1906 (after 319 had been delivered), adjustment of the controversies arising was had by an agreement between plaintiff and the Aérocar Company, by which the latter agreed to settle for the motors up to that time delivered and not paid for at $300 per engine (less a rebate of $25 on each engine before paid for), by giving its promissory notes aggregating $27,542.14; and by which agreement plaintiff was required to “make all reasonable efforts to sell to third parties the balance of the — 941 — motors called for by said contract and not already shipped.” It was then provided that “any such motors not exceeding 10 in number remaining unsold January 1, 1907, shall he tested and inspected as provided by said contract dated November 1, lí)0ñ, and if answering such test and inspection shall at the option of Reeves Pulley ('ompam- be shipped to and accepted by the Aerocar Company at $300.00 per motor [a reduction of $20 from the original contract price] net f. o. b.” plaintiff’s works at Columbus, Ind. It was provided that the original contract should be otherwise canceled, and the Aerocar Company relieved from liability for further motors than provided by the agreement of July 7, 190(5. In connection with this adjustment, the defendant executed the instrument attached to the settlement contract in these words: “I hereby agree to guarantee payment by the Aerocar Company of all notes mentioned therein and of the motors by it to be accepted after January 1, DOT, in accordance with 1 he-terms of said proposition, provided (hat the said Reeves Pulley Company shall with its acceptance of this proposition relieve me from all further liability under said contract.” No further relations seem to have been had between the parties until December 12, 1906, when the Aerocar Company wrote plaintiff inquiring what success was already had in disposing of the 40 engines, and if any were still unsold, what: had been done toward selling them, expressing the hope that all would be disposed of, for the reason that it (the Aerocar Company) did not care for any more of plaintiff’s air-cooled engines. Plaintiff two days later replied to the letter that it would be able in due time to report regarding the engines, and that it was using every effort to dispose of them, that it had spent a large sum in advertising, and had “several matters in brew with reference to their disposition, but can not tell at this time whether we shall be successful.” The parties appear to have had no more relations upon the subject until January 3, 1907, when plaintiff sent the Aerocar Company a bill of lading of that date, together with an invoice for <1,0 engines at $300 each. The Aérocar Company at once wired plaintiff to hold the car of motors, and that it must insist upon its own inspection before shipment. Plaintiff replied that “engines were tested and inspected in compliance with the contract before shipping.” The Aerocar Company refused to receive or accept the engines, for the reason that it had had no opportunity to inspect them. Plaintiff’s proposition to allow the Aerocar Company to take its choice between those so shipped and certain others at the plaintiff’s factory was declined. Plaintiff accordingly brought suit against defendant, the Aerocar Company not having been sued. The declaration contains a special count upon the refusal of the Aerocar Company to accept and pay for the engines. It contained also the common counts in assumpsit, a bill of particulars under which demanded payment for “40 motors or engines furnished by the plaintiff to the Aerocar Company at $300.00 each, payment thereof being guaranteed by defendant.” Upon the trial plaintiff gave evidence tending to show that it had made all reasonable efforts to sell to third parties the balance of the engines called for by the original contract, but had failed to the extent of the 40 engines shipped. The record is not clear that plaintiff sold to other parties more than two of the engines originally contracted to de — 942 — fendant, or that more than 400 out of a total of 500 were ever built, the manufacture of “air-cooled” motors having been discontinued, by plaintiff in favor of the “water-cooled.” The plaintiff also gave evidence of an inspection by its own employés of each of the 40 engines in question at or within a few days after the dates of the completion of the respective engines, the inspection dates ranging from May 28, 1906, to September 27, 1906, and being fairly evenly distributed over that period. Abortt one-third of the engines were thus inspected previous to the agreement of July 7, 1906, and the last of them more than three months previous to January 1, 1907. Plaintiff also gave evidence tending to show that the method of test and inspection used was proper and effective. The defendant offered testimony tending to show that plaintiff’s method of inspection did not furnish an adequate test of the power of the engines. There was no testimony that either the Aérocar Company or the defendant had ever seen or inspected the engines or been given notice or opportunity to inspect, or to be present at plaintiff’s inspection; or that either the Aérocar Company or defendant knew when plaintiff’s inspections were had. At the conclusion of the evidence tire court, against the defendant’s objection and exception, struck out ail defendant’s testimony, upon the apparent ground that the inspections made by plaintiff’s employés at the time of the completion of the engines were binding and conclusive upon defendant in the absence of fraud, and that there was no evidence of such fraud, defendant’s counsel indeed disclaiming “intentional fraud” in that regard. Defendant’s motion to strike out the testimony on behalf of the plaintiff as to the tests, because made before January 1, 1907, and because not made in the presence or with the participation of the defendant or of the Aérocar Company, and without notice of the making of such tests or opportunity to have such representation, was overruled, and defendant’s i'equest for direction of a verdict in its favor for substantially the reasons stated in the motion referred to was denied; as was its request to be permitted to go to the jury upon the questions of fact whether reasonable efforts were made by plaintiff to sell the engines, and whether the engines were manufactured and tested as the contract required; and the jury peremptorily instructed to render a verdict for the plaintiff for $12,411.62. The assignment of errors raises for review the action of the court in each of the respects mentioned, as well as in other respects not necessary to mention. It is obvious that the court could have properly directed a verdict for the full purchase price only upon the theory that the Aérocar Company had actually accepted the engines. We say this because the measure of damages for the refusal of a vendee to accept a completely manufactured article is not the purchase price, but is the difference between the purchase price and the market value at the time and place when acceptance is required. This proposition is too well settled to require elaboration, or to justify more than the merest reference to authority. See Peters v. Cooper, 95 Mich. 191, 54 N. W. 694; Yellow Poplar Lumber Co. v. Chapman, 74 Fed. 444, 20 C. C. A. 503; Southern Cotton Oil Co. v. Heflin 99 Fed. 339, 39 C. C. A. 546, and cases cited. The fact, if it existed, that the engines should have been accepted was not sufficient to raise a liability for the full purchase price, but only for — 943 — lamagcs for failure to accept. There was no evidence of the value of die engines at the time it is alleged they should have been accepted, much less evidence tlial they were valueless. Unless, therefore, it appeared beyond dispute that the engines were in fact accepted by the Aérocar Company, -the court should not have directed a verdict for the purchase price, even assuming that the evidence showed beyond dispute that plaintiff had used all reasonable efforts to sell the engines to other parties. It is not seriously contended on the part of the plaintiff that there was any acceptance of the engines by the Aérocar Company except by virtue of the inspection of the engines by plaintiff’s employes, as the same were from time to time manufactured. A suggestion was, however, made upon the argument that a delivery sufficient to answer the requirements of a sale to that extent might be predicated upon the delivery of the motors to the carrier at plaintiff’s factory, and the acceptance by the carrier. No authority is presented, and we know of none, supporting a proposition that the delivery to a carrier chosen by plaintiff, without the vendee’s authority or knowledge, constitutes the carrier the agent of the vendee to accept the engines, as a sufficient compliance with the contract, and to waive thereby a right of inspection given by the contract. That such delivery does not work out an acceptance by the vendee seems clear. Grimes v. Van Vechten, 20 Mich. 410; Pope v. Allis, 115 U. S. 363, 372, 6 Sup. Ct. 69, 29 L. Ed. 393. Inasmuch as the contract provides that the engines are to be tested and accepted at plaintiffs plant, and makes plaintiff’s inspection, in the absence of tlie Aérocar Company’s inspector, a final acceptance by the vendee, an inspection and acceptance at the plant is, unless validly waived, a condition precedent to a right of action for the purchase price. Under such a contract the place of inspection is of the very essence. It has been repeatedly held that a statement in a mercantile contract descriptive of some material incident, such as the time and place of shipment, is ordinarily to be regarded as a condition precedent to the enforcement of the contract. Among the cases in which this proposition has been applied to the place of shipment are Norrington v. Wright, 115 U. S. 188, 6 Sup. Ct. 12, 29 L. Ed. 366; Filley v. Pope, 115 U. S. 213, 6 Sup. Ct. 19, 29 L. Ed. 372. In Cleveland Rolling Mills v. Rhodes, 121 U. S. 255, 7 Sup. Ct. 882, 30 L. Ed. 920, the proposition was applied to the time of shipment. No reason is apparent, and none is suggested, why the rule as to the necessity of compliance with respect to place and time of shipment should not equally apply to place and time of inspection. These considerations made it unnecessary for the Aérocar Company to make a test and inspection of the engines upon their arrival at Detroit. Plaintiff is thus compelled, in support of its contention that the engines were accepted by the Aérocar Company, to rely solely upon the proposition that the inspection by plaintiffs employés, made from day to day, extending over a period of nearly three months, had the force of an actual inspection and acceptance by the Aérocar Company, notwithstanding the latter had in fact never seen or inspected the engines, or been given notice or opportunity to inspect them, or to be present at plaintiff’s inspection, nor did it know when plaintiff’s inspections were — 944 — to be had. This proposition rests, as it must, upon the contention lint it was the duty of the Aérocar Company to have its representative at the factory whenever plaintiff should be ready to make an inspection. It is undoubtedly the rule that if the Aérocar Company had been represented by an inspector as the engines were manufactured and tested, and had such engines been allowed to pass without objection, an acceptance would thereby have been accomplished under the terms of the contract so thoroughly as to preclude a subsequent defense of failure to meet the warranty. Carleton v. Jenks, 80 Fed. 937, 26 C. C. A. 265; Dodge v. Dickson, Manfg. Co., 113 Fed. 218, 51 C. C. A. 175. Such, also, would be the effect under the contract in question had the Aérocar Company únreasonably neglected or refused to have an inspector present on notice that plaintiff was ready to have the inspection made. But a construction of the contract requiring the Aérocar Company to have its representative at the factory whenever plaintiff should be ready to inspect motors in connection with their completion, and' which has the effect of making the inspection on the part of plaintiff’s employés, in the absence of and without notice to the Aérocar Company, amount to an acceptance by the latter of the engines, is, to our minds, entirely unreasonable. In the first place, the inspection of the 40 engines in question (which required at the most, in the case of each engine, but a very few minutes) extended over a period of nearly 90 days, not more than 3 engines being inspected on a given day, and the intervals between such dates of inspection ranging from one to 15 days. Under the original contract of November 1, 1905, and the later agreement of July 7, 1906, the Aérocar Company was given the right to be present and participate in any test to be made of the engines, and the right to be notified of the time of such inspection is necessarily implied. As to the 13 engines inspected before July 7, 1906, the Aérocar Company cannot be held to have accepted plaintiff’s inspection as final unless it either expressly or by necessary implication waived such notice and right to be present and participate, as by refusing or unrea-j sonably delaying to appear when notified, or by a course of dealing so practically construing the contract as to require the Aérocar Company to inspect the engines as manufactured. As before said, there was no evidence of the existence of any of these features. But as to the 27 engines manufactured after July 7th, it is clear that the Aérocar Company was neither bound nor expected to make the inspection until after January 1, 1907. Until that time it could not be known with certainty that the Aérocar Company would be called on to inspect or accept any of the engines, as it was possible and it was hoped that all might be sold to other parties. An inspection before that date would thus have been unreasonable. Moreover, the language of the contract of July 7th leaves no room for argument on this proposition, even as against the Aérocar Company, for the express provision is that “all such motors not exceeding 40 in number remaining unsold January 1, 1907, shall be tested and inspected.” . But as to the defendant the case is, if anything, even more clear, for he guarantees the “payment by the Aérocar Company of * * * the motors by it to be accepted after January 1, 1907.” It is upon — 945 — this guaranty that suit is brought, and the plaintiff can recover only by bringing his case within its terms, viz., by showing motors accepted after January 1, 1907, and not paid for. Whether recovery could be had for the 13 motors made before July 7, 1906, on showing an actual acceptance of them before that date, we need not now discuss, as the question may never arise. Had recovery been sought upon the theory that the Aerocar Company refused to accept (upon inspection or refusal to inspect) engines which they should have accepted, the rules we have suggested above, as to the right, necessity, 'and time of inspection, would apply. The offer to substitute other engines for those shipped to Detroit in January, 1907, did not affect the defendant’s right to stand upon the provisions of the agreement as to an inspection and acceptance at plaintiff’s shops, for the reason that the Aerocar Company was merely given an option between the uninspected engines and engines which might or might not conform to inspection tests. The sufficiency of plaintiff’s tests — provided that they were had in good faith — would seem immaterial. If the Aerocar Company was not given the opportunity to participate in plaintiff’s inspection, the latter would cut no figure; and if, on the other hand, the Aerocar Company was given such opportunity but failed to take the benefit of it, the plaintiff’s tests (made in good faith) would have been conclusive. But as the record stood, the court should, without reference to other considerations, have directed a verdict for the defendant. The conclusions reached require a reversal of the judgment. The other questions raised by the assignments we pass by as unnecessary for consideration, in view of the conclusion reached. So far as they may be thought to involve error, they would seem unlikely to arise upon another trial. A question arises whether under the guaranty of July 7, 1906, the defendant could be held liable in an action on account of the refusal of the Aerocar Company to inspect the engines, even though such refusal was unjustified; or whether, on the other hand, defendant’s liability is limited to a guaranty of the payment of the purchase price of such engines as should actually be accepted; in other words, whether the guaranty can be construed as one of acceptance. We suggest this in view of the language of the instrument, which is in terms a guaranty of payment of two classes of items: first, the notes given for engines previously delivered; and, second, the engines “by it [the Aerocar Company] to be accepted after January 1, 1907”; •’and in view of the express release of the defendant from all liability under the contract except as provided by the terms of the guaranty. Inasmuch as a determination of this question is not necessary to a decision of the case here presented, and as it was not definitely raised in the court below and was not discussed in the briefs of counsel filed before the hearing in this court, we content ourselves with this reference. The judgment of the Circuit Court will be reversed, and a new trial ordered.