Southern Cotton Oil Co. v. Merchants' & Miners' Transp. Co.

HAND, District Judge (after stating the facts as above). It will be more simple, to consider this case first, as though the shipper were himself suing for the loss and afterwards to see what difference it makes that he has been paid by the London company. There being no common-law liability under tíre circumstances (Rev. St. § 4282 [U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 2943]), the carrier is only responsible because of the obligation contained in the words stamped on the bill of lading. These may be considered in two ways: First, as a direct covenant of insurance; second, as an undertaking to procure insurance elsewhere, to collect it, and pay the proceeds to the shipper. Doubtless the sec [135] ond is the more natural interpretation, and is that put upon similar words by Brown, J., in Gross v. N. Y. & T. S. S. Co. (D. C.) 107 Fed. 516. It is quite obvious, however, that the carrier’s policies do not permit the interpretation of being direct insurance upon the goods. This is true because they are expressly limited (except the Atlantic policy) as reinsurance of the carrier’s own risk. If the words on the bill of lading meant only that the carrier should procure direct insurance, he did not therefore perform the obligation, for he failed to procure such insurance. In view of these circumstances it would seem a more natural construction, in view of the fact that the carrier had already taken out these policies when he issued the bills of lading, to say that the obligation was to pay the shipper’s loss under the same contingencies as permitted him through his own reinsurance to throw the loss upon his own insurers. This I do not think was ultra vires a carrying corporation, and did not constitute doing an independent insurance business. The terms of his liability are then to be sought in his own reinsuring policies, just as though he had issued a policy to the shippers in the same words, mutatis mutandis, as the companies issued policies to him. In the five closed policies occur these words, added by the printed “rider,” presumably prepared and annexed by the carrier himself: “The amount hereby insured is to contribute pro rata with the whole amount of insurance on the merchandise at risk.” These words I must regard as incorporated into the carrier’s own obligation, and the question becomes, What is “the whole amount of the insurance on the merchandise at risk” ? Does that amount include as well both the Atlantic and the London policies, or does it include only the London and the five closed policies, or does it include simply the five policies which amount to $40,000 ? The “insurance,” within the meaning of the “rider,” did not include the Atlantic policy, which by its terms covered only so much of the loss as was over $40,000. If that policy were included in the total insurance which must contribute under the clause in the “rider,” the result would be to leave the insured partially uncovered; because if the Atlantic policy did not attach till the loss was over $40,000, and if the five policies could limit their liability tó a proportionate share of the loss based not only upon the five policies themselves, but also upon the Atlantic policy, a portion of the first $10,000 would be borne by the insured. Of course, nobody intended any such result, and it is obvious therefore that “the whole amount of insurance on the merchandise at risk” did not include the Atlantic policy, and that had it not been for the London policy the five annual policies would have borne between them the whole loss up to $40,000. The result of this reasoning may be shortly stated thus: That the “other insurance” contemplated by the_ “rider” did not include any which by its own terms was in effect limited not to share with annual policies themselves. Coming, now, to the London policy, the respondent urges that it contains the American clause, and that both in day of date and in day of the attachment of the risk it was the earliest insurance of all. This is true, but the libelant answers that in spite of this it contained the words already mentioned: [136] “This policy shall be null and void to the extent of any amount paid by or recoverable from any carrier and/or bailee.” And also the words: “This insurance shall not inure to the benefit of any lighterman or carrier whatsoever.” I agree that it would be an undue restriction of the words to limit them to the liability of the carrier as such. The contract was written in general words, and it should stand as it was written. It was not at all unreasonable, in view of section 4282, that the parties should contemplate just such a voluntary undertaking by the carrier against fire as arose in the case at.bar. So construed, by voluntary agreement, the parties would supply to their relations that part of the original common-law liability which the statute' had abrogated. The question, then, is of the meaning of the clauses, assuming that they apply to other insurance taken out by the carrier as well as to his common-law liability. The precise question always remains, however, what was the meaning of the clause in the “rider,” because it is only in accordance with the terms of his agreement that the carrier may be charged in respect of these policies. As I have shown above, the words in the “rider” could not have intended to include insurance upon which the shipper . could not have recovered while the five policies remained unexhausted. Therefore, if the shipper should have settled with the five policies for less than the full amount, and because he supposed that .he would retain rights against the London company, could he thereafter sue the London company for the balance? If he could do so, Í believe that it is contributing insurance under the clause in the “rider”; if not, it is not. If he should try to do this, would he not be met at once by the plea that such a recovery against the London policy would make it inure directly to the benefit of the carrier’s obligations? It is true that that clause more aptly includes the right of subrogation, but it is not quite clear that this result is precisely the equivalent of subrogation by the carrier to the shipper’s claim against the Londón policy. No doubt the result arises in a different way, but it is just the same, and the London policy would inure to the benefit of the carrier and exonerate him, quite as completely as though he filed a bill for subrogation. I think, therefore, that the London company clearly meant not to come into any contribution with the carrier, and that therefore the carrier may not use it as contributing insurance under the clause in the “rider.” The American clause in the London policy has, therefore, nothing to do with the question, for the whole policy was limited so as not to come into effect till the carrier’s liabilities were exhausted. In respect of the Atlantic policy the question is of the American clause in it as against the American clause in the London policy. Clause for clause the Atlantic policy must win, for it too was subsequent both as regards the respective rates when the risk attached and when the policies were issued. Brown, J., in Gross v. N. Y. & T. S. S. Co. (D. C.) 107 Fed. 516, 520, construes the words “shall have made any other assurance” as referring to the attachment of the risk, and in the casé at bar the shipper had “made” no'assurance with the Lon [137] don company prior to the date of the Atlantic policy in this sense. On the other hand, the insurance “made” by the shipper by virtue of the bill of lading was after the date of the London policy which would make that company liable. However, I think it is not necessary to decide that question, because the construction of the clause in the London policy, adopted above, excludes as well the Atlantic policy as the five annual policies. If the London policy bears that part of the loss which the Atlantic policy otherwise would bear, it has “inured” to the benefit of the carrier quite as truly as it would “inure” to the benefit of the five policies. If the Atlantic company could urge its exemption under the American clause, and if the London company could insist upon exemption under its own peculiar clause, then the shipper was in part uninsured; which cannot be. One must yield, and I think it reasonable that the “assurance made,” as referred to in the Atlantic policy, must he read as an assurance not so limited as to be null and void, if marshaled in a hotchpot along with the carrier’s obligations. Thus, even upon the assumption that the risk was the same, and the parties the same, in the carrier’s insurance effected by the bill of lading and in the London policy, still, by the necessary intention of the parties, I think the carrier must be understood as having intended not to exempt from his insurance that much of the risk which another insurer expressly declined to assume. The rights of the shipper being thus determined, the effect of the payment by the London company is exactly covered by the case of Bradley v. Lehigh Valley R. R. Co., 153 Fed. 350, 82 C. C. A. 426, and a decree is proper for the full amount of the loss against the respondent. A decree to that effect may therefore be entered.