Germania Savings Bank & Trust Co. v. Loeb

KNAPPEN, Circuit Judge (after stating the facts as above). [1] The first question presented is whether the agreement of February Sth between the Mercantile Company and the bank created, as to the then existing deposit balance of $5,098.53, a preferential transfer within the meaning of the%bankruptcy act. Section 60a of the act provides that: “A person shall be deemed to have given a preference, if, being insolvent, he has, within .four months before the filing of the petition * * * made a transfer of any of his property, and the effect of the enforcement of such * * * transfer will be to enable any one of his creditors to obtain a greater percentage of his debt than any other of such creditors of the same class.” Section 68a provides that: “In all cases of mutual debts or mutual credits between the estate of a bankrupt and a creditor the account shall be stated and one debt shall be set off against the other, and the balance only shall be allowed or paid.” It has been authoritatively decided by the Supreme Court, in considering these two sections, that the balance of a regular bank account at the time of filing the petition is a debt due to the bankrupt from the bank, and in the absence of fraud or collusion between the bank and the bankrupt, with the view of creating a preferential transfer, the bank need not surrender such balance, but may set it off against notes of the bankrupt held by it, and may prove its claim for the amount remaining due on the notes. N. Y. County National Bank v. Massey, 192 U. S. 138, 24 Sup. Ct. 199, 48 L. Ed. 380. — 289 — The Massey Case is decisive of the question we are considering, unless the case before us is distinguishable either by the fact that the notes here in question were not due at the time of the bankruptcy, or because of the existence of fraud or collusion between the bank and the Mercantile Company, with the view of creating a preferential transfer. As to the nonmaturity of the notes: [31 The word “debt,” as used in section 68a includes any debt provable in bankruptcy. Bankr. Act 1898, § 1, cl. 11; Loveland on Bankruptcy (3d Ed.) p. 369. And a debt is provable, whether due or not at the time of bankruptcy. Bankr. Act 1898, § 63a (1). It is thus immaterial to the application of section 68a whether or not the notes were due. Collier on Bankruptcy (8th Ed.) p. 793; Loveland on Bankruptcy (3d Ed.) p. 372; Moch v. Market St. National Bank (3d Circuit), 107 Fed. 897, 47 C. C. A. 49; In re Semmer Glass Co. (2d Circuit), 135 Fed. 77, 67 C. C. A. 551. [2 j A careful consideration of the record constrains us to the opinion that there was no fraud or collusion between the bank and the bankrupt for the purpose of creating a preferential transfer with respect to the deposit balance in question. It is not, and could not be, contended that there was any collusion in respect to creating this balance. If collusion existed, it must be found in the agreement between the bank and the Mercantile Company that the deposit should remain in the bank during the investigation of the solvency of the Mercantile Company, and for the purpose of permitting the bank to apply this balance upon its notes in case the Mercantile Company should turn out to be insolvent. This question must be answered in the light of existing conditions. The suggestion that the balance be not drawn upon came from the Mercantile Company’s attorney, because he thought such arrangement only fair to the bank as preventing prejudice to it, through its failure to take action to protect its interests, including the possible repudiation of the credit as obtained by misrepresentation. The Mercantile Company was at the time actually insolvent. The bank had the power (as distinguished from the right) to refuse checks upon its deposit balance. If the Mercantile Company proved insolvent, or the credit turned out to have been obtained by fraudulent misrepresentations, the bank had the right to so refuse. Such refusal would naturally have tended to precipitate hostile action by die creditors of the Mercantile Company, and when the condition of the company was actually learned would naturally have brought about bankruptcy proceedings. It was, to our minds, entirely proper that the Mercantile Company should, in these circumstances, arrange for a continuance of the existing status, which, should the Mercantile Company prove solvent, would be of benefit to it, and, should it prove insolvent, wvmld merely give the bank the same rights as it would have if then existing insolvency were recognized. The transaction in no sense amounted to a hypothecation of this balance, as suggested by ap-pellee’s counsel. The fact that the bank had reason to believe the Mercantile Company was insolvent did not affect its right to set-off. In the Massey Case a portion of the deposits held applicable by way — 290 — of set-off were made after the bank had knowledge of the debtor’s insolvency. The testimony of the attorney of the Mercantile Company, in our opinion, distinctly repels the inference of an intent to give the bank a preference. We think the bank should have been allowed to offset the deposit balance of February 5th upon the bank’s notes. As to the balance of deposits made after February 5th: If the bank held these deposits as trustee for the Mercantile Company, the right to set off the same against the latter’s notes did not exist. Under the authority of Western Tie & Timber Co. v. Brown, 196 U. S. 502, 25 Sup. Ct. 339, 49 L. Ed. 571, the bank was entitled to prove its debt with the set-off in question eliminated, but remained a debtor to the bankrupt for the amount of the deposits; and if such trust relation existed, the action taken by the court in protection of the bankrupt’s estate, with respect to dividends on the bank’s claim, in case of the latter’s failure to make payment of the trust fund, was proper, unless as regards the award of execution for balance not covered by dividends, as to which question we do not find it necessary to express an opinion. The alleged trust relation, including the conversion recognized by the District Judge, rests upon the existence of an understanding between the bank and the Mercantile Company that the latter should be at liberty to withdraw the entire amount of its deposits made after February 5th, and that the bank should not be at liberty to set off against the Mercantile Company’s notes any balance that should not be so drawn out, and that such deposits were not made in the ordinary course of business, but became in fact a special deposit. Upon a careful examination of the record, we are constrained to hold that the evidence does not warrant such conclusion. The referee has not found as a fact that there was any agreement to that effect between the parties, or even an understanding to that effect on the part of the bank. As we read the record, there is no direct testimony of any express agreement or mutual understanding to that effect. There is nothing in the testimony of the bank’s attorney which, in our opinion, warrants such inference. On the other hand, the attorney for the Mercantile Company, while testifying to the statement to the bank’s attorney that he would see that the Mercantile Company should not make withdrawals in excess of the new deposits, does not state that the bank was even asked to agree that all the new deposits might be checked against. The substance of the testimony of the Mercantile Company’s attorney on this point is that he was anxious to have the banking relations continued without hostile steps upon the part of the bank, and that in order to induce the latter to continue such relations he agreed that the bank’s status should not be impaired by an attempt on the part of the Mercantile Company to withdraw more than it should deposit. It is true that the Mercantile Company’s attornej' testified that his “idea was that the proposition was that the Block Mercantile Company should be absolutely free to withdraw every cent that it deposited after that date,” and that “if there had been any scheme on the part of the bank, or anything that would have kept us from using the money dur — 291 — ing this investigation, I would have had to make some other arrangement and found another place to deposit,” and that if he had understood in his own mind that his clients could not withdraw against subsequent deposits he would not have advised them to make their deposits in the same bank. To the definite question as to the bank’s acceptance or rejection of the suggestion he replied: “I want to say tliis: That Mr. Hirsli [the bank’s attorney] was pressing me for information which I did not have, and I was holding him up until I could get it, so it looked to me like a fair proposition. Now, as to whether that was accepted or rejected, in this way it must have been that 1 thought it was going to go through. I mean by that certainly I would he permitted to withdraw against deposits, or I never would have done It.” And again: “I have stated repeatedly in this examination that I could not remember what answer that Mr. Hirsh made to my suggestion, as to continuing present deposits intact aud the subsequent deposits to be withdrawn.” This testimony, in our opinion, falls short of evidencing a contract or understanding whereby the Mercantile Company should, under any and all circumstances,' have the right to draw out all the new deposits, or whereby the new deposits should be held in any way as a special deposit differing from the ordinary bank deposit. The attorney of the Mercantile Company seems not unnaturally to have assumed that so long as the Mercantile Company was continuing to do business in the usual way, and in advance of a development of its insolvency, cheeks on the bank account would be honored. But we find no agreement or mutual understanding to that effect. Such course was in fact taken; for it was not until after the accounting of the Mercantile Company’s affairs was completed, showing that its financial condition was much worse than believed by its attorney on February 5th, and suggesting probable insolvency, and indicating that a portion at least of the credit extended to the Mercantile Company was procured by false representations, that the bank refused to honor further checks. In our opinion there was, to say the least, no room for finding an understanding between the hank and the bankrupt that the bank waived its right of set off on account of any balance that might remain after such situation was found to exist. Nor do we think that the fact that the bankrupt’s business was during the examination of its affairs being managed by subordinates, rather than by its usual officers, changed the nature of the deposits from the ordinary relation. Did the application upon the bankrupt’s notes of the amount of the hank deposits made after February 5th amount to an unlawful preference under the bankruptcy act? Neither the referee nor the judge so found, nor are we able to so find. It is true that on and after the 5th of February the bank bad reason to believe that the Mercantile Company was insolvent. It is also true that the application upon the bank's debt of this balance of deposits, accumulated after notice of possible insolvency of the Mercantile Company, in fact enables the bank to obtain a greater dividend on its claim than creditors generally obtained. But, unless it was the intention of the parties to so accumulate deposits for the purpose of preferring the bank, the transaction did not — 292 — create a preference under the bankrupt act. This view is supported by the case of New York County Bank v. Massey, supra. As before remarked, a considerable portion of the deposits allowed as a set-oif in that case was made after actual knowledge on the part of the bank of the insolvency of its customer. As said in that case, speaking of a deposit of money to one’s credit in a bank: "It is true that it creates a debt, which, if the creditor may set it off under section 68, amounts to permitting a creditor of that class to obtain more from the bankrupt’s estate than creditors who are not in the same situation, and do not hold any debts of the bankrupt subject to set-oif. But this does not, in our opinion, operate to enlarge the scope of the statute defining preferences so as to prevent set-off in cases coming within the terms of section 08a. If this argument were to prevail, it would in cases of insolvency defeat the right of set-off recognized and enforced in the law, as every creditor of the bankrupt holding a claim against the estate subject to reduction to the full amount of a debt due the bankrupt receives a preference in the fact that to the extent of the set-off he is paid in full.” We not only find nothing in the record to sustain an inference that it was the intention of the parties to give a preference to the bank, but, on the other hand, the testimony of the bankrupt’s attorney emphatically negatives such intention. He says: "There was no arrangement made by which the Block Mercantile Company were to make deposits for the purp.ose of exceeding its withdrawals.” And again, in reply to a question whether there was any suggestion, direct or indirect, that the deposits of the Mercantile Company should be made so that the bank’s debt would be paid in the event of bankruptcy, he said: "There was no such arrangement, and there was nothing said at that time or in that conversation that even savored of such an arrangement. At that time I had no idea that there would ever be a bankruptcy proceeding.” For these reasons we are constrained to hold that there was error in not allowing the set-off as to the deposits made after February 5th, as well as the balance existing on that date. It follows, from the views we have expressed, that the order of the District Court should be reversed, with directions to allow the balance claimed in full after the application thereon, by way of set-off, of the entire amount of bankrupt’s deposit balance in the bank.