Union Insurance v. United States

*763 The CHIEF JUSTICE delivered the opinion of the court. The first questions in this cause relate to jurisdiction. It was urged in argument, that the act of Congress does not authorize the proceedings instituted in the Circuit Court. The answer to this proposition must be determined by the construction of the act. It is sufficiently obvious that the general object of the enactment was to promote the suppression of rebellion by subjecting property employed in aid of it with the owner’s consent, to confiscation. It extended to all descriptions of property, real or personal, on land or on water. All alike were made subjects of prize and capture, and, under the direction of the President, of seizure, confiscation, and condemnation. The act must be construed with reference to this general purpose. In ordinary use the words “prizes and capture” refer, doubtless, to captures on water as maritime prize; but in the section under consideration here they plainly refer to property taken on land as well as on water, and the duties prescribed to the President include the taking of this property by civil process as well as by naval or military force, and sanction proceedings for confiscation and condemnation in civil courts without regard to the mode of seizure. • The second and third sections of the statute prescribe the action to be taken in the courts. This action is described, generally, in the third section, as “ proceedings for condemnation,” to be instituted by the attorney-general, or any district attorney. And jurisdiction of these “proceedings” is given to the District or Circuit Court having jurisdiction of the amount, or in admiralty, in any district where the property is seized or into which it may be taken. This language is certainly not clear. But we think that the construction which, as we understand, has been generally adopted in the District and Circuit Courts in cases of proceedings for the condemnation of real estate or property on land, is substantially correct. That construction treats the grant of jurisdiction in admiralty as a grant of jurisdiction of the “ proceedings of condemnation” to the Circuit or Dis *764 trict Court according to the amount in suit; with power to both courts to shape those “ proceedings ” in general conformity to the practice in admiralty. Such proceedings do not necessarily constitute a cause in admiralty. When instituted for condemnation of property on land, they have relation exclusively to matters which, in their nature, are not of admiralty cognizance. But Congress may, doubtless, give jurisdiction of such proceedings to the Circuit as well as to the District Courts, and may authorize the exercise of this statutory jurisdiction in the form and modes analogous to those used in admiralty. And this, we think, was the purpose of the act. The difficulty of construction arises from the terms in which jurisdiction is granted “ to any District or Circuit Court having jurisdiction of the amount, or in admiralty, in any district where the property is found.” It is said that the use of the disjunctive “or” restricts the jurisdiction in admiralty to the District Courts'. And this view is certainly not without some warrant in the phraseology of the act. But when we look beyond the mere words to the obvious intent we cannot help seeing that the word “or” must be taken conjunctively; and that the sense of the law is that both the Circuit and the District Courts shall have jurisdiction “ accoi’ding to the amount” and “ in admiralty.” This construction impairs no rights of parties. In cases of seizures on land the right of trial by jury is not infringed. In such cases the proceeding must be in general conformity to the course in admiralty; but issues of fact, on the demand of either party, must be tried by jury. * Where the seizure is made on navigable waters, the course of admiralty may be strictly observed. That this construction carries into effect the true intention of Congress sufficiently appears on reference to the act of July 17th, 1862, † in which it is provided expressly that proceedings for confiscation shall conform as nearly as may be to proceedings in admiralty or revenue cases. *765 We think, therefore, that the Circuit Court had jurisdiction of the cause. It remains to be considered whether the decree of the court can be reviewed here on appeal. No appeal is expressly provided by the act of 1861. The Constitution, however, gives to this court appellate jurisdiction in all cases of which the inferior courts of the United States have original jurisdiction, subject to such exceptions and regulations as Congress shall make; and the act of 1803 * provides, generally, for appeals from decisions in admiralty. Some of the judges think it a reasonable cónstruction of the act that it was not intended to except decrees under it from the appellate jurisdiction of this court; but that it was intended to apply to them the general regulations of admiralty proceedings in respect to appellate as well as to original jurisdiction ; while a majority of the court is of opinion that appellate jurisdiction may be'taken of the cause, because the proceedings below, though in a case of common law jurisdiction, were substantially according to the course in admiralty ; but only for the purpose of reversing the decree of the Circuit Court as irregular, and directing a new trial. † We proceed then to the questions arising upon the merits. There is no reasonable doubt that the Cooks established their manufactory of arms on the ground leased by him to them with the full knowledge and consent of Leonce Burthe. It thus became within the express terms of the act the lawful subject of prize and capture from the time of that establishment. The evidence in respect to the rights of the insurance company is not so clear. To the extent of the interest created by the mortgage the company may, doubtless, be properly regarded as owner. But there is no direct proof of consent to the unlawful use; and, indeed, no proof at all, except the fact of taking the mortgage, and it does not appear that the Cooks had taken possession under their lease *766 before the execution of the mortgage. "We do not think this evidence of consent sufficient to support a forfeiture. Th¿ counsel for the company very properly abandoned any claim under the judgment recovered for the balance due on the mortgage note. The forfeiture was incurred when the Cooks went into actual use of the premises under the lease, and the subsequent seizure for condemnation divested all intermediate liens. The decree of the Circuit Court must be reversed as irregulai’, and the cause remanded for new trial in confoi’mity with this opinion. The property seized having been real estate, the proceedings on the new trial must be conformed in respect to trial by juiy and exceptions to evidence to the course of proceeding by infox’mation on the common law side of the court in cases of seizure upon land. * Footnotes [*] The Sarah, 8 Wheaton, 394. [†] 12 Stat. at Large, 591, § 7. [*] 2 Stat, at Large, 244. [†] The Sarah, 8 Wheaton, 391. [*] The Vengeance, 3 Dallas, 297; The Sarah, 8 Wheaton, 391.