Brown v. Detroit Trust Co.

KN.APPEN, Circuit judge. In the matter of the Brown Hotel Company, bankrupt, the referee made an order November 15, 1910, requiring Brown, who was president of the bankrupt company, to either vacate and surrender to the trustee “forthwith and within three days after service of a copy of this order upon him,” a certain suite of rooms in the building belonging to the bankrupt estate, or to pay rent therefor at the rate of $100 per month from September 8th next preceding. The referee also recommended that, if the order referred to was not complied with. Brown he punished for contempt. On November 18th Brown filed petition for review" of this order. The proceedings were duly certified to the district judge. On January 12, 1911, the latter made an order overruling Brown’s exceptions to the referee’s order; also adjudging Brown guilty of contempt in refusing to comply with it, and decreeing that “he pay to the United Stales a fine of $200 and the costs of these proceedings, and that he stand committed to the custody of the marshal of this court until said fine atid costs shall have been paid.” Both appeal and writ of error to this court were allowed. The trustee moved to dismiss both the appeal and the writ, the determination of the motion being postponed until hearing upon the merits. Brown later filed petition for revision under section 24b of the bankrupt act (Act July 1, 1898, c. 541. 30 Stat. 553 [U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 3432]), but no orders have been made or proceedings had thereunder. f 1 ] So far as concerns the order declaring the contempt and adjudging the punishment, we think writ of error the proper method of review. The fine was required to he paid to the United States as a punishment, and not as compensation to the opposite party for his damages. Compliance with the order for a surrender of the preim ises would not relieve from payment of the fine. The order, both for surrender of possession and payment of fine, was final. The order of punishment was in effect a criminal judgment, and so review able here by writ of error. Bessette v. W. B. Conkey Co., 194 U. S. 324; 338, 24 Sup. Ct. 665, 48 L. Ed. 997; Doyle v. London Guaranty, etc., Co., 204 U. S. 599, 605, 27 Sup. Ct. 313, 51 L. Ed. 641. See, [624] also, Bullock Elec. & Mfg. Co. v. Westinghouse Co. (C. C. A. 6) 129 Fed. 105, 63 C. C. A. 607; Clay v. Waters (C. C. A. 8) 178 Fed. 385, 101 C. C. A. 645; In re Grove (C. C. A. 3) 180 Fed. 62, 103 C. C. A. 416. The trustee contends that the order for surrender of possession was made in a proceeding in bankruptcy, and not in a controversy arising under the act, and that, therefore, review cannot be had by appeal or writ of error under section 24a, but only by petition to revise under 24b. In the view we take of the merits of this feature of the order, it is unnecessary to decide the question of remedy referred to. We think the district judge rightly refused to interfere with the referee's order. At the time of the bankruptcy, Brown was occupying a suite of rooms by virtue of his employment by the hotel. company, and as part of his compensation therefor. Bankruptcy occurred July 19, 1910, and after this date no services were rendered by Brown to the bankrupt company. The receiver was appointed July 20th, the trustee was appointed September 8th, but final receipt was not given by the latter for the building until September 23d or 24th. Brown had a license to sell liquor upon the premises, and the receiver permitted Brown to occupy the suite in consideration of the beneficial use by the receiver of the liquor license. No such agreement was made with the trustee. The latter, on October 20th, rendered Brown a bill for rent claimed to b"e due, and, on Brown’s demanding an itemized statement, one was rendered October 21st, claiming rent from July 20th, and without credit on account of the license feature. Brown contended before the referee that he had become a tenant at will or by sufferance, and so under the Michigan law was entitled to three months’ notice to quit, and this.was the substantial controversy before the referee. Such tenancy, if it existed, would, under the Michigan law, require a three months’ notice for its termination. It is unnecessary to determine whether the relation of landlord and tenant existed as between Brown and the hotel company. We understand no claim to be made that a tenancy at will or by sufferance was created, unless by the act of the receiver or the trustee or both. Brown claims his case is brought within School District v. Batsche, 106 Mich. 330, 64 N. W. 196, 29 L. R. A. 576, where it is said that: “The rule is that the person in possession of land lawfully, who holds over without right, becomes a tenant at sufferance, if the owner suffers him to remain in'possession a sufficient length of time to imply an intentional acquiescence in the occupancy, and it is not necessary that the previous holding be that of a tenant. An express consent to occupancy is not necessary to create such a tenancy.” In that case there was quoted with approval the statement in Kerrains v. People, 60 N. Y. 221, 19 Am. Rep. 158, that: “In order to have the effect to create a tenancy by sufferance, the occupancy must be sufficiently long to warrant an inference,of consent to a different holding; but we are aware of no case which fixes the precise time within which such consent may be inferred.” [2] The referee -rightly held that the arrangement between Brown and the receiver was founded upon an unlawful consideration, and [625] therefore void. This proposition of law does not seem to be disputed. [3] The objection that there was no evidence to sustain the finding of fact falls because the fact was so alleged in the answer to the trustee’s petition to require surrender, which answer may be taken as an admission. The referee held, however, that such arrangement “establishes as a matter of law the claim and right under which Brown remained in possession up to September 8th, and that time cannot be computed to establish a tenancy at will or by sufferance.” We think this holding correct, both for the reason stated by the referee and because of the temporary nature of (he receiver’s possession and authority. The referee concluded that: The “delay of the trustee from September 8th, when it qualified, or from September 23 st, when it was given full possession of the Charlevoix Hotel, was not such a delay as to create a tenancy at will or by sufferance, If any such tenancy could be created at all by tlie trustee, and which is doubtful.” We cannot say that this conclusion of fact is not supported by the evidence. No claim is made of a continued occupancy under alleged authority of a lease from the hotel company, nor of a holding from month to month by agreement with the trustee. It is apparent that previous to the commencement of proceedings to remove Brown from the suite the real controversy was over his right to set off the beneficial use of the liquor license against the rental charged. The conclusion reached upon this branch of (he case makes it unnecessary to consider the effect of the petition to revise, or to take that proceeding into account. [4] But, while the district judge rightly refused to disturb the referee’s order requiring surrender of the premises, the question remains whether the order adjudging Brown guilty of contempt, and inflicting punishment for not complying with the order of surrender, was authorized. By the certificate of the clerk of the District Court filed in this court on the hearing it appears that Brown “paid into court” the fine in question on the day it was imposed, and tiiat the fine was on the same day “deposited to the credit of the Treasurer of the United States.” Brown asks that the fine “be remitted” upon a reversal of the contempt order. The payment of the fine raises the question (although the point is not made by defendant in error) whether the right of review has thereby been waived, or a moot question created. There are decisions under which both questions would be answered in the affirmative. Many of the decisions sustaining-waiver are based upon the theory of voluntary payment. The circumstances of the payment in question here do not appear. It is the general rule that: “Where a judgment appealed from cannot be affected by the decision of the appellate court, the case becomes a moot one, and the appeal should be dismissed.” United States v. Evans, 213 U. S. 297, 29 Sup. Ct. 507, 53 L. Ed. 803; Meyers v. Cheesman (C. C. A. 6) 174 Fed. 783, 98 C. C. A. 491. See, also, Bucks Stove, etc., Co. v. Amer. Federation of Labor, 219 U. S. 581, 31 Sup. Ct. 472, 55 L. Ed. 345. [626] Is it clear, however, that the judgment in question cannot be affected by its reversal here? In Barthelemey v. People, 2 Hill (N. Y.) 248, it was held that: The “payment or satisfaction of an erroneous judgment against a party ■can never be allowed as a bar to a writ of error, even in a case where we must see that no restitution can follow the reversal as a legal consequence, and no costs be recovered. An erroneous judgment against him is an injury per se, from which the law will intend that he is or will be damnified by its continuing against him unreversed.” In Commonwealth v. Fleckner, 167 Mass. 13, 44 N. E. 1053, Mr. Justice Holmes, in construing a statute providing that the allowing of exceptions should not stay execution or sentence, in the absence of judicial certificate of reasonable doubt whether the judgment should stand, said: “We should be slow to suppose that the Legislature meant to take away the right to undo the disgrace and legal discredit of a conviction * * * merely because a wrongfully convicted person has paid his fine or served his term. The fact that no indemnity is provided by this act is far from enough to lead us to that conclusion. Of course, the payment of the fine in accordance with the sentence was not a consent to the sentence, but a payment under duress.” In United States v. Rothstein (C. C. A. 7) 187 Fed. 268, 269, 109 C. C. A, 521, 522, in affirming the recovery against the United States for a fine imposed in a criminal case, 'it was said: “Payment of the fine, even if the judgment of conviction was void, is not to be deemed a voluntary contribution to the government, and therefore is not a bar, if a recovery in other respects is sustainable.” Certainly, if restitution is possible, the judgment appealed from would be effected by the reversal. In the courts of the United States the rule is broadly settled that upon the reversal of an erroneous judgment the law raises an obligation in the party to the record who has received the benefit of the judgment to make restitution to the other party for what he has lost, and that the mode of effecting this result may be regulated according to circumstances. See Bank of United States v. Bank of Washington, 6 Pet. 8, 8 L. Ed. 299; Ex parte Without deciding that on reversal of the contempt order restitution of the fine paid could be enforced.under the Tucker act (24 Stat. at L. 505 [U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 752]), and while we are of opinion that this court has no authority to direct restitution, it certainly is not so clear that remedy therefor is not open as to justify us in refusing to consider the legality of the contempt order. [5] Upon the merits, we are constrained to hold that this order was unauthorized. Brown could not have been in contempt for disobeying the referee’s order. That order allowed him three days in which to make payment or vacate. It was dated November 15th, .and was not filed until the next day. Brown had thus at least the [627] entire of November 18th in which,to take such action. B. A. § 31. On that date he took proceedings to review the referee’s order to surrender. These proceedings were matter of right, and suspended the operation of the referee’s order. While such was, of course, not the intention of the District Court, the effect of its order was to expose Brown to punishment for taking proceedings to review. We say this because the order declaring and punishing the alleged contempt was made in connection with, and at the same time as, the order overruling the exceptions to the referee’s order. It was not, and could not have been, based upon a failure to comply with the order of the District Court, lor that order gave him 24 hours, after notice and service thereof, in which to surrender the suite. On the contrary, Brown was adjudged “guilty of disobedience of the order of the said refpree in refusing to vacate the suite of rooms referred to in the order of said referee,” etc. The order of the District Court requiring surrender of the rooms will be affirmed. So much of the order as adjudged plaintiff in error guilty of contempt, and imposed punishment therefor, will be reversed.