Murch Bros. Const. Co. v. Johnson

SATER, District Judge. [1, 2] The plaintiff in error (hereinafter called the defendant) seeks a reversal of the judgment in favor of the defendant in error (hereinafter called the plaintiff) for personal injuries. At the conclusion of all the evidence both parties moved for a directed verdict. The court in accordance with the rule announced in American Nat. Bank v. Miller, 185 Fed. 338, 107 C. C. A. 456, directed for the plaintiff and instructed the jury to fix the amount of damages. In reviewing the case we. must therefore adopt that view of the facts, expressly proved or reasonably inferable, which is most favorable to the plaintiff. Observing such rule, we find the facts to be as follows: On September 2, 1909, the defendant, as general contractor, engaged with the Central Bank & Trust Company to furnish all the labor and — 3 — material for the erection of, and to erect for it, according to the plans and specifications, a bank and office building in Memphis, Teun. It sublet the marble work to a marble company and the concrete work to a firm, both of which subcontracting parties were admittedly independent contractors. The defendant, however, had entire charge, custody, and control of the building from the time it was begun until it was completed, delivered to, and accepted by the Trust Company, and kept a superintendent on the premises for several hours each day to supervise its construction. He also had control of the placing of the various kinds of material brought into the building preparatory to its installation. The plaintiff at the time he was injured was in the employ of the above-mentioned subcontracting firm as a day laborer on concrete work, and had been thus employed for some four or five weeks, during which time the workmen employed about the building, without the defendant’s express authorization but with its knowledge and acquiescence, repaired at the noon hour to the room on the ground floor designed for banking purposes to eat their dinners. The room had been prepared by them for such purpose. They were accustomed to seat themselves when eating at such places as suited their convenience, without suggestion or direction from the defendant. As marble for the building arrived, it was necessary to store a portion of it temporarily in the building. With permission of the defendant’s superintendent, it was placed by the marble company in the bank room until the portions of the building for which it was intended were ready to receive if. The defendant exercised no supervision or control over such company’s employes, nor did it give any instructions as to how the material should be arranged. The places at which it was located within the room were designated by the defendant’s superintendent. Some of it was placed on its edge lengthwise on the floor and leaned against the wall. Another portion, consisting of slabs, was stacked in an inclining position against a column. The slabs were about five or six feet in length, from one and a half to two feet in width, and about two inches in thickness. Their lower ends, to avoid chipping, were placed on a plank, used with defendant’s permission, which rested loosely on the concrete floor, and lay against another plank used as a run or walkway. There is no prescribed method of piling marble, hut the safer way, when the mate-i rial is of the dimensions named, is to place it lengthwise on its edge, instead of upright on its end. The slabs were plainly visible to any one in and about the room and were seemingly harmless, but, in fact, were insecurely placed, and liable to fall, if jostled, and each was of such weight as might seriously injure any one whom it might strike. Both the plaintiff and one of the Murch brothers were present in the room at the time and after tlie slabs were thus stacked, but the plaintiff was wholly inexperienced as to handling and piling the same, and did not know and was not warned of any danger incident thereto. On the opposite side of the street there was another building in process of erection, with which, however, none of the parties herein mentioned had any connection. The workmen from such building at noon intermissions frequently came to the hank building, with the knowledge of the defendant and without its objection, to visit persons there employed. On the day of the accident, which was some three or four days subsequent to — 4 — the stacking of the marble as above mentioned, one of the visiting workmen from the building across the street, while walking on the plank runway near the stacked marble, near which the plaintiff was sitting on a tool chest eating his dinner, struck with his foot or shook the plank on which the marble slabs rested, causing some of them to fall, one of which struck the plaintiff edgewise on or about the' knee, inflicting an injury. He thereupon sued the defendant for damages. The defendant’s principal contentions are: (1) The plaintiff’s injury was due to the collateral negligence of an independent contractor, for which the defendant as a general contractor is not liable, the present case not coming within any of the exceptions which affix liability to a general contractor; (2) the proximate cause of the plaintiff’s injury was the intervening act of a trespasser in the building at the lunch hour on an errand of his own and who was not in the employ of any one connected with the building in the course of construction. The plaintiff’s insistence is that it was the defendant’s duty to keep the building in a reasonably safe condition for all employés therein, and that such duty was not delegable. [3, 4] The doctrine of independent contractor is that one who lets work to be done by another according tp such other’s own methods and without being subject to the control of his employer, except as to the result of his work, is not liable to third persons for injury resulting from the negligence of the contractor or his servants. In the present case, however, the defendant’s control of the building into which, through its assent, there was introduced by its subcontractor a newly created danger, rendered the defendant liable to one who, without fault on his part, was injured in consequence, if the defendant’s duty was to protect the injured person from such danger and there was personal fault, and neglect of duty on its part. Samuelson v. Cleveland Iron Min. Co., 49 Mich. 164, 171, 13 N. W. 499, 43 Am. Rep. 456. [5] The practice of the workmen about the building to congregate in the bank room to eat their dinners was well defined and continuous, and with the knowledge and acquiescence of the defendant. Conceding, without deciding, that, while not engaged in the course of their employment, they were not entitled to the protection of employés from their respective masters, they nevertheless were not mere strangers to the defendant to whom no duty was owing. The defendant, knowing that the room was thus used and failing to object thereto, impliedly licensed them to use it for that purpose. Ellsworth v. Metheny, 104 Fed. 119, 122, 44 C. C. A. 484, 51 L. R. A. 389 (C. C. A. 6). Until the marble was stored in it, the room was apparently free frqm peril and reasonably fit and safé for the use to which it was appropriated. In view of the defendant’s knowledge of and continued implied assent to the daily use of such place for the purpose stated, it was bound -to anticipate the presence of the woi'kmen there at the, noon hour, and having consented that the situation might be changed by the introduction of marble into the room, it was bound to see that care commensurate with the circumstances was exercised in so stacking it as to avoid injury to them. As it suffered the change to be — 5 — so made as to import into a place of former safety an element of peril, of which the plaintiff was ignorant and could not know in the exercise of due care to avoid injury, its duty was to give reasonable warning of the danger to he encountered. The defendant could not, by employing the marble company, free itself of its own duty to its licensees, although they were servants of independent contractors. The defendant having intrusted to that company the performance of its' duty to see that the marble was safely stacked for the protection of its licensees, such duty was performed by it through such company, and it is responsible for the discharge of the same. Had the obstruction created in the room been purely collateral to the work contracted to be done and entirely the result of the wrongful acts of the marble companj-, the defendant would not be liable. But the obstruction which occasioned the injury to defendant was the direct result of an act which the marble company was authorized to do, and the defendant, who awarded to it the contract for the marble work and authorized it to bring the marble into the building and store it there, is liable for the injury due to its negligent stacking, although the marble company may also be required to answer in damages. Robbins v. Chicago, 4 Wall. 657, 18 L. Ed. 427; Bailey, Pers. Inj. (2d. Ed.) 122. The injury was not due to the sole negligence of the marble company. It resulted from a cause which could have been prevented by the defendant, and which it ought to have foreseen and against which it -ought to have guarded. That the performance of the entire marble work rested on an independent contractor did not, under the circumstances of this case, absolve the defendant from seeing that the marble was so stacked as not to inflict injury on the workmen or reasonably warning them of the added peril. Having failed to discharge its duty in these respects, and such failure having been, withotit plaintiff’s fault, the direct and proximate cause of the injury to him as one of its licensees, the defendant was guilty of active culpable negligence, and was rightfully adjudged to respond in damages. It was the defendant’s negligence of this character which fixes its liability. The liability of a person, situated as the defendant was, for active as distinguished from passive negligence, is pointed out with great clearness and force by Judge (now Mr. Justice) burton in the following language in Felton v. Aubrey, 74 Fed. 350, 358, 359, 20 C. C. A. 436, 444: “It seems to us that many oE the American cases which we have cited failed to draw the proper distinction Between the liability of an owner of premises to persons who sustain injuries as a result of the mere condition of the premises, and those who come to harm by reason of subsequent conduct of the licensor inconsistent with the safety of persons permitted to go upon the premises, and whom he was bound to anticipate might avail themselves of his license. This distinction, seems to be sharply emphasized in the case of. Corby v. Hill, 4 C. B. (N. S.) 562, and is a distinction which should not be overlooked. If there he any substantial difference between the legal consequence of permitting another to use one’s premises and inviting or inducing such use, the distinction lies in the difference between active and the merely passive conduct of such a proprietor. It may be entirely consistent with sound morals and proper regard for the rights of others that the owner of . the premises should not be held liable to one who gets upon another's premises for his own uses, and sustains some injury by reason of the unfitness — 6 — of the premises for such uses, not subsequently brought about by the active interference of the owner. If such person goes there by mere sufferance or naked license, it would seem reasonable that he should pick his way, and accept the grace, subject to the risks \yhich will pertain to the situation. But, on the other hand, if, with knowledge that such person will avail himself of the license, the owner actively change the situation by digging a pitfall, or opening a ditcli. or obstructing dangerously the premises which he has reason to believe will be traversed by his licensee, sound morals would seem to demand that he should give reasonable warning of the danger to be encountered.” The rule so stated has been observed by this court in Ellsworth v. Metheny, supra, Tutt v. Ill. Cent. R. Co., 104 Fed. 741, 744, 44 C. C. A. 320, Wright v. Stanley, 119 Fed. 330, 332, 333, 56 C. C. A. 234, Dishon v. Cincinnati, N. O. & T. P. Ry. Co. (C. C.) 126 Fed. 194; 206, De Haven v. Hennessy Bros. & Evans Co., 137 Fed. 472, 476, 69 C. C. A. 620, and Winters v. B. & O. R. Co., 177 Fed. 44, 50, 100 C. C. A. 462. See, also, Northern Pac. Ry. Co. v. Jones, 144 Fed. 47, 75 C. C. A. 205 (C. C. A. 9), and Garner v. Trumbull, 94 Fed. 321, 36 C. C. A. 361 (C. C. A. 8). Ellsworth v. Metheny is instructive and closely in point. There was evidence that Metheny was killed in an entry in a coal mine where the miners were accustomed to go at noon for the purpose of eating their dinners and for social intercourse. Indulgence in this practice was with the knowledge of and without objection from the owner. Although Metheny was not, during such noon hour, engaged in the course of his employment and consequently not entitled to the protection accorded an employe, he was, nevertheless, a licensee using the entry with the implied consent of his employer. Some three weelcs prior to his death the mineowner had introduced into and strung along the wall of such entry a highly dangerous electric wire, with which the workmen might come in contact when passing back and forth. It was thought that the mineowner might not, without responsibility, actively change a situation of previous. safety by introducing a highly dangerous device into a place thus used with his consent, and that sound morals and just treatment demanded that the licensee should have had notice of the. new danger which he was likely to encounter in using the premises. It was said that if, on a rehearing of the case, the testimony should warrant the finding that the electric apparatus as actually introduced into the mine was dangerous to the life and safety of the employés and they were ignorant of that fact, or could not know it in the exercise of 'ordinary care to avoid injury, and the same was placed with the knowledge and consent of their employer in a part of the mine which .the men were accustomed to use and occupy during the hour of rest and refreshment when not actively engaged in their duties, a duty was imposed upon the employer in thus introducing into his mine a new and dangerous element properly to guard and protect the men, or to give notice of the danger to those whom he should reasonably apprehend were likely to be brought into contact therewith. Another and recent case in which the rule here invoked was applied and with the same result is Wilson v. Hibbert, 194 Fed. 838, 114 C. C. A. 542. — 7 — [6] .That the fall of the slab was caused by a workman from another building does not operate to relieve the defendant from liability. The admission of strangers to the bank building had not been forbidden, and visitations by workmen from across the street had been frequent and with the defendant's knowledge. The conduct of the one who, in walking by the stacked marble on an established plank-way in daily use, so jostled it as to cause the falling of the slab which struck the plaintiff, was not unusual, and the passage of any other person over such plankway in the course of his employment might well have produced the same result. Had the slabs been laid lengthwise oil the floor, or otherwise safely placed, the accident would not have occurred. Within the rule stated in Toledo, St. L. & W. R. Co. v. Kountz, 168 Fed. 832, 94 C. C. A. 244 (C. C. A. 6), the proximate cause of the plaintiff's injury was the dangerous method in which the marble was stacked. Other errors are assigned and argued, but they are not well taken, and are not deemed of sufficient importance to warrant extended consideration. No error appearing on the record, the lower court is affirmed.