Jenkins Bros. v. Kelly & Jones Co.

BUFFINGTON, Circuit Judge. By a bill filed in tire court below the complainant, Jenkins Bros., a New Jersey corporation, charged Kelly & Jones, a Pennsylvania corporation, with infringing its trademark and with unfair competition in business. The alleged wrong was in so marking a steam valve made by the defendant as' to lead the public to believe they were buying complainant’s valve. On final hearing that court filed an opinion, reported at 212 Fed. 328, in which the general subject-matter of controversy is so fully set forth that by reference thereto we avoid repetition. In pursuance thereof, a decree was entered enjoining respondent from continuing to mark its valves as it had done. Subsequently complainant petitioned the court to issue an attachment for contempt, alleging, in effect, that a new marking of the valves which tire defendant had adopted violated the injunction. On hearing the court discharged the petition for contempt. Thereupon the complainant, assigning for error certain features of the original decree and the discharge of the contempt proceedings, took this appeal. Without entering into the details of the case, it suffices to say that continuously, but at different times since 1864, first one Nathaniel Jenkins, then his sons under the name of Jenkins Bros., then one of his sons, and finally the complainant corporation, had successively marketed steam valves or gauge cocks and had acquired valuable trade good will in their valves, which were known as “Jenkins valves.” These valves contained certain patented features which complainant’s predecessors and-their licensees embodied therein. Such patent monopolies have expired, and the name “Jenkins” has become fixed in the mind of the public as descriptive of the patented type of valve or disc which the defendant is now entitled to malee. But the name “Jenkins” has also become fixed in the mind of the public as descriptive of such valves as were marketed by the patentee, Jenkins, and his successors. It will thus be seen the case finally narrows down to a proper marking of the valves by the Kelly & Jones Company. In view of the fact that the'evidence shows otherTarge concerns have found no difificulty in so cataloguing, marking, and marketing such valves to their [213] own and complainant’s satisfaction, we see no practical commercial difficulty in effecting that result in this case. [1] At the time this bill was filed the defendant put part of its markings on one side of the valve as follows: The defendant contends that, because its use of the name “Jenkins” is accompanied by the statement that the valve is made by the Kelly & Jones Company, its marking has in effect been adjudged lawful by the Supreme Court in Singer v. June, 163 U. S. 169, 16 Sup. Ct. 1002, 41 L. Ed. 118. We do1 not so read that case. The gist of it is summed up in that often quoted, but often misunderstood and misapplied, extract: "Tbe result, then, of the American, the English, and the French doctrine universally upheld is this: That where, during the life of a monopoly created by a patent, a name, whether it be arbitrary or be that of the inventor, has become, by his consent, either express or tacit, the identifying and generic name of the thing patented, this name passes to the public with the cessation of the monopoly which the patent created. Where another avails himself of this public dedication to make the machine and use the generic designation, he can do so in all forms, with the fullest liberty, by affixing such name to the machines, by referring to it in advertisements and by other means, subject, however, to the condition that the name must be so used as not to deprive others of their rights or to deceive the public, and therefore that the name must be accompanied with such indications that the thing manufactured is the work of the one making it as will unmistakably inform the public of that fact” From this it will be seen that the sum and substance of the marking is not the mere literal, physical stamping, printing, or engraving of the maker’s name on an article which in the public mind is associated with another’s business, but the name must be accompanied with such indications ihat the thing manufactured is the work of the one making it as will “unmistakably inform the public of that fact.” it will therefore be seen that the marking which the Supreme Court indorses is not alone the mere letters of a maker’s name, but in addition thereto, where necessary, there must be such indications that the [214] article is the work of the maker as will unmistakably inform the public of that fact. The Singer Case did not provide a marking stencil which was to be rigidly followed in all other cases. What it did do was to> lay down the broad, reasonable, and honest commercial principle that in every case and in every article the marking must be such as to unmistakably inform the public of the truth. No case can better than the present illustrate the utter inadequacy of a mere literal use of a maker’s name to prevent the public from being deceived; for the testimony is simply overwhelming that, in spite of such marking of Kelly & Jones as maker, engineers who had used complainant’s Jenkins valves for years, who sent or went to hardware dealers for such accustomed valves, were furnished with defendant’s valves, installed and used them, and were surprised to learn afterwards they had been deceived. [2] It is no answer to this to say that, if they had used their eyes, they would have learned otherwise. Courts do not decide misleading markings by the caveat emptor rule of buyer and seller. One who buys a standard, dependable article through a number of years learns to trtfst that article. Use and years have led him. to so trust it without question or inspection. If he is to be induced to use any similar article, but which is in fact not the one to which he has grown accustomed, such buyer is entitled to be unmistakably informed of that fact, and that some other than the old-time maker is making the particular article for which he pays. It is not alone the rights of rival makers that are concerned. They are able to take care of their respective rights; but the consumer, on whom the substantial' loss falls, in that he is led to pay his money for that which he does not intend to- buy, must be protected by the courts, and they can only do so by sanctioning no marking which travels near the border line of commercial deceit. In saying this we are imputing no intentional wrong to the defendant. It has acted under what it supposed to be its legal rights, but the outcome has proved that the ultimate consumer, with whom as large manufacturers they never come in contact, has been misled by tbeir markings. Why this occurred is perfectly plain. Not only was the word “Jenkins” used, but it was coupled with the word “Standard.” The defendant contends, and the testimony so shows, that the word “standard” applied to a valve is a semi-technical term, and differentiates its weight from lighter constructions. But, while this word might well have been so used in trade lists and catalogues, which went to jobbers and dealers who knew and could not be misled as to whose valves they were buying, the case was far different when it came to engineers and firemen, who- for years had been using Jenkins valves, when, in answer to an engineer’s request for a Jenkins valve, he was. handed out by a trusted dealer a valve the most prominent eye catch on which was not “Jenkins,” but the words “Standard Jenkins Valve.” That word “standard” — “Standard Jenkins Valve” — meant to him the original, genuine Jenkins valve, which he had bought before and intended to' continue buying, as the proofs abundantly show. To our mind the adding of the word “Standard” to the name “Jenkins” was utterly at variance with the spirit of the Supreme Court’s instruction: [215] “That the name must be accompanied w-ilh such indications that the thing manufactured is the work of the one making it as will unmislaJcably inform the public of ihal fact.” On the contrary, the word Standard was an accompanying indication, which tended, both by association with “Jenkins ’ and the prominence of their joint place on tlic valve, to center the attention of the buyer on the name “Jenkins” rather than on the name of the maker. The eye, accustomed to “Jenkins,” found that name, and to co.uple with it the word “Standard” served to further assure a buyer that he was getting the Jenkins valve to which he was accustomed. As defendant sold their Jenkins valves to dealers at less price than complainant’s, it was to the dealer’s financial interest to sell them to persons who thought they were buying complainant’s valve. The testimony not only fails to show that dealers took any steps to protect their customers in that regard, but that the markings enabled them to tacitly mislead their customers. The possibility of this misleading continues m the new markings of the defendant, which were considered in the attachment proceeding. Indeed, to our minds the possibility of deception was perhaps increased. Such new marking is as follows: In it, as will be seen, the name jenkms occupies the spot of central prominence, and is on the straight line, which is easiest read. _ Joined to it, in the next most prominent place, is the word “Standard.” In a glance at the valve, these catchwords, “Standard Jenkins Valve,” are taken in without effort, while it requires more than a glance to take in the circular line below, where the maker’s name is given. A fter careful consideration we have reached the opinion that the accompanying marking, which lias been used for some years by another manufacturer, may be used as a guide for future marking. 1 he word ‘ J enhms, therefore, accompanied by the word “Disc,” “Type,” or like word, may be placed by defendant on a corresponding place on its valve, and on the valve body, and in a central and [216] prominent position the words “Kelly & Jones Standard Valve” may be added. To avoid needless expense and confusion, we may add that, in case the parties cannot agree on a marking embodying our ideas, the defendant may submit for approval to this court its proposed markings. We will make no change in the order of court below as to' costs in that court; the costs of this appeal shall be borne by the defendant. The matter of the disposal of such valves as defendant has on hand will be left toi the order and discretion of the court below, and in view of the fact that such valves were marked under the sanction of that court, no' accounting will be directed. The cause will therefore be remanded to the court below, with directions to open and modify its decree, so as to carry out the views expressed above. Additional Opinion. PER CURIAM. [3] Since the foregoing opinion was filed, the defendant has submitted for our approval certain proposed markings, and we have heard also the objections thereto'. As a result of the argument the parties have come to an agreement, and in accordance therewith we make the following order: The defendant may mark its valves in strict accordance with the sketch affixed hereto, namely: &emdash;and the clerk is directed to transmit to each of the parties a certified copy of this order with a blue print of the sketch. The matter of the disposal of such valves as the defendant may have had on hand at the time of the decree below, or may have since offered to the market, is committed to the discretion of the District Court. Footnotes [1] <&wkey; For other eases see same topic & KEY-NUMBER in all Key-Numbered Digests & Indexes