Keystone Coal & Coke Co. v. Fekete

DENISON, Circuit Judge (after stating the facts as above). [1] 1. Statute of Limitations. The injuries happened December 24, 1910, in Pennsylvania. The Ohio statute referring to actions for death caused by wrongful act in another state, says: “Every such action * * * shall be commenced within the time prescribed for the commencement of such action by the statute of such other state.” Gen. Code Ohio, § 10770, as amended, 101 O. L. 198. The Pennsylvania period of limitation for “such action” was one year. Plence the period expired December 24, 1911. The Ohio statutes further provide (G. C. § 11230) that: “An action shall be deemed commenced, within the meaning of this chapter, as to each defendant, at the date of the summons which'is served on him.” The summons issued on each of the three death claims in the state court was dated December 21, 1911, and, by the return of the sheriff, purported to be served on the Keystone Company December 27, 1911. Eater this service was set aside, but a motion to dismiss the cause was denied. This action was taken after a special appearance by the defendant for the purposes of the motion, and we assume that it was taken because the defendant corporation had not been reached by service upon the proper representative. Still later, and without any further summons and service, defendant appeared generally in each action ; and when these, after much delay, had reached the stage for answer, it relied upon the foregoing statutes of limitations. In our judgment, each action was commenced on December 21st, and was not barred. Certainly, defendant's general appearance must have been in an action then pending; there is nothing to indicate that it ever was commenced over again after the first attempt; we see no way to avoid the conclusion that defendant entered its appearance and filed its plea in the same action which had been commenced on December 21st. We are confirmed in this conclusion by the view that if defendant had not thus appeared in this action, but had insisted upon an entire dismissal, plaintiff would have had the right to begin a new suit at any time within one year, under the Ohio statute (G. C. § 11233), providing that, if the plaintiff fails otherwise than upon the merits in an action commenced or attempted to be commenced in due time, he may commence a new action within a year after such failure, in spite of the fact that the time originally limited therefor has expired. It is not to'be supposed that defendant intended to, or that it could, defeat the purpose of this last statute by voluntarily appearing in an action imperfectly commenced, and then insisting that the action in which it appeared had never been commenced at all. [2, 3] 2. The Parties Plaintiff. Each of three actions was brought by an administrator to recover for the death of his intestate. The petitions, as amended, specified the surviving relatives, and alleged that they had been injured by the deaths in the amounts of the ad damnum clauses. One of the petitions expressly stated that the action was [75] brought for the benefit of this survivor, and the other two are open to no other implication. The answers raised no question of the right of the administrators to maintain these actions; but after the trials had reached the point where,the plaintiffs’ opening argument to the jury had been made, the defendant first suggested that, by Pennsylvania law, the right of action for wrongful death vested in the surviving, dependent relative, and not in the personal representative, whereupon the court permitted, in each action, a substitution of plaintiffs, so as to make the surviving relative the plaintiff of record, and the cases proceeded to judgment in that form. This is said to have been error both because the action became a different one and because the new action was, at that date, barred by time; and to support the claim of error, defendant relies upon Railway v. Wyler, 158 U. S. 285, 15 Sup. Ct. 877, 39 L. Ed. 983. In that case, as is pointed out in Railway v. Wulf, 226 U. S. 570, 577, 33 Sup. Ct. 135, 57 L. Ed. 355, Ann. Cas. 1914B, 134, the amendment was not merely a change in the nominal party, but presented a different theory of the right to recover and a different state of facts; and it was for these reasons that the amendment was not permitted. The amendment in the present cases made no change, except to substitute the real parties in interest for the plaintiff who had supposed he was their trustee. It is true that the case was submitted to the jury and a recovery was permitted upon a theory of negligence not disclosed in the original petition; but no more was it disclosed by the amended petition after the substitution of parties; and since defendant made no objection, on the ground of variance, to the evidence as it came in, or to the action of the court in submitting this theory, it waived any objection resting upon that variance. So far as concerns the propriety of the amendment, we cannot distinguish these present cases from the Wulf Case. One is the converse of the other. There the beneficiary brought suit as plaintiff, and, when it was learned that the right of action there involved had vested in the personal representative, a substitution was permitted. We cannot see that it is of any importance that the beneficiary and the personal representative happened to be the same person. We find no error in the action of the court below in this respect. See, also, Seaboard Ry. v. Koennecke, 239 U. S. 352, 36 Sup. Ct. 126, 60 L. Ed. -. We assume, as the parties do, but without deciding, that the identity of the plaintiff in such an action is fixed by the Pennsylvania, not by the Ohio, statute, and that the amendments named the proper parties. [4] 3. The Merits. The court held that killed or injured persons who knew that the powder was in the closet were guilty of contributory negligence and recovery was barred. This holding was fatal to other actions, but in these four cases, it was found that such knowledge did not exist. There was evidence tending to support this finding, and so the question of contributory negligence is not here. Upon the subject of negligence or nuisance, whichever it may be called, it is clear enough — perhaps it is hardly disputed — that the proofs tended to show that it was beyond the limits of prudence to maintain so large a store of powder as some evidence indicated this was, in a place like [76] this closet and at a time whén the adjoining room was to be occupied by a miners’ Christmas eve party,' involving drinking and smoking, and when some of those naturally to be expected to. be present did not know the powder was there and when no warning was given for thé benefit of these uninformed persons. The really vital question was whether this negligence was properly imputable to defendant, the owner and landlord of tire premises or could be imputed only to the tenants or subtenants in the house or their invited guests. All the injured persons were of these classes. We see no object in detailing the evidence upon the issue. On one side, it was claimed that Mrs. Wilding and her husband were lessees under a formal written lease; that the company, as lessor, had no control over the premises and that the powder was solely in the control of the miners to whom it'had been furnished from time to time; and that the miners boarding in the house kept this store of powder there for their own convenience, so that they might more easily get their daily supply. On the other hand, it was said that the written lease was a mere form; that the boarding house was for the company benefit and was completely under its control, so far as it cared to exercise control; that the powder in the closet belonged to the company, and was replenished and kept there by the company for its convenience; and that, on this particular occasion, the party had been assembled in this place with the assistance of the company’s representative and as a part of its policy of properly providing for the needs of its workmen. It is not now important where the weight of the evidence was on this main issue. There was more than a scintilla of evidence in plaintiffs’ favor on each link in this chain, so as to require its submission to the jury. The weakest link is with reference to the company’s knowledge that this quantity of powder was in this place at this time, but there is testimony that it was shown to the company’s agent just before the explosion, and he said it was all right. If this is true, a warning from him to those present would have prevented liability, if not injury. It was made clear by the charge that the jury must find for plaintiffs or for defendant, according as they found this general state of facts one way or the other, and we think defendant was not entitled to an instructed verdict. The extended discussion in the briefs as to the liability of a landlord, where a dangerous nuisance is maintained on the premises by the tenant, becomes immaterial. Each case was submitted to the jury and each verdict stands upon the theory that the ordinary relation of landlord and tenant did not exist, but that the premises were, in fact, in the possession and control of the landlord, and that the dangerous condition was maintained by it. [5, 6] 4. Specific Errors in the Charge.- Several complaints are made, but we think they are, with one exception, sufficiently covered by what has been said, or else that they do not require separate mention. The written lease from defendant to Mrs. Wilding, defendant regarded as important, and it was presented by defendant as superseding the earlier and rather loose arrangement under which there was more reason for saying that defendant had actual control- Though of course plaintiffs were not bound by the terms of the lease as the par-, ties to it were, as against dispute by parol, yet if this lease in truth [77] represented the contract and the whole of it between- the company and Mrs. Wilding, and if the relations which the lease seemed to create were the ones actually thereafter existing, plaintiffs were not entitled to recover upon the theory upon which they did recover. Defendants were entitled to a charge making this clear to the jury, and if such a charge had been requested, it would have been error to have passed the matter by as the court did, with no reference whatever to the lease or to that specific theory of defense, and with only the general statement that the jury must decide which party had the actual control and management of the premises and of the powder. Stoll v. Loving (C. C. A. 6th Cir.) 120 Fed. 805, 57 C. C. A. 173. However, no such request was made, and we have repeatedly held that a judgment will not be reversed because the court did not submit specifically some theory of recovery or defense which he was not asked to do. Erie Co. v. Schomer (C. C. A. 6th Cir.) 171 Fed. 798, 802, 96 C. C. A. 458. An exception was taken in general terms to the failure of the court to charge upon the subject of the effect of the lease, but such an exception cannot supply the place of the necessary preliminary request. An exception alone is sufficient to reach an error of commission in the charge, but it may not be as to an error of omission. In such case, it amounts only to the claim that the court should have said something further, but the court is not told what it is that he should have said — is not told even in substance. Many times such an exception will be all that the trial judge thinks necessary to inform him sufficiently, and,' in his discretion, he will proceed to cover the ground omitted; but the close of the trial, when a jury is about to retire, is not the proper time to bring to the attention of the trial judge for the first time, and merely by exception, a matter, the proper disposition of which requires study and careful formulation in connection with what has been said. Only in a clear case of prejudice — if then — could we feel justified in reversing the judgment for a reason based only on such an exception; and this is not such a case. See Young v. Corrigan (C. C. A. 6th Cir.) 210 Fed. 442, and cases cited on page 443, 127 C. C. A. 174. The judgment in each case will be affirmed.