Pennsylvania R. v. Glas

WOOLLEY, Circuit Judge. This is an action under the Employers’ Liability Act of April 22, 1908, c. 149, 35 Stat. 65, against the defendant railroad company for negligently causing the death of the plaintiff’s intestate. The verdict was for the plaintiff, and on judgment the defendant brought this writ of error. The plaintiff charged the defendant with negligence, (1) in permitting the derailment of a train, (2) in operating a car with a truck in a defective condition, and (3) in failing to inspect the arch-bar of the truck. Being without evidence upon the matter of inspection, and failing to induce the court in this case between master and servant to charge the presumption of negligence arising from the fact of derailment as in a case between passenger and carrier, the case was mainly tried and submitted upon the remaining allegation of the defendant’s negligence in operating a car with a defective truck after it had time and opportunity to learn of it. [258] It was conceded that the intestate was injured while a brakeman on one of the defendant’s freight trains; that at the time of his injury he was employed in interstate commerce; and that his death was caused by the derailment of a portion of the train upon which he was riding. The evidence tended to show that the derailment was due to the breaking of an arch-bar of one of the trucks; that the arch-bar was defective; that the defect had existed for a long time and should have been known to the defendant; and that its negligence in operating a car with such defective arch-bar was the proximate cause of the injury. [ 1 ] An arch-bar is a steel bar or truss several feet long, about five inches wide and one inch thick. It is connected .with the truck and supports the car. A broken arch-bar, alleged to be the one that' caused the derailment, was found after the accident. It was discovered, that at the point at which it broke, there was an old break or crack, extending across its entire breadth and one-half of its depth, showing by its rusted condition that it had been there three or four weeks. It does not appear in the record whether the crack was on the outside or the inside of the. arch-bar when in position upon the truck, and therefore, the record does not show whether, upon inspection, it could be seen. The arch-bar, however, was described to the jury and the position of the crack was indicated to them by the witness who discovered it. In the course of his testimony, he said: “Right where it came up like this (indicating), and then it went out over the box; it was cracked right in the end there, in the short bend.” Just how much was before the jury that is not before us with respect to the exposed or hidden location of the break, the record leaves in doubt, but that there was something before the jury that is not before us, there is no doubt. We must therefore assume, that the matter indicated to the jury, though not disclosed by the record, was such as to support the verdict. Wagner v. Standard Sanitary Mfg. Co., 244 Pa. 310, 91 Atl. 353. Although the assignments of error are addressed solely to the charge, the plaintiff in error urges as error the refusal of its motion for a directed verdict. Such a motion was made and refused, but to the court’s action neither exception was noted nor error assigned. We are therefore not inclined to review the matter except as it incidentally arises in connection with one of the assignments specifying error in the charge. While of course the question raised by the assignments of error is primarily whether the court erred in what was said to the jury upon the law, the real question arising out of this peculiar record, is not so much whether the law was erroneously stated, as it is whether from the law as stated, though correcdy stated, the jury nevertheless drew an erroneous impression. The assignments of error are directed to isolated passages in the charge, some of which, when standing alone, appear to be erroneous, but when read with the context and considered with reference to what transpired at the trial, are not, in our opinion, affected by error. [259] [2] The first error assigned is to that part of the charge in which the court said: “Now then, you must find, in order that the plaintiff should recover, that there was negligence on the part of the defendant company, either negligence on the part of its servants or employees in the operation of the train, or some defect in the cars, rails or appliances connected, with the transportation of the train which resulted, m the accident and death.” It is the last phrase of this sentence that is specified as error. If separated from the rest of the charge and permitted to stand by itself, then certainly it is an erroneous statement of the law, for the defendant railroad company was not liable td'the plaintiff’s intestate for a defect in the cars, unless that defect was due to its negligence. But what was said in the rest of the charge? The court began with a very clear statement of the law by saying: This is “an action of trespass. An action of trespass is based on negligence and negligence alone, and in order fqr the plaintiff to recover it is the duty of the plaintiff to show that two elements exist and co-exist; that is, that the defendant company ivas negligent and that the injury complained of resulted from that negligence, because there may be negligence without Injury, and, on the other hand, there may. be injury that was not caused by negligence. So that these two elements of negligence and the injury as the proximate resulting cause from the negligence must exist together in order to entitle the plaintiff to recover.” The court then stated that the action was brought under the Federal Employers’ Liability Act, giving the substance of the act and showing-in the language of the act that an action is afforded for “injury or death resulting in whole or in part from the negligence of any of the officers, agents, or employees of such carrier, or by reason of any defect or insufficiency, due tp its negligence in its cars,” engines, etc. The court then reviewed the testimony upon which the plaintiff’s negligence was based, and continued with the offending paragraph: “Now then you must find, in order that the plaintiff should recover, that there was negligence on the part of the defendant company, either negligence on the part of its servants or employees in the operation of the train, or some defect in the cars, rails or appliances connected with the transportation of the train which resulted in the accident or death,” manifestly meaning, if not clearly saying, that the jury must find that there was negligence on the part of the defendant company, that is, “either negligence on the part of its servants or employees in tire operation of the train, or (negligence in relation to) some defect in the cars, rails or appliances,” as previously stated in the words of the act. Considering this expression in connection with the preceding instruction upon negligence as the ground of the plaintiff’s action and the plaintiff’s duty to prove it, and also in connection with the precision and particularity with which the court subsequently submitted the question of negligence to the jury, we are of opinion, after an adequate examination of the testimony and the charge, that this phrase cannot be construed alone, and when construed with the context, does not constitute an erroneous statement of the law, or such a statement of the law, though inaptly expressed, as would mislead the jury. [3] The second assignment of error likewise refers to selected sentences of the charge. These sentences are as follows: [260] “This is not a case where the plaintiff’s case rests exclusively on the presumption that might arise from the mere fact that a train of loaded cars was derailed. There might arise a presumption under the Act of Congress that the defendant was negligent, and thus shift upon the defendant the burden of disproving negligence and showing that as a matter of fact at the time of the accident, the defendant was exercising ordinary care or such a high degree of care as was necessary in order to protect the train. The plaintiff does not ask that that assumption exactly he raised in its favor, but undertahes to furnish certain testimony from which they ask you to infer that, as a matter of fact there was negligence as shown in the testimony adduced, and that I submit to you as a question of fact.” The defendant urges that the expression, “This is not a case where the plaintiff’s case rests exclusively on the presumption that might arise from the mere fact that a train of, loaded cars was derailed,” led the jury to believe that while the case does not rest exclusively on the presumption arising from derailment, yet it rests partially upon such a presumption, and maintains that as this is a case between master and servant and not between passenger and carrier, no such presumption exists in any degree, and therefore there is error in the instruction. Such an interpretation might readily be put upon the expression, if no reason for its presence were known beyond what is disclosed by its words, but the fact is that just preceding the charge, counsel for the plaintiff had made an elaborate argument in an endeavor to raise in this case between master and servant the presumption or an approach to the presumption of negligence arising from a derailment in a case between passenger and carrier. That law was evidently denied the plaintiff, and in the course of his charge the trial judge, having the argument in mind, excluded it from the case by saying: “This is not a case where the plaintiff’s case rests exclusively on the presumption that might arise from the mere fact that a train of loaded cars was derailed,” clearly meaning that this is not a case that rests upon such a presumption as had just been argued, and such as prevails in a case between passenger and carrier. After saying that this is not such a case in which the plaintiff might rely exclusively upon such a presumption, the trial judge proceeded to tell the jury what then the plaintiff must rely upon, by saying: “The plaintiff does not ask that that presumption exacthj be raised in its favor, but undertakes to furnish certain testimony from which they ask you to infer that, as a matter of fact, there was negligence as shown by the testimony adduced.” Just what the learned judge meant by saying that the plaintiff does not ask that that presumption exactly be raised in its favor, we do not know, and it is fair to say that the jury did not know, and, not knowing, we may assume they were not misled. But we know that in the same sentence tire judge left no doubt as to what he submitted to the jury, namely “certain testimony” from which the jury were allowed to infer as a matter of fact that there was negligence. He then cautioned the jury that unless they found negligence on the part of the defendant and that the derailment of the train causing'the death was due to that negligence,, the plaintiff could not recover, concluding with the [261] customary instructions with respect to burden of proof, preponderance of evidence and proximate cause. W,e are of opinion, that of these two isolated phrases, one was surplusage, and the other was inaptly expressed, and'that neither conveyed to the jury an erroneous impression of the law. [4] The remaining part of the charge excepted to is that in which the court, referring to the evidence of the position, size and duration of the break in the arch-bar, submitted to the jury the question “whether or not reasonable inspection of the cars and the means of transportation would have discovered such defect, and whether or not, if that condition existed, not having discovered it and not having remedied it, you would say that the defendant was negligent in that respect.” The complaint of the defendant is that there was no testimony upon which that instruction could be based, and that, therefore, the court erred in giving the instruction and in not withdrawing the case from the jury, upon authority of Pennsylvania R. R. Co. v. Knox, 218 Fed. 748, 134 C. C. A. 426. The very substantial difference in point of fact between the case cited and the case at bar is, that in the former, though the alleged defect was similarly an old crack at the point at which a break occurred in an appliance, there was no evidence that the crack constituted a defect contributing to the accident, that it was large enough to be discovered by inspection, or that it was old enough to have afforded an opportunity of discovery, that is, there was no evidence of negligence; while in the case before us, there was evidence of the size of the crack, from which the jury might find a defect that weakened the arch-bar; a condition of the crack indicating that it had existed for three or four weeks, a sufficient time for discovery; the position of the crack upon the arch-bar indicated to the jury, from which they might determine the opportunity and therefore the duty of the Railroad Company to learn of the defect during the time afforded. As negligence of this character was charged in the pleadings and as there was sufficient evidence, if believed by the jury, from which negligence of this character might be found, we are of opinion that the instruction was not error. After a very careful examination of the entire charge, we find nothing in it giving rise to a clear conviction on our part that error wás committed, nor are we at all convinced that from certain of its doubtful expressions erroneous impressions of the law were conveyed to the jury. The judgment below is affirmed. Footnotes [1] <@=»For other cases see same topic & KEY-NUMBER in all Key-Numbered Digests & Indexes [2] (@£s>For other cases see same topic & KEY-NUMBER in all Key-Numbered. Digests & Indexes