Eckels v. Henning

Mr. Justice Brown delivered the opinion of the court. If we could see any way open to us, without the disregard of clear rules of law, to consider and decide this cause upon the merits as between the plaintiff and the receivers of the Chicago Union Traction Company, who (although we cannot so inform ourselves from the record because of the absence of the date of the orders appointing them) were undoubtedly operating the car which is alleged to have caused the plaintiffs injury, we should so do. With the spirit of Judge Freeman’s view implied in West. Chicago Street Railroad Company et al. v. Muttschall, 131 Ill. App., 639, that the defendants ought to call questions of misjoinder and specific objections of want of allegation or proof against any of the defendants to the attention of the trial court, we entirely agree; and from the view expressed in appellants’ argument that such a doctrine implies an unjust favoritism against defendants, we entirely dissent. The object of courts and of law trials is to get at the truth and do justice, or at least to settle disputes, as speedily and exactly as possible—mot to furnish a field for lawyers to play an intellectual game. Therefore, although strict rules are found necessary in the conduct of courts and trials, it is proper that no matters which will delay the final disposition of a case on its merits should be held back or concealed to render futile and nugatory an investigation which has been conducted at large expense to the community. We wish that the defendants had specifically pointed out in the trial court, in this case, those matters which they now discuss and which we deem fatal objections to the judgment involved here. It seems to be conceded that they did not do so, although there is really nothing in the bill of exceptions which shows that the motions for a new trial and in arrest of judgment were not argued and the points in question then distinctly made. But if, through inadvertence or design they were not, it is our duty, nevertheless, to meet the situation as we find it and enforce the rules of law, as we understand them, which are applicable to that situation as it exists. It is manifest that we have here a judgment indefensible on the merits, if the views which we expressed in Eckels et al. v. Farley, 131 Ill. App., 557, are sound. It is true that we there declined to enter upon the question of the relations of receivers of lessor and lessee companies because it was not necessary, since there a corporation and its own receivers were codefendants. But we pointed out, that the receiver of a railroad was not the agent of the company nor its representative, nor in any sense under its control; that ho was, on the contrary, a person who comes into possession of the equipment and business of the road in inviium, placed there by a court which sequestrates the property for the time being. It follows that the corporation from which the property has been taken away and which has nothing to do with its management, is not liable for personal injuries resulting from such operation. It follows equally that the railroad lessor of such a corporation (who is held liable under the law of Illinois for the acts of its lessee because of tire fact that the lessee is using the railroad property with its consent and permission—Penn. Co. v. Ellett, 132 Ill., 654) cannot be liable for such personal injuries as result from the operation of the.lessee road by the receivers to whom it has been given adversely to the corporation. And still less, if it be possible, it seems to us, can one set of receivers be held liable for the torts and negligences of another set—each set being appointed in a hostile proceeding to one of the corporations between whom the lease or contract relied on was made. In this judgment, however, rendered for a personal injury, we have three parties made liable: First, the Chicago West Division Railway Company, which the proof connects with the occurrence that is the subject of the lawsuit as the company which had a “franchise” (by which it is to be presumed a license is meant) in the street, and transferred it to the West Chicago Street Railroad Company, who in turn leased it to the Chicago Union Traction Company; second, the receivers of the West Chicago Street Railroad Company, who are connected with the matter only as officers of the court, appointed adversely to the said West Chicago Street Railroad Company to take possession of its property; and, third, the receivers of the Chicago Union Traction Company, who may be presumed to have been operating the car involved, if the Chicago Union Traction Company itself (which is not a defendant), was not. All these three sets of defendants were found guilty by the verdict of the jury, for the verdict was a general one against all the defendants alike. The word “ defendants ” must certainly, in this connection, be held to mean all the defendants named in the summons and in the declaration as such. The trial court so held, for the judgment order is expressly entitled against all the defendants, but if it had not been so, the fact would have been the same. It is not admissible in this case to adopt the suggestion made by the Branch Appellate Court in the Muttschall case, supra, that the insertion of the clause “and to be ( sic) in due course of administration as receivers” (even if that clause be taken to mean “and to be paid in due course of ádministration as receivers”), was tantamount to a dismissal against the defendant who was not a receiver, viz.: The Chicago West Division Railway Company. The same reasons we gave in the Farley case, supra, are effective here: “The verdict of the jury was against all the defendants. Separate motions for a new trial made by the company, as well as such motions made by the receivers, had been considered and denied, and * * * judgment was entered on the verdict. It would have been error to enter it on that verdict against the receivers alone. This error was not committed. Whatever irregularity or obscurity there may be injected into the judgment by the failure to distinguish as to the inodes of enforcement as against the corporations themselves and their receivers, and as to the funds from which it is to be paid, the insertion of the clause in question did not render the judgment one thus departing from the verdict.” In the case at bar, separate motions also in arrest of judgment were made by each set of defendants, and those motions were overruled by the court before the judgment was entered. This certainly is not compatible with an intention to dismiss any of the defendants out of the case. It is to be noted that the Supreme Court, in affirming the judgment of the Appellate Court in the Muttschall case, 230 Ill., 462, does not adopt the theory of a dismissal, but places its decision on the point involved entirely upon the proposition, made in the opinion of the Branch Appellate Court as an alternative, that there had been an affirmative waiver on the part of each of the defendants of the right to raise the point by an admission in .open court that each was liable if anybody was. It is plain the theory of the admission of liability by all and the consequent rightfulness of the judgment against all, and the theory of the constructive dismissal of some of the defendants, making the judgment only against the others, are inconsistent. If one is sound, the other cannot be. The Supreme Court by accepting one repudiated the other. The discussion of the question whether in the case at bar the objection to the judgment now made was waived by admission in pleading or otherwise in the lower court, we postpone, only to say that wre adhere to the doctrine of the Farley case, swpra, that error in the judgment, if it exists, is not one of form, but of substance. “The distinction between the parties is real and vital. The judgments obtained against a railway corporation and those against its receivers may be charges respectively on very different funds and assets, and it is easy to conceive cases where their final enforcement would place the ultimate loss on very different people.” The judgment in this case, if there was a liability for the alleged injury to the plaintiff, should, if the pleadings allowed it, have undoubtedly been against the receivers of the Chicago Union Traction Company alone. Whether the pleadings did so allow it, we will discuss further on. Counsel for appellee, however, strangely misapprehend what seems to us a very plain statement in the Farley case, when they say that we there suggested that we might “affirm the judgment as to some defendants and reverse as to others, or at least enter an order reversing the judgment and remanding the cause with permission to the plaintiff to dismiss as to the companies and enter judgment on the verdict already given against the receivers,” but that we were “not inclined to do that in that case” because we “were not satisfied with the merits of the case.” What we said was that we might, if convinced of the justice of the case against the receivers, properly adopt this course so far as substantial justice went, and that it was adopted by the Supreme Court of Arkansas in Memphis Ry. Co. v. Stringfellow, 44 Ark., 322, but that we were powerless to do so because in this State a well-known rule, firmly held as the law, makes in all cases a judgment at law against several defendants a unit, which can neither be reversed as to some and affirmed as to others, nor reversed with directions to the lower court to re-enter it as on the verdict against some and not against others. To this we cited many cases. It is also strange that counsel should have supposed that the Farley case was reversed by us on its merits and the discussion of the judgment was obiter dictum. The exact reverse was what we intended by our language. Following the authorities we cited on this point in the Farley case, we must hold that if this* judgment is erroneous as to any of the defendants it is erroneous as a whole and must as a whole be reversed. And although from the record itself it is hard to say that there is evidence in the admission made by Mr. Mahony, at the close of the plaintiff’s case, and apparently acquiesced in and binding the plaintiff also, which shows whether it was the Chicago Union Traction Company itself or the receivership of that company which was operating the car in question on August 29, 1904, it was plainly one or the other, and not both, and as the Chicago Union Traction Company was not a defendant to the suit and the receivers were, we may properly assume that fhe admission, in referring to “these orders” meant orders of a United States Court entered and acted upon before that date. So assuming, it follows from the view of the law which we have given, that unless the pleadings or proceedings show a reason to the contrary, the motion for a peremptory instruction for the defendants, the Chicago West Division Railway Company, should have been granted; that the similar motion for the receivers of the West Chicago Street Railroad Company should have been granted; that a new trial should have been granted to these defendants after the verdict, and that the motions in arrest of judgment on the verdict should have been granted. The motions mentioned for a peremptory instruction and for a new trial should have been granted because there was no evidence tending to show liability except as against the receivers of the Chicago Union Traction Company, and the motions in arrest of judgment should have been granted because the defendants were such as could not have been jointly liable for this alleged tort, nor could properly be joined in a judgment at law of any kind, inasmuch as such judgment must be enforcible in different methods. Without discussing and distinguishing cases cited by contending counsel here, it is sufficient to say that we have no doubt of the general rule that it is not necessary to plead a misjoinder when the fact of misjoinder appears affirmatively in the record. . It may be taken advantage of by a motion in arrest of judgment. ¡Nor have we any doubt, as a general rule, that a general motion in arrest of judgment, although not containing specific points of objection, preserves for review anything coming properly within the scope of said motion. We have indicated, however, that the pleadings or proceedings might show a reason to the contrary of this. By this we mean that although such a judgment as the one under discussion must be erroneous, the various defendants might have estopped themselves, by “waiver” or “admission” below, from urging that error in the court of review. Such a reason the Appellate Court and the Supreme Court found in the Muttschall ease, 131 Ill. App., 639, 230 Ill., 462, where the defendants had by their counsel, in the view of the court, jointly and severally affirmatively admitted in open court that the right defendants had been jointly sued. To allow them or either of them afterwards to complain in the court above that the judgment, in the absence of specific objection, had not been arrested, would be, in the opinion of the reviewing courts, to allow a trap set for the trial court to be sprung. But the decision of the Supreme Court in the Muttschall case is put plainly on an affirmative admission estopping the defendants from further denial. No such matter appears in the case at bar, and although, as we began this opinion by saying, we think that a public-spirited method of trying the cause might well, in the interests of justice, have led, without any want of fidelity to the interests of clients, to specific objections and argument in the court below on the questions here presented, we cannot say that counsel were not within their rights, or that any trap was laid for the court or any estoppel worked against the defendants by the course which they apparently adopted. There is certainly, in a matter like this, a great difference between affirmative speech or action and simple silence or inaction. But it may be further urged with force that the Supreme Court has in a number of cases (summed up and cited in the Chicago Union Traction Company v. Jerka, 227 Ill., 95) decided that “allegations relating to the ownership of the road and cars are matters of mere inducement, which do not require proof on the part of the plaintiff unless they are denied by a special plea,” and that the appellant in Pennsylvania Co. v. Chapman, 220 Ill., 428, “by filing only- the general issue impliedly conceded that at the time of the alleged injury it was operating the particular line of road mentioned in the declaration, and that the operators in charge of the trains were its servants and employees,” and that therefore the filing of the separate pleas of “not guilty” in the case at bar was an admission that the persons filing them were alike and jointly guilty if any tort as alleged was proved. Propositions of law in opinions, however, must be considered in relation to the facts in the cases decided, and while the Supreme Court certainly has emphatically said that where there is no special plea, the allegation of the ownership and operation of the cars doing the injury are matters of inducement not put in issue in the case, we are not satisfied that it meant to decide that, if D. sues A., B. and C. jointly for a tort which injures him, and A., B. and C. each separately pleads not guilty, and (the tort being one which in the nature of things the three could not be jointly liable for) the evidence shows that it was committed by A. alone, a verdict and judgment may and indeed should be rendered against A., B. and C. jointly, because the injury has been proven and each person accused of it has pleaded nothing except that he was not guilty. But if such be the effect of the Supreme Court decision, it would not control this case for reasons not yet alluded to. We have hitherto discussed the case as though the judgment might, if the facts of the occurrence justified it, have been sustained against the receivers of the Chicago Union Traction Company, if the other defendants had been, before the verdict, dismissed from the case. But the truth is, that the declaration states no cause of action whatever against the receivers of the Chicago Union Traction Company or the receivers of the West Chicago Street Railroad Company, although it might be held to state such a cause against the Chicago West Division Railway Company, which is a defendant, and the West Chicago Street Railroad Company and the Chicago Union Traction Company, neither of which was served nor is a defendant, although the latter is so denominated in the body of the declaration several times. To one bearing in mind the absolute distinction in character and interest between the receivers of a corporation and the corporation itself, this is plain. It is also plain that the pleader entirely lost sight of this distinction and confounded the receivers of a corporation with the officers, servants, agents or representatives of the corporation. From this it came that he has declared, not that the receivers of the Chicago Union Traction Company, but that the Chicago Union Traction Company drove its grip car into plaintiff’s wagon, and only connects the receivers of the Chicago Union Traction Company with the matter by saying that the Chicago Union Traction Company “by its receivers” was possessed of and operating the road, etc.,—a statement which is in itself an absurdity. The receivers of the West Chicago Street Railroad Company are not mentioned at all in the body of the declaration after being named as defendants. We must hold, therefore, that this declaration does not state a cause of action against the receivers of the Chicago Union Traction Company or against the receivers of the West Chicago Street Railroad Company. If that be true, then the general issues filed by them did not admit allegations which did not exist; and, moreover, the defect was one which could be taken advantage of on the motions for an arrest of judgment. It is a familiar rule of law that while a declaration defectively stating a cause of action is good against a motion in arrest after verdict, one stating a defective cause, or none at all, is not. We have not examined the merits of this cause against the receivers of the Chicago Union Traction Company for the reason that we cannot see how the judgment in its present form can be sustained. The judgment of the Superior Court is reversed and the cause remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion. Reversed and remanded. Note. The remanding portion of the judgment in this case was in accordance with a stipulation of the parties vacated in order that an appeal might be taken.