Zerbst v. Lyman

BATTS, Circuit Judge. Pending an appeal from a judgment of conviction in the Southern District of California, Lyman, appellee, was convicted of another crime in the Southern district of New York, and committed to the United States penitentiary at Atlanta. The judgment of the California court was affirmed (Lyman v. United States, 241 Fed. 945, 154 C. C. A. 581), and a commitment was issued, reciting the conviction of Lyman; that he had been ordered to be imprisoned in the state penitentiary at San Quentin, Cal.; that the judgment was affirmed; that the Attorney General had designated the penitentiary at Atlanta as the place of confinement of defendant, and directing the marshal to- deliver Lyman into the custody of the warden of the Atlanta pentitentiary forthwith, and the warden to detain him for a period of one year and three months, “in accordance with the judgment and order.” The marshal transmitted this commitment to the warden with a letter, to the effect that “I am inclosing you official commitment for John Grant Lyman, to- become effective upon completion of his present term.” The letter contained a receipt for the prisoner, which was signed by the warden and returned to the marshal. At the time the commitment was received Lyman was serving the New York sentence. Upon the expiration of the 15 months, dating from the day of the receipt of the commitment, Lyman sued out a writ of habeas corpus. The New York sentence had in the meantime [610] expired, but 1 year and three months had not thereafter elapsed. The District Judge'held that the sentences ran concurrently, and that the applicant was entitled to his release; [1] After the receipt of the California commitment, the warden, already in custody of the prisoner, held him under both commitments. The time of the sentence having elapsed between the receipt of the commitment and the date of the application for the writ of habeas corpus, the only conclusion to be reached by the trial court was that the applicant had served the term. The marshal, in sending the commitment, had stated that “the punishment was to- become effective upon completion of his present term.” There is nothing in the commitment wh^ch indicates a time for the beginning of the punishment, other than that the marshal was to forthwith deliver Dyman into the custody of. the warden at Atlanta. This commitment was the-measure of the authority of the warden, and was properly the basis of the action of the District Judge upon the application for habeas corpus. The marshal had no authority to change the terms of the commitment, or determine when the punishment should begin. It is argued that it was manifest that the California court intended that the punishment should begin after the expiration of the term imposed by the New York court. This nowhere appears. ' It is true that, if the original order of imprisonment in the state penitentiary at San Quentin had not been changed, the imprisonment could not have begun until the prisoner had been released from the Atlanta penitentiary. But there is nothing to indicate that the court intended to do anything other than that which was done. [2] It could well be assumed that the court intended, if-it can be assumed that it had knowledge of the pendency of another sentence, that the ordinary effect should follow. Ordinarily, two or more sentences run concurrently, in the absence of specific provisipns in the judgment to the contrary. United States v. Patterson (C. C.) 29 Fed. 775; In re Breton, 93 Me. 39, 44 Atl. 125, 74 Am. St. Rep. 335; 1 Bishop, Crim. Procedure, 1327, 1310. This rule seems to apply where the conviction is had in different courts. Ex parte Green, 86 Cal. 427, 25 Pac. 21; Ex parte Black, 162 N. C. 457, 78 S. E. 273; Ex parte Gafford, 25 Nev. 101, 57 Pac. 484, 83 Am. St. Rep. 568. The case cited by appellant of Hightower v. Hollis, 121 Ga. 160, 48 S. E. 969, if not distinguishable by reason of the nature of the punishment, is apparently in conflict with the weight of authority. It is suggested that if the Attorney General had not designated the Atlanta penitentiary as the place of confinement, and the District .Court for the Southern District of California had caused a commit-, ment to issue upon the original order, the appellee would have been compelled to- serve both sentences fully. If the commitment had been different,- and the facts differeñt, doubtless a different conclusion would be reached. That which the court is called upon to do- is to pass, upon the record as it stands. The California court either knew that Dyman was in the custody of the warden of the Atlanta penitentiary, or did not know of that fact. If it had knowledge of the fact, the commitment which it caused to be,issued would evidence an intention that [611] the sentences should run concurrently. If it had no knowledge of that fact, there could have been no intention other than that its sentence should begin forthwith, as directed by the commitment. The appellant suggests that error was committed in not permitting the California court to amend its judgment. The record contains nothing to indicate that the trial court had any desire to make any amendment, or that it in any sense recognized or assumed that any error had been committed. The applicant has not, as suggested by the appellant, escaped punishment because of the technical error. There is nothing to indicate that an error has been committed, and the record shows that the prisoner was held under the sentence for the period designated hy the judgment. The judgment of the lower court is affirmed.