Enright v. Chicago City Railway Co.

Mr. Justice Smith delivered the opinion of the court. The declaration contains five counts. The first alleges that appellee neglected its duty as a carrier of passengers and permitted the machinery, appliances and electric devices used by it in the management and operation of the car to be and remain old, worn out and insufficient for the uses to which they were put, and that by reason thereof certain of the electric devices or appliances blew out and exploded while the car was in motion. The negligence averred in the second count is that a fuse of a south-bound car burned out and exploded setting fire to portions of the car, and that appellee negligently operated a north-bound car close to the south-bound car and beyond it while passengers from the south-bound car were scrambling to get out of the same. The third count avers that appellee permitted the wires, circuits and appliances of the car to become charged with electricity beyond their capacity to retain the electrical current causing a fuse to explode. The fourth count alleges generally that appellee was guilty of negligence in the management and operation of its power house, by means of which a greater volume of electricity than the wires in the car were designed to carry was transmitted to the car on which plaintiff was a passenger, resulting in the blowing out of the fuse. The fifth count alleges that the servant of the defendant so managed and operated the car as to permit a large volume of electricity to be suddenly and violently thrown upon the machinery of the car thereby causing an explosion of the fuse. All of the counts set up the relation of carrier and passenger and injuries as the result of the explosion of the fuse. The second and fifth counts also aver that the plaintiff, by reason of the fright and confusion resulting from the blowing out of the fuse, and the fire, smoke and panic among the passengers, was rendered incapable of exercising reasonable care. Appellee pleaded the general issue. Appellant contends that the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur is applicable to the case, and that the court erred in giving to the jury at the request of the defendant, appellee, instructions which ignore that doctrine. From the statement given above of the. negligence averred in the several counts of the declaration it appears that a specific act of negligence is averred in each count. It is clear therefore that the action was not founded upon the theory of presumptive negligence. The record shows that the case was not tried and submitted to the jury on that theory. On the contrary, instead of contenting himself with proof that appellant was a passenger on one of appellee’s cars, had paid his fare, was in the exercise of ordinary care for his own safety, and that while he was a passenger and so acting, he was injured, under circumstances showing negligence, he attempted to prove the specific acts of negligence alleged in the declaration. Hence an instruction based on the theory of presumptive negligence would seem to have no application to the case made by the pleadings and proofs, and should not have been given. Barnes v. Danville St. Ry. Co., 235 Ill. 566, 575. In West Chicago St. R. R. Co. v. Martin, 154 Ill. 523, a similar situation as to averments and proof was presented, and an instruction on the theory of presumptive negligence was given. It was held the instruction should not have been given because it was not applicable to the ease. Appellant points to the third and fifteenth instructions as ignoring the doctrine of presumptive negligence and therefore erroneous. The third instruction is as follows: “3. The court instructs the jury that the plaintiff in this case has filed a declaration consisting of a number of counts, in each of which it is charged in some form that the defendant street railway company was guilty of negligence either in the management and operation or in the equipment of its cars, or in the operation of its power plant and street ear business. “This is a necessary allegation of said declaration. The suit of the plaintiff is based upon the allegation that the defendant street railway company was guilty of negligence in some form which caused or proximately contributed to cause the injury in question. “If, .after fairly considering all the evidence in the case, the jury believe from a fair consideration of such evidence that the blowing out of the fuse in question was a pure accident which happened without any negligence on the part of the street car company or any of its employes, then under the law the plaintiff is not entitled to recover and you should find the defendant not guilty. ’ ’ The instruction is criticised on the ground that it casts upon the plaintiff the burden of proving negligence as charged in the declaration; that the jury under the instruction might believe that appellee was not negligent because of the blowing out of the fuse, but that if they knew the blowing out of the fuse raised a presumption of negligence, and that in determining the question of such negligence they had a right to weigh that presumption with all the other evidence in the case they might have reached a different conclusion. A second criticism is made that the instruction not only disregards the right of the jury to weigh the presumption raised against appellee by the explosion of the fuse, but they were directed to disregard any such presumption, or rather, that no such presumption existed, and that the burden was on appellant to establish the negligence charged in the declaration. We do not regard either of these criticisms as well grounded for the reason above given, that the action was neither founded by the negligence charged in the declaration, nor was it tried and submitted by appellant to the jury upon the theory of presumptive negligence. It is urged that this instruction undertakes to explain to the jury the charges of negligence in the declaration, but does not explain and make clear to the jury the various acts of negligence charged, while at the same time it misrepresents the charges of negligence and is misleading. We do not think the instruction is obnoxious to this criticism. The instruction criticised in Hirsch & Sons Iron & Rail Co. v. Coleman, 227 Ill. 149, attempted to recite the allegations of the declaration and did not do so correctly. The instruction under review makes no such attempt. It simply says that in each count it is charged in some form that the defendant street railway company was guilty of negligence, either in the management .and operation or in the equipment of its cars, or in the operation of its power plant and street car business. It further told the jury that the suit of the plaintiff is based upon the allegation that the defendant was guilty of negligence in some form which caused or approximately contributed to cause the injury in question. The attention of the jury is thus directed to the charges of negligence in the declaration in a general way, and does this correctly. We find nothing misleading in the instruction." The fifteenth instruction is as follows: “15. It is not every accident that makes a railroad company liable for damages to a person injured on one of its cars. If the accident is unavoidable in so far as the defendant is concerned, then no liability attaches. The plaintiff has charged in his declaration in this case that the accident happened through the negligence of the defendant Company in the management and operation of its street car business. This is a material allegation of the declaration, and if from a consideration of all the evidence bearing upon the question of liability in this case you believe that the accident happened, not through the negligence of the defendant as so charged in the declaration, or either of the counts thereof, but that it happened through other causes and without negligence in that regard on behalf of the defendant or its servants, then no liability is incurred, and it is the duty of the jury to return a verdict of not guilty.” It is claimed that this instruction is vulnerable to the same objections made to instruction three, which we think have been sufficiently answered, and the answer need not be repeated. As to the objection to the instruction that it ignored the doctrine of presumptive negligence applicable to the case because of the blowing out of the fuse, there was evidence given by the motorman and shop foreman of appellee, which showed that the accident happened through no negligence of appellee as charged in the declaration or either of its counts, but that it was the result of an accident beyond the power of appellee to foresee or guard against by the exercise of the high degree of care required of a carrier for a passenger. This instruction is based on the theory of appellee advanced and supported by this evidence, namely, that if the jury should find by a preponderance of the evidence that the accident happened through other causes, and without negligence in that regard on behalf of appellee, or its servants, then no liability existed. If the case had been declared on in the declaration and tried and submitted on the principle of res ipsa loquitur, and an instruction asked by appellant and given by the court applying that doctrine, still, the evidence offered by appellee was sufficient to rebut the presumption of negligence, for that presumption, not being of the conclusive class, readily yields to evidence even though it be slight. Garner v. Chicago Consolidated Traction Co., 150 Ill. App. 149. We cannot hold that appellant is justified in complaining that the instructions asked by appellee did not submit the case to the jury on the theory of presumptive negligence, although he made no request for an instruction on that theory. It is urged that instruction numbered four, given at' the request of appellee, is in conflict with the second instruction given at the request of appellant. We are unable to see any conflict in these instructions. C. U. T. Co. v. Chugren, 209 Ill. 429; South Chicago City Ry. Co. v. Kinnare, 216 id. 451; Dickson v. Swift Co., 238 id. 62. Nor do we think the instruction was misleading in this case. ' Instructions requested by appellee and given, numbered respectively 7th, 13th, 15th, 16th and 17th, are objected to because they are repetitions. We do not agree with this contention. We are not of the opinion that the judgment should be reversed on that ground. We think the verdict and judgment are right and free from reversible error, and the judgment is affirmed. Affirmed.