Lederer v. Northern Trust Co.

WOOLLEY, Circuit Judge (after stating the case as above).. The question is: Whether the collateral inheritance tax imposed by the Pennsylvania Act of 1887 falls within the deductions allowed by section 203 of the Federal estate tax Act of 1916 in arriving at the value of the “net estate” on which alone the Federal act imposes the tax. In other words: Is the amount which the decedent’s estate paid the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as a collateral inheritance tax either (a) “an administration expense,” or (b) “a claim against the estate,” or (c) one of “such other charges against the estate, as are allowed by the laws of the jurisdiction * * * under which the estate is being administered ?” This controversy concerns broadly the privileges which governments make the subject of “death duties” — the privilege of giving and the privilege of receiving property on death, and the conditions imposed and price exacted by the State for the exercise of those privileges. Magoun v. Illinois Trust & Savings Bank, 170 U. S. 283, 287, 18 Sup. Ct. 594, 42 L. Ed. 1037; Maxwell v. Bugbee, 250 U. S. 525, 40 Sup. Ct. 2, 64 L. Ed.-. The question here turns on the nature of the two taxes, Federal and State. It concerns generally the Federal tax, which both parties concede to be an estate tax, that is, a tax that relates not to an interest [54] to which some person has succeeded by inheritance, bequest, or devise, but to an interest which has ceased by reason of death; and it is imposed not upon the interest of the recent owner or upon his privilege to dispose of it, but upon the transfer of the interest in its devolution. The nature of the Federal tax being conceded, the matter for decision concerns particularly the nature of the collateral inheritance tax of Pennsylvania, and raises the question, whether that tax is an estate tax, which, like the Federal tax, concerns an interest which has ceased upon death, the burden of which is imposed upon the estate of a decedent, as claimed by the executors, or is a legacy or succession tax, which concerns the privilege of receiving such an interest, the burden of which is imposed upon the legatee or other beneficiary, as claimed by the Collector. The bearing of this question on the case in hand is, that if the collateral inheritance tax of Pennsylvania is an estate tax and is therefore a “charge” against the estate “allowed” in its settlement by the laws of Pennsylvania, then the refusal of the Collector to deduct the amount of the tax from the gross in ascertaining the net estate of the decedent as a basis of assessment was unwarranted. If, on the other Hand, it is a tax charged not against the estate, but against the legatee as a condition imposed upon the transfer of the legacy, then the net estate of the decedent, determined without deducting the collateral inheritance tax paid the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, was properly computed under the Federal act and the tax assessed against the same was lawful. The nature of collateral inheritance taxes has been the subject of many decisions, both Federal and State. The general principle of such of them as are termed legacy and succession taxes, when not otherwise affected by statutory provisions, is that the tax is upon the legacy, before it. reaches the hands of the legatee, whose property it becomes only after it has yielded its contribution to the State and after it has suffered a diminution to the amount of the tax in return for the Legislature's assent to the bequest. Knowlton v. Moore, 178 U. S. 41, 20 Sup. Ct. 747, 44 L. Ed. 969, following United States v. Perkins, 163 U. S. 625, 16 Sup. Ct. 1073, 41 L. Ed. 287; Magoun v. Illinois Trust & Savings Bank, 170 U. S. 283, 18 Sup. Ct. 594, 42 L. Ed. 1037; Mager v. Grima, 8 How. 490, 493, 12 L. Ed. 1168. But in looking for the nature of the collateral inheritance tax under consideration, iPis not necessary to seek light from statutes and decisions of other states, for the act shows its nature by its own clear expressions aided by interpretations repeatedly made.by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. The act provides that “all estates * * * shall be subject” to the tax; that executors and administrators shall pay the tax; that until they pay it they shall not-be discharged; that the Auditor General’s receipt for its payment shall be a proper voucher in the settlement of the estate; and that in stating an account in the Orphans’ Court the tax shall be allowed and deducted before a balance for distribution is struck. [55] The tax, which operates practically as a deduction from the share of the beneficiary, is, nevertheless, charged against and paid by the estate. In using the words “all estates” shall be subject to the tax, the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania has held that the Legislature contemplated the property of the decedent, not the interest therein of the legatee or distributee, Del Buto’s Estate, 45 Leg. Int. 474; Howell’s Estate, 147 Pa. 164, 23 Atl. 403; that the tax is imposed only once, and that is before the legacy has reached the legatee and before it has become his property; that it must be retained and paid by the executor or administrator who has the decedent’s property in charge; that which the legatee really receives is not taxed at all; his property is that which is left after the tax has been taken off, Finnen’s Estate, 196 Pa. 72, 46 Atl. 269. In Jackson v. Myers, 257 Pa. 104, 101 Atl. 341, L. R. A. 1917P, 821, where the question was squarely raised, the Supreme Court decided that the collateral inheritance tax of Pennsylvania is not levied upon an inheritance or legacy but upon the estate of the decedent, holding that what passes to the legatee is simply the portion of the estate remaining after the State has been satisfied by receiving the tax. [1] These decisions by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, construing a statute of its own state, are binding on this court in a case of this kind. From these decisions it appears to be settled in Pennsylvania that the collateral inheritance tax of that state is an estate tax, not a legacy tax, and that as such it is levied upon and made a charge against the estate of the decedent. Consistently with this view, the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania recently held, in a situation just the reverse of this, that in determining the amount of a decedent’s estate for the purpose of assessing the Pennsylvania collateral inheritance tax, the Federal estate tax under consideration should first be deducted as a charge against the estate. Knight’s Estate, 261 Pa. 537, 104 Atl. 765. [2] We are of opinion that the collateral inheritance tax of Pennsylvania clearly falls within the provision of the Federal act as a “charge” against the estate of a decedent “allowed by the laws of the jurisdiction * * * under which the estate is being settled,” and is, therefore, properly deductible from the gross estate in determining the net estate against which the Federal tax is assessed. There is, therefore, no occasion to go further and decide the other quéstions raised at the argument, whether the State collateral inheritance tax is also an “administration expense,” or a “claim against the estate,” similarly deductible under Section 203 of the Federal a.ct in ascertaining the decedent’s net estate as a basis of taxation. A consideration of these aspects of the tax would require us to reconcile at least two opposing decisions rendered under state statutes with different provisions, Corbin v. Townshend, 92 Conn. 501, 103 Atl. 647; In re Sherman’s Estate, 179 App. Div. 497, 166 N. Y. Supp. 19; and to determine whether the terms “administration expenses” and “claims against the estate,” as found in the statute, are restricted to or expanded beyond their ordinary meaning. [56] As this case arose before the Act of February 24, 1919 (40 Stat. 1057, c. 18) by which the terms of the Act of September .8, 1916, were materially changed, this decision has no bearing on the later statute. The judgment below is affirmed.