Brown v. Gerson

Mr. Justice Gridley delivered the opinion of the court. Three points are argued and relied upon by counsel for appellants for a reversal of the judgment, namely: (1) The Municipal Court had no jurisdiction of the cause of action set forth in plaintiff’s amended statement of claim, filed June 5, 1911; (2) even though the court had jurisdiction, it erred in rendering judgment against a less number than all of the joint judgment debtors, who were made parties defendant, and (3) the verdict and judgment are not supported by the evidence. We do not think there is any merit in the second point. Section 14 of the Practice Act (J. & A. 8551) provides: “If a summons or capias is served on one or more, but not on all of the defendants, the plaintiff may proceed to trial and judgment against the defendant or defendants on whom the process is served, and the plaintiff may at any time afterwards, have a summons, in the nature of scire facias, against the defendant not served with the first process, to cause him to appear in said court, and show cause way he should not be made a party to such judgment, * * * .” See also Fender v. Stiles, 31 Ill. 460; Cassady v. Trustees of Schools, 105 Ill. 560, 565; Green v. Shaw, 66 Ill. App. 74, 76. Counsel argue that it appears from the affidavit contained in the bill of exceptions, filed July 15th, that the summons issued for the codefendants was marked by a deputy-bailiff with the word “Hold” and that no bona fide effort was made by plaintiff to obtain service on said codefendants. Under the language of the above section of the statute, we cannot see that it was incumbent upon plaintiff to present reasons why said codefendants had not been served with process, before proceeding to judgment against the defendants who had been served. Furthermore, it is not alleged in said affidavit that either plaintiff or his attorneys knew the addresses of said codefendants, or requested that service should not be made upon them, or that the failure to serve was occasioned by any fault of plaintiff. As to the third point urged by counsel it is argued that the verdict of the jury was based upon the unsupported and hearsay testimony of one of the attorneys for plaintiff, to the effect that the judgment sued on had not been paid or satisfied, and, therefore, the judgment entered upon that verdict is unwarranted and should be reversed. We cannot agree with counsel. In compliance with Buie 15 of the Municipal Court plaintiff filed a statement of claim, in lieu of a declaration. Subsequently plaintiff filed, on June 5, 1911, an amended statement of claim, which sufficiently complied with the requirements of said Buie, and sufficiently showed the nature of plaintiff’s demand. It fully described the judgment sued on, and alleged that the judgment was in full force and effect and unpaid. Accompanying it was a transcript of said judgment, and also accompanying it was a sufficient affidavit of plaintiff’s claim, showing the amount due, in compliance with Bule 16 of said court. The defendants were ruled to file an affidavit of merits to said amended statement of claim, but they did not do so, and, in compliance with Bule 17, the court defaulted them for want of such an affidavit and ordered that a jury be impaneled “to assess the plaintiff’s damages.” By reason of said default the defendants admitted every material allegation of plaintiff’s statement of claim, one of which allegations was that the judgment sued on was in full force and effect and wholly unpaid, but the defendants had not by their default admitted the amount of damages. On that question they were entitled to cross-examine plaintiff’s witness before the jury so impaneled, but, in our opinion, they were not then entitled to cross-examine plaintiff’s witness as to the extent of the witness’ knowledge as to certain facts, not pertinent to the amount of damages, and which facts they had previously, by their default, admitted to be facts. The extent of the knowledge of said witness as to those facts at the then stage of the proceedings was wholly immaterial. “While the default admits every material allegation of the declaration, still, it does not admit the amount of the damages. The defendant, on the execution of the writ of inquiry before the court, could not introduce evidence tending to show that plaintiff had no cause of action, but would have the right to cross-examine plaintiff’s witnesses and introduce witnesses on its part on the question of damages, ask'for instructions as to the proper measure of damages, and preserve the rulings of the court by bill of exceptions.” Cairo & St. L. R. Co. v. Holbrook, 72 Ill. 419, 422; Plaff v. Pacific Exp. Co., 251 Ill. 243, 247. The main contention urged by counsel for appellants for a reversal of the judgment is, that the Municipal Court had no jurisdiction of the cause of action. The question has been exhaustively argued by the respective counsel in their printed briefs and arguments, and is one which we have found somewhat difficult of determination. Section 2 of the Municipal Court Act (J. & A. If 3314) is in part as follows: “That said Municipal Court shall have jurisdiction in the following cases: First. Cases to be designated and hereinafter referred to as cases of the first class, which shall include (a) all.actions on contracts, express or implied, when the amount claimed by the plaintiff, exclusive of costs, exceeds one thousand dollars $1,000; * * Counsel for both parties to this appeal seemingly agree that the decision of the question turns upon the construction to be given the words “all actions on contracts, express or implied,” contaipecl in said section. The present action was one “of contract” and was brought upon a judgment, within twenty years from the date of its rendition. Counsel for appellants contend that a judgment is not a contract, either express or implied, within the meaning of the statute. In Bidleson v. Whytel, 3 Burrow’s Rep., 1545-48, it was decided in an opinion delivered by Lord Mansfield that a judgment is no contract, nor can be considered in the light of a contract; for judicium reddiiur in invitum.” Following that decision, the Supreme Court of this State, in the early case of Williams v. Waldo, 4 Ill. (3 Scam.) 264, 269, said: “A decree or judgment at law is not a contract. Contracts are made between the willing; judgment and decrees are rendered against the unwilling, and they extinguish the contract.” In Rae v. Hulbert, 17 Ill. 572, the question arose, under the provisions of an existing statute providing that a defendant “in any action brought upon any contract or agreement, either express or implied, having claims or demands against the plaintiff, may set up the same and have them allowed him upon the trial, ’ ’ whether a judgment could be set off by the defendant in an action against him, and it was held that it could not be. The Court said (p. 579): “We cannot agree with counsel that a judgment is a contract, within the meaning of the statute. It is the conclusion of the law upon the rights of the parties, and it is not very common that it is entered up by the agreement of the unsuccessful party, but the reverse is generally the case. * * * A judgment is no more a contract than is a tort. In one sense it is true that every member of society impliedly agrees to pay all judgments which may be regularly rendered against him; and, in the same sense, does he impliedly agree to make amends for all torts which he may commit. ’ ’ In Ambler v. Whipple, 139 Ill. 311, it appeared that a certain act of the legislature, passed in 1849, provided that “all actions founded upon any promissory note, simple contract in writing, bond, judgment, or other evidence of indebtedness in writing, caused or entered into after the passage of this act, shall be commenced within,” etc. It further appeared that subsequently the legislature passed an act as a substitute for the former act, which provided that “actions on bonds, promissory notes, bills of exchange, written leases, written contracts or other evidence of indebtedness in writing, shall be commenced within,” etc. It was contended that the words “other evidence of indebtedness in writing” in the later act necessarily included judgments. But the Court held to the contrary, saying (p. 319): “It will be observed that the later statute omits the word ‘judgment’ before the general clause, ‘or other evidence of indebtedness in writing. ’ It is to be presumed that by the change in the phraseology some change was intended to be made in the rule of law, and would clearly indicate an intention to exclude judgments from the operation of the later enactment. It cannot be presumed that the omission was accidental, nor can a misapprehension of the legislature as to the effect of the change in the law be inferred. In construing this section it is proper to consider it with reference to the state of the law before its adoption.” The Court also held (p. 318) that a judgment for the payment of money is evidence of indebtedness of the highest dignity known to the law, but quoted with approval portions of the opinion in Rae v. Hulbert, supra, wherein it was held that a judgment was not a contract. In Belford v. Woodward, 158 Ill. 122, 135, the Court cites with approval the cases of Williams v. Waldo and Rae v. Hulbert, supra, and said: “Counsel for plaintiff in error claim, that a judgment is a contract. Some courts have held that a judgment is a contract, and others have held that it is not a contract. * * * The doctrine of this court is that is, that a judgment is not a contract.” In Morley v. Lake Shore & M. S. Ry. Co., 146 U. S. 162, Mr. Justice Shiras, in delivering the opinion of the court, said: “It is contended on behalf of the plaintiff in error * * * that the judgment is itself a contract. * * * The most important elements of a contract are wanting. There is no aggregatio mentium. The defendant has not voluntarily assented or promised to pay. ‘A judgment is, in no sense, a contract or agreement between the parties.’ Wyman v. Mitchell, 1 Cowen [N. Y.] 316, 321.” Counsel for appellee have cited many cases in other States, holding that a judgment is a contract, and they have also called our attention to several well-known text books, wherein it is stated that a “judgment” is a “contract of record”, but they have not cited, nor has our attention been called to any later case decided by our Supreme Court, wherein the “doctrine” of that court, that a judgment is not a contract, has been expressly departed from. Counsel admit that in a limited sense the word “contract” has one meaning, and that to fall within this meaning it must have all the elements of a contract, such as a consideration, meeting of minds, etc., but they contend that the word, as used in said statute, has a much broader meaning. They argue that a judgment is a legal obligation, that being a legal obligation the judgment debtor impliedly agrees to pay it, and that the legislature of the State, in making the classification in the first paragraph of section 2 of the act, intended to separate actions ex contractu and ex delicto, and, by the use of words ‘ ‘ all actions on contracts, express or implied,” in clause “a” of said paragraph, intended to give the Municipal Court jurisdiction of actions on judgments where the amount claimed by plaintiff exceeded $1,000. In support of their argument they cite the cases of Chudnovski v. Eckels, 232 Ill. 312, and Harty Bros. & Harty Co. v. Polakow, 237 Ill. 559. In the former case the court held that the Municipal Court has jurisdiction, under said clause of the statute, in an action of assumpsit by a passenger against a common carrier for breach of the implied contract of carriage, resulting in an injury to the passenger, if the amount claimed by plaintiff exceeds $1,000. In the latter case it .was held that the Municipal Court has jurisdiction, under the same clause of the statute, of an action of assumpsit brought under section 28 of the Mechanic’s Lien Act (J. & A. j[ 7165) by a subcontractor against the owner and contractor, jointly, by reason of the implied contract between the subcontractor and the owner, there being an express contract between the owner and the contractor and an express contract between the contractor and the subcontractor. In the ChudnovsJci case, supra, the Court said on page 316 (italics ours): “Appellants contend that the words ‘contracts, express or implied, ’ in this section, do not include cases for personal injuries. They seek to apply to the construction of these words a distinction between constructive contracts, or fictions of law adapted to enforce legal duties by actions of contract, and implied contracts, which arise under circumstances which, according to the ordinary course of dealing and the common understanding of men, show a mutual intention to contract. * # * (p. 317.) The term ‘implied contract’ is a familiar one in the law. By reason of the relation of the parties or the existence of an obligation or duty a contract may be implied by law which the party never actually intended to enter into and the obligation of which he did actually intend never to assume. * * * (p. 319.) The distinction between contracts implied by law from the existence of a plain legal obligation, without regard to the intention of the parties or even contrary thereto, and contracts implied in fact from acts or circumstances indicating their mutual intention, is unimportant in this case. All alike come within the natural and usual meaning of tJ%e tvords ‘implied contract.’ * * * (p. 320). There is nothing in any part of the act indicating that the words ‘contract, express or implied,’ were used in other than their natural and ordinary sense. * '* * While it is true that actions of trespass vi et armis for an injury to the person and actions on the case are not within the jurisdiction of a justice of the peace, we know of no reason why such magistrate has not jurisdiction of an action for a breach of contract of carriage resulting in an injury to the passenger, where the amount claimed does not exceed his jurisdiction. * * * It is very clear that neither the legislature nor the courts have given to the expression, ‘contracts, express or implied, ’ any technical or limited meaning other than the words naturally bear.” In the Polakow case, supra, it is said, on page 564 (italics ours): _ _ “The term ‘implied contract’ has been used to denote not only contracts implied in fact,—that is, obligations where the mutual intention to contract, although not expressed, is implied or presumed from the acts of the parties or from surrounding circumstances,—but also to denote that class of obligations imposed or created by lato without the assent of the party bound, and sometimes even notwithstanding his actual dissent, upon the ground that they are dictated by reason and justice. These latter obligations have sometimes been called constructive contracts or contracts implied by law,—fictions of law adopted to enforce legal duties. * * * This court has held in the recent case of Chudnovski v. Eckels, 232 Ill. 312, that there is no distinction between contracts implied by law from the existence of a plain legal obligation, without regard to the intention of the parties, or even contrary thereto, and contracts implied, in fact, from acts or circumstances indicating the mutual intention; that all alike come within the natural and usual meaning of the words ‘implied contract.’ ‘Whatever the laws order anyone to pay, that becomes instantly a debt which he hath beforehand contracted to discharge.’ 3 Blackstone 160; Bowen v. Hoxie, 137 Mass. 527; Bishop on Contracts, sec. 205; Pacific M. S. Co. v. Joliffe, 2 Wall. 450.” In neither the Glmdnovski case nor the Polakow case supra, did the court expressly decide that the Municipal Court, under said clause of the statute, had jurisdiction of an action upon a judgment, nor did it refer to the question whether or not a judgment was a contract. Counsel for appellee, however, contend that from the language used in the opinions it is clear that a judgment is such a legal obligation as comes within the natural and usual meaning of the words “implied contract,” and that those cases in effect decide that, by the use of the words “contracts, express or implied” in said clause of the statute, the legislature intended to confer jurisdiction upon the Municipal Court of an action upon a judgment. In view of the prior decisions of our Supreme Court, above mentioned, we are unable to agree with counsel’s conclusion. In Wright v. People, 101 Ill. 126, 131, it is said: “It is universally conceded that one of the most efficient means in ascertaining the legislative intent in the adoption of a new statute is to consider it with reference to the state of the law before its adoption, and particularly with reference to the previous legislation on the same subject.” See also Ambler v. Whipple, supra; 36 Cyc. 1144. When the section of the Municipal Court Act in question was adopted it was the law of this State that a judgmrJ si — ‘ -s not a contract; and long prior to and at the tip f its adoption there were statute laws which mi distinctions between unwritten contracts and wrii contracts and judgments, as to the limitation o me within which actions could be brought therr . These distinctions exist today. It was then the b as now, that “actions on unwritten contracts, expre d or implied, * * * shall be commenced within í . years next after the cause of action accrued” (ch. >. 83, sec. 15, Bev. St.; J. & A. j[ 7210); that “actions i bonds, * * * written contracts, or other evidei íes of indebtedness in writing, shall be commenced vithin ten years next after the cause of action ace ad” (sec. 16; jj 7211); and that “judgments in an; iourt of record in this State may be revived by sou facias, or an action of debt may be brought thereon ..ithin twenty years next after the date of such judgment, and not after” (sec. 26; 7221). In 1886, in the case of United States v. Board of Auditors, in the Circuit Court for the Northern District of Illinois (28 Fed. Bep. 407, 408), Blodgett, J., said that the section of the statute last above quoted “clearly takes judgments in the courts of record out of the classes of indebtedness covered by sections 15 and 16 of chapter 83 [ff]f 7210, 7211], which relate specifically to indebtedness evidenced by oral and written contracts, and preserves the right of action on such judgments for the term of 20 years.” In 1911, the legislature of this State (House Bill No. 615, approved June 10, 1911) passed an act, subject to the approval thereof by a majority of the legal voters of the city of Chicago voting thereon, amending certain sections of the Municipal Court Act. (Laws of Illinois, 1911, page 260.) One of the sections amended was section 2, and clause “a” in the first paragraph of said section was amended to read as follows: “(a) All actions on contracts, express or implied, and actions on judgments when the amount claimed by the plaintiff, exclusive of costs, exceeds one thousand dollars ($1,000).” The legislature directed that the act should be submitted to said legal voters “at the first regular municipal, judicial, general or special election” which should occur after July 1, 1911. We are informed by counsel that the act was submitted to said voters at the regular election held in November 1911, but failed of adoption. During the present year, 1913, the legislature of this State (House Bill No. 416, approved June 28, 1913) passed an act, subject to the approval of a majority of the legal voters, etc., entitled “An act in relation to the Municipal Court of Chicago.” (Laws of Illinois 1913, page 212.) The legislature directed that this act should be submitted to said legal voters “at the first regular municipal, judicial, general or special election which shall occur in said city of Chicago after the date of the passage of this act.” Such election has not at present writing yet been held. Clause “a” of the first paragraph of section 2 of this new act reads as follows: “ (a) All actions on contracts, express or implied, and-actions on judgments, when the amount claimed by the plaintiff, exclusive of costs, exceeds one thousand dollars ($1,000),” It is to be noticed that by these two acts of the legislature it was and is sought to expressly confer jurisdiction upon the Municipal Court of “actions on judgments,” in addition to the jurisdiction previously conferred of “actions on contracts, express or implied.” In view of the foregoing, and after careful consideration, we are of the opinion that when the legislature passed the section of the act in question it was not its intention to confer jurisdiction on the Municipal Court of an action on a judgment; and we have reached the conclusion, and so hold, that the trial court did not have jurisdiction of the present action, and for that reason the judgment must be reversed. As said in the Polákow case, supra, at page 567, the Appellate Court may reverse a judgment without remanding the cause under two conditions, the second of which is “when it reverses for errors of law which cannot be obviated or cured on another trial. A want of jurisdiction in the Municipal Court falls within the second class.” The judgment of the Municipal Court will, therefore, be reversed, but the cause will not be remanded. Reversed.