Kusturin v. Chicago & Alton Railroad

Mr. Justice Dibell delivered the opinion of the court. On November 3, 1915, appellee, while working as a laborer for appellant and assisting in loading old steel rails upon a flat car, was injured, and brought this suit against appellant to recover damages therefor, and filed a declaration of two counts, in both of which he averred' that both himself and the railway-company were engaged in interstate commerce at the time of the accident, and that they were each governed by the Federal Employers’ Liability Act; and in the first count he charged his injury to the negligence of other servants and employees of appellant, and in the second count he charged his injury to the negligence of the foreman or vice-principal of appellant. Appellant pleaded the general issue and a special plea, which alleged that neither it nor appellee was engaged in interstate commerce at the time of this injury. The special plea concluded with a verification. If this was correct a special replication was required. The parties went to trial without any written issue joined on that plea. We therefore treat it as if issues had been orally joined thereon. Butler v. National Live Stock Ins. Co., 200 Ill. App. 280, and cases therein cited. Appellee had a verdict for $5;821.80. Upon a motion by appellant for a new trial, the court required a remittitur of $3,321.80 and entered a judgment for appellee for $2,500, from which defendant below appeals. At the trial it was stipulated that appellant was engaged in interstate commerce over its railway at the time of the injury, but it is insisted here that appellee was not then engaged in work which should - be considered interstate commerce. The injury took place a little way south of the Village of Romeo, on the right of way of appellant. Its line there runs substantially north and south, and there were four tracks at that place. The west track was a siding about three-quarters of a mile long for use by southbound trains, and it was called the southbound passing track. Next east of it and about 5 inches higher was the southbound main track. Next east of that was the northbound main track, and the most eastern track was the northbound passing track. At this point, and for some considerable distance north and south therefrom, appellant had been for some weeks engaged in the business of taking up old steel rails in the two main tracks and putting down new steel rails, and for that purpose it had assembled in that vicinity three section crews with their respective foremen. They brought in the new steel rails and distributed them along the line. Then they would take up one old steel rail and put down one new one, and lay the old rail a little ways outside of the main track from which it was taken and then do the same thing with the next old rail in the main track, and so on. After some weeks had been spent in putting down new rails, they then engaged in the business of taking away the old rails. During the noon hour of the day of the injury a flat car which had been in use somewhere else was placed upon this southbound passing track, and after noon the three section crews began to load it with the old steel rails, their foreman being present and participating, and the roadmaster being there and thereabouts. The rails lay between the southbound main and the southbound passing tracks, and the distance between the west rail of the southbound main and the east rail of the southbound passing track was between 8 and 9 feet. The flat car was not operated by steam power but was moved along from time to time by a bar as the rails were scattered just as they had been taken out. Appellant contends that the removal of these old rails was not interstate commerce. In Pedersen v. Delaware, L. & W. R. Co., 229 U. S. 146 [3 N. C. C. A. 779], an action under the Federal Employers ’ Liability Act, it was held that tracks and bridges are as indispensable to interstate commerce by railroad as are engines and cars, and that all these instrumentalities must be kept in repair, and that the work of keeping such instrumentalities in a proper state of repair while used in interstate commerce is so closely related to such commerce as to be in practice and in legal contemplation a part of it, and that the fact that the railroad is also used in intrastate commerce does not prevent the employment of those who are engaged in its repair or in keeping it in a suitable condition for use from being an employment in interstate commerce. It is therefore clear that those who brought in the new rails and took up the old rails and laid the new were, while doing so, engaged in interstate commerce. We see no reason why the removal of the old rails is not a continuation and completion of this work of repair. If the section crew brought in one or more new rails and took up the old rails and immediately carried them away, no one we think would contend but what the entire process of bringing in the new and taking away the old was repair work in interstate commerce. The fact that in the way appellant did this work a mile or more of new rails were brought in and laid before the old ones were removed from that part of the right of way seems to us to make no difference. In our view the whole process of bringing in the new and taking away the old as well as the taking up of the one and the putting down of the other was all repair work of an interstate commerce road. But even if these rails had been there for a long time, we consider that proper maintenance of the right of way required that they be removed, as much as if, instead of iron rails, it were a growth of weeds or bushes between those two tracks. The southbound passing track was often occupied by freight trains carrying interstate commerce, and taking that track in order to let interstate passenger trains go by southbound on the main track. Though the men in charge of the freight trains while on that southbound track were not likely to wish to walk along on the ground at that particular place some little distance from the end of the switch, yet many contingencies arise in the handling of freight trains when the brakeman do have to pass along a narrow space between tracks, and there was here on the outside, the west side, of the southbound passing track a ditch which prevented the ready passage of trainmen there. It would be necessary, or at least expedient for making that space fit to be traveled by trainmen when necessary, to have these old rails taken away from that place. We are of opinion that at the time appellee was injured he was engaged in interstate commerce within the meaning of the law. It is denied that appellant was negligent. In passing upon that question it is to be remembered that in this suit, under the Federal Employers’ Liability Act, appellee did not assume the risk of the negligence of his fellow-servants, but if they were negligent and that negligence caused his injury, the appellant is liable therefor. We so held in Mattocks v. Chicago & A. Ry. Co., 187 Ill. App. 529, and in Godby v. Wilson, 203 Ill. App. 612, and it was also so held in Devine v. Chicago, R. I. & P. Ry. Co., 266 Ill. 248. See also Illinois Cent. R. Co. v. Skaggs, 240 U. S. 66, where it was held in a suit under said act: “If the injury was due to the neglect of a coemployee in the performance of his duty, that neglect must be attributed to the employer.” The method of putting on the rails and the circumstances surrounding his injury were as follows: The rails were loaded from the east side of the flat car. There were stakes on the west side to prevent the rails going over, but none on the east. The method pursued was for the sixteen or eighteen men to be spread along the length of the rail. One of the section foremen gave an order “Up,” when each man took hold of the rail with his hands in a certain way, and lifted it up. Then the foreman gave the order “High,” and the rail was then raised as high as the men could reach. Then the foreman called out “Over,” and the men threw the rail upon the car. The Skaggs case, supra, a case under the Federal Employers ’ Liability Act, is authority for the position that where several servants of an employer are cooperating together in doing that which requires concerted action, the negligence of any one of them is the negligence of the master, and such must necessarily be the rule where the fellow-servant doctrine does not apply. Some twenty or twenty-five rails had been placed upon this car, a full load of which would be about ninety rails. Each rail weighed about 750 pounds. This rail was picked up and raised high in the usual way. According to a part of the testimony the order “Over” was given and executed in the usual way. According to some other evidence not fully abstracted, the men at the north end of the rail threw that end onto the car while the foreman was still calling the word “Over,” from which evidence, if believed, the jury could find that the men at the end of the rail were negligent and threw too soon. There was proof that some one in authority called out “Hurry up,” or “Gro ahead,” which orders apparently-had a tendency to distract the men handling the rail from that unity of action important to safety. Other witnesses denied that such orders were given. Whatever occurred, the result was that the north end of the rail went further than the south end, and the rail rolled back and off the car. There were about nine section men near the north end of the rail, and about nine near-the south end of the rail. Appellee was among the men at the south end, about the third man from the south end of the rail. There was a shout given to get out of the way and everybody did get away except appellee. The rail fell upon the instep of appellee’s left foot, and the arch of the foot was broken down. Appellee testified that as he stepped back he caught his heel against a tie of the southbound main. Another witness testified that appellee caught his toe on the tie, and others did not see him catch his foot upon anything. He was removed and taken to a hospital. Appellee had only been at work for the railway company. 2 or 3 weeks. None of the other rails thrown upon that car that afternoon had fallen back, nor was that a usual or customary event, although men experienced in the business had known of rails falling back. It was, no doubt, the duty of the foreman in charge to give his orders in such a way and to cause the work to be done under such instructions as would reasonably tend to produce concert of action, if such concert was essential to safety. The jury could have found from the evidence that the men at the north end threw this rail too quickly and were negligent in so doing, and under the Federal Employers’ Liability Act this negligence was the negligence of the employer. The jury determined that question of fact for appellee, and therefore found that this was not a mere accident for which no one was responsible. There was evidence to warrant that finding. After appellee had been in the hospital a certain length of time, and when he was about to leave it, he was visited twice by a claim agent of appellant accompanied by a saloon keeper who could speak the Austrian language, of which the Croatian dialect, with which alone appellee was acquainted, was a part or to which it was very similar. Appellant offered in evidence a release of damages which appellee then executed and a draft or check for $70 which he cashed at a bank in the company of this interpreter. If appellee executed these instruments with knowledge of their meaning he could not overcome them in an action at law. Hartley v. Chicago & A. R. Co., 214 Ill. 78; Momence Stone Co. v. Turrell, 205 Ill. 515. Appellee testified that he had worked for a number of years for a mill in Joliet which was under the Illinois Workmen’s Compensation Act, and that he understood that these men were offering the half pay which he would be entitled to under the Illinois Act if he and his employer had been under it, and that he supposed he was receiving half pay for the time which had passed since his injury, and that he did not at all understand that he was releasing his cause of action. The receipt and release which he signed were in the English language, and professed to be under the Workmen’s Compensation Law of the State of Illinois, as well as under the Federal Employers’ Liability Act. The interpreter testified that he told appellee that this paper was payment to him under the Workmen’s Compensation Act, and again, that he, meaning appellee, was offered so much money for the 14 weeks. The jury were warranted in finding that appellee, who was a Croatian and spoke and understood very little English, and could not read English, supposed he was signing a receipt for $70 paid to him as half payment for the time which had elapsed since his injury under the provisions of the Workmen’s Compensation Act of the State of Illinois. The jury were therefore warranted in finding that this action was not barred by that release. On cross-examination of. appellee, appellant’s counsel asked him if he was willing to have his shoe and stocking removed and have the jury look at his foot, and if he was willing to have a certain physician examine his foot in the presence of his own physician. Appellee’s counsel objected to these questions and the objection was sustained. In City of Chicago v. McNally, 227 Ill. 14, the trial court sustained an objection to a similar question and it was held that the ruling was correct. It is true that the language of the court in that case was not very positive, hut it seems to us that it being as there stated the s'ettled law of the State that a plaintiff in such an action cannot be required to submit to a physical examination as to his or her injuries, it is but an evasion of that rule to permit- such a plaintiff to be required to state to the jury whether or not he is willing to submit to such an examination. To permit such a question to be put in the presence of the jury is practically compelling him to submit to the examination because of the unfavorable effect likely to be produced upon the minds of the jury if he refuses. In Cole v. City of East St. Louis, 158 Ill. App. 494, the Appellate Court of the Fourth District took the view that the objection by counsel for plaintiff to such a question in the presence of the jury amounted to a refusal to submit to the examination. Appellant had the benefit before the jury of the fact that appellee’s counsel had refused, and we think that was sufficient. We find no reversible, error in other rulings of the court upon evidence of which complaint is made. " It is claimed that the court erred in giving certain instructions for appellee. The third instruction given at appellee’s request stated the substance of the entire Federal Employers ’ Liability Act, including provisions therein not involved in this case. We think the portion objected to might well have been omitted, as said by us in a former case, but still we do not think the jury could have been misled to believe that appellee could recover here "for any defect in appellant’s track or roadbed. While appellee did claim that his heel was caught by a tie and thereby he was prevented from getting away, it was nowhere claimed that there was anything defective or improper in that tie or in its existence at that place. We think the jury were not misled by that instruction. It is argued that the fifth instruction assumed that the men of the section crews failed to act in concert at the time in question and that plaintiff sustained injuries in consequence thereof. The instruction is too long to set out here in full, but the part complained of was preceded by the words “if you believe from the instructions of the court and the evidence in the case,” and then followed language that that instruction should not be effective unless the jury had first found from the evidence that ordinary care required the men working on the rail to endeavor to act in concert, and that in the exercise of ordinary care they could have done so, and that they failed to do so, so that the language complained of did not become operative until the jury had first found from the evidence under the instructions that the section crews of appellant were lifting the rail which injured appellee and were throwing it on the car, and that ordinary care required them to endeavor to act in concert, and that they could have done so in the exercise of ordinary care and that they did not do so. The only thing possibly assumed without being previously submitted for determination by the jury was that appellee sustained injuries by the falling of that rail, and it is certain from the evidence that he did so sustain injuries. The sixth instruction properly stated the rule of law governing the supposed release. The seventh instruction was in the main the ordinary stock instruction indicating for what injuries appellee could recover if he was found entitled to a verdict. It does not tell the jury that if appellee was guilty of contributory negligence he could not recover the full amount he had suffered, but the loss should be apportioned between himself and his employer under the act in question. It is argued that it was erroneous for that reason. Such a qualification of this instruction might very properly have been made but, nevertheless, we think the omission of that qualification was not reversible error in this case for two reasons: The instruction is limited to that which the jury may find for him “under the evidence and the instructions of the court in this case.” This practically writes into this instruction all the other instructions, and the twelfth instruction given for appellant states its rights in case this injury was partly attributable to the negligence of appellee in a very full and satisfactory manner, and it is impossible that the jury could have been misled by instruction number 7. Again, upon a careful examination of all the evidence, we are of opinion that if the jury had returned a special verdict that appellee was guilty of contributory negligence, that verdict could not be sustained. The time which elapsed from the instant, when appellee discovered that the rail was going to roll off the car and the time when it struck his foot was exceedingly short. The fact that the other men got out of the way does not prove that appellee was negligent in not getting out of the way. The jury must necessarily have found that something impeded him. If his foot was not caught by a tie which slightly projected from the bank he may have been in fact stopped by the slope of the bank where he was. But if nobody knows how the heel was caught, there is no indication of any conduct on his part indicating negligence; and inasmuch as we conclude that the jury could not have found him guilty of contributory negligence, we think that this instruction if considered without regard to the other instruction, No. 12, still was not reversible error. The fact that appellee did not get out of the way is the only thing which in argument here is called his negligence. But if the entire eighteen men were negligent in so throwing that rail that it did not remain upon the car, or if the men at the south end were negligent in not throwing more quickly or more rapidly or forcibly than they did, still appellee’s share in that negligence must have been very slight. He was a new man, unacquainted with the business, and had two or three men south of him and several men north of him, and the amount which the jury could have awarded as his share of the total negligence must have been slight, and very much more than covered by the reduction which the court -required of $3,321.80. Instruction number 7 should also have directed the jury to credit appellant with the $70 which it paid appellee, but that omission also is much more than covered by the remittitur required. Instruction number 11 given for ap-. pellee is as follows: “The jury are instructed that if you believe from the evidence, and under the instructions of the court, that the plaintiff was suddenly placed in a position of peril by the fault of the defendant, and that he could not reasonably have anticipated such danger, then you are instructed as a matter of law, that the mere failure of the plaintiff to exercise the care a prudent person would have exercised, or the mere failure of the plaintiff to exercise the same degree of care as if he had time for deliberation and the full exercise of his judgment and reasoning faculties, will not be contributory negligence on the part of the plaintiff.” This instruction was awkwardly and defectively worded. Undoubtedly the appellee, when placed in a position of peril, was required to exercise such care for his safety as a person of ordinary prudence would have used under those circumstances. Peoria, D. & E. Ry. Co. v. Rice, 144 Ill. 227. Yet we think the latter part of the instruction sufficient to prevent the jury from being misled by the defective language in the" middle of it; and moreover, as we are of opinion that the jury could not reasonably find that appellee was guilty of contributory negligence under the circumstances of the case, the instruction could do no harm. ■ It is argued that the judgment is excessive. The pain and suffering endured by appellee is to be taken into consideration in determining that question. Appellee was about 36y2 years old when injured. He was a laboring man, and apparently had no qualifications that would fit him for any other employment than that of a common laborer. We think it clear from the evidence that although a good union of the bones of his foot was obtained, yet the arch thereof was not restored to its normal state, and that he was unable and will be unable for life to do any ordinary work which requires much walking or standing upon his feet, and this bars him from most kinds of manual labor. We conclude from the evidence that we would not be warranted in holding that the judgment is excessive. The judgment is affirmed. Affirmed.