United States ex rel. Friedman v. Tod

MANTON, Circuit Judge. The immigrant, 23 years of age, arrived at the port of New York on March 17, 1923. She was a native of Ratno, province of Vohlyn, in the Pinsk region of Poland. She was given the literacy test, as required by section 3 of- the Act of February 5, 1917 (39 Stat. 874 [Comp. St. 1918, Comp. St. Ann. Supp. 1919, _§ 428914b])> and her entrance into the country was denied. This writ was sued out, contending that she was not examined in conformity with the statute and the regulations thereunder, and the writ was sustained. The Immigration Act of February 5, 1917, provides: “See. 3. That the following classes of aliens shall be excluded from admission into the United States: ® a All aliens over sixteen years of age, physically capable of reading, who cannot read the English language, or come other language or dialect, including Hebrew or Yiddish. * * - That for the purpose of ascertaining whether aliens can read the immigrant inT epectors shall be furnished with slips of uniform size, prepared under the direction of the Secretary of Labor, each containing not less than thirty nor more than forty words in ordinary use, printed in plainly legible type in some one of the various languages or dialects of immigrants. Each alien may designate the particular language or dialect in which he desires the examination to be made, and shall be required to read the words printed on the slip in such language or dialect. s ” The Department of Labor promulgated rules for the reading test and the method of applying the reading test as follows: “Rule 4. — Reading Test. “Subdivision 1. Who Subject Thereto and by Whom Examined. — All aliens over 10 years of age who are physically capable of reading, except as specified in the statute and described in subdivision 5 of this rule, shall be required to demonstrate their ability to read matter XA’iuted in plainly legible type and in a language or dialect designated by the alien at the time of examination. •‘Subdivision 2. G-eneral Method of Applying the Beading Test. — When applying the reading test, immigration officers shall use the printed and numbered slips supplied by the bureau for that purpose, and a record shall be made upon the manifest or board minutes showing both the class and serial numbers of the slip used in each case and the language or dialect designated by the applicant and actually used in the examination. A'o two aliens listed upon the same manifest sheet shall be examined at seaports by the use of the same slip. If the examining inspector is unable to spealc and understand the language or dialect in which the alien is examined, the services of an interpreter shall be used for interpreting into> spoken English as read the printed matter read by the alien, so that the examining inspector may compare such interpretation with the slip of corresponding serial number containing the English translation of the same reading matter.” The immigrant was asked, “Do you read any other language than Yiddish ?” to which she replied, “No.” She was tested by using a printed slip in Yiddish, the English translation of which is, “Blessed is the man that walketh not in the counsel of the ungodly, nor standeth in the way of sinners, nor sitteth in the seat of the scornful.” The record reads that she was tested “in class 5-5680 Yiddish and reads a large majority of the words, but is unable to explain the meaning of-the test. Language of the test is a symbolic character.” The question presented to us is whether the test applied is that intended by the statute, which provides that the immigrant shall be furnished with slips of uniform size, “prepared under the direction of the Secretary of Labor, [890] each containing not less than thirty or more than forty words in ordinary use, printed in plainly legible type in some one of the various languages or dialects of immigrants.” This selection, which was taken from the Old Testament of the Holy Bible, is the first Psalm. The card which the immigrant was furnished was of uniform size and prepared by the Secretary of Tabor and contained 28 words in English. It may be that in Yiddish there were 30 words. The card in Yiddish is not in the record, and the record is silent as to this. • But were they words of ordinary use among the Yiddish speaking people? This court held in United States ex rel. Waldman v. Tod, 289 Fed. 761, that under the act in question, in applying the literacy test, there is no authority to require the examination in both Hebrew and Yiddish, and further we held: It is evident that the Congress' realized that there is a distinction between Hebrew, a classic language, and Yiddish.” And in Engel v. Tod (decided December 31, 1923, C. C. A. Second Circuit) 294 Fed. 820, we pointed out that an alien might be able to read Hebrew ánfi be wholly unable to read Yiddish. But we regard the test applied to this applicant as not that intended by the statute. The statute contemplates the use of words in ordinary use. It does not affirmatively appear, because of the translation, that the Yiddish test was in usual or ordinary language. “Ordinary” should be used in-its common acceptation and meaning, as common, usual, often recurring, or common in occurrence. It should be such' words as may be met with at ordinary times and places or as often recurring. The Standard Dictionary defines “ordinary” as “that which is usual or common, anything in everyday use. Specifically (1) the common run of humanity; the mass.” We think the test applied to this immigrant contained words which were not in common use. Such words as “counsel” and “walketh,” “sitteth,” and “scornful” are examples. Therefore we hold that the test contemplated by the statute was not given to this immigrant. We recognize that a finding of fact by the executive department is conclusive. United States v. Ju Toy, 198 U. S. 253, 25 Sup. Ct. 644, 49 L. Ed. 1040. And the courts have no power to interfere unless there was either a denial of a fair hearing (Chin Yow v. United States, 208 U. S. 8, 28 Sup. Ct. 201, 52 L. Ed. 369), or a finding that was not supported by the evidence. But where there is an application of an erroneous rule of law, the courts have jurisdiction. Gegiow v. Uhl, etc., 239 U. S. 3, 36 Sup. Ct. 2, 60 L. Ed. 114. To deport the immigrant without the test provided for in the statute, is without authority. In accordance with our recent pronouncement in Engel v. Tod (decided December 31, 1923), we hold the immigrant should be re-examined, with a view of ascertaining whether she can read understand-, ingly the language she named, to wit, Yiddish. If it is found, after a fair test, that she can read that language understandingly, there is no ground for her exclusion, and she ought to be discharged from custody. ' The order appealed from is modified, and the case remanded to the District Court, with directions to proceed in accordance with this opinion.