Johnson Steel Street-Rail Co. v. North Branch Steel Co.

Reed, J. A bill in equity for infringement of certain letters patent having been filed in the circuit court for the eastern district of Pennsylvania, and the defendant having answered, Samuel Bell, Esq., was appointed by that court as a special examiner, upon the application of the defendant, to take testimony in this district. John Fulton, who is the general manager of the Cambria Iron Company, a corporation, not a party to the suit, was duly served with a subpoena duces tecum, directing him to produce at the hearing before the examiner certain drawings and templates. Mr. Fulton refused to produce them, although appearing at the hearing in person in obedience to the subpoena. Upon the argument of the rule taken by the defendant’s counsel to show cause why an attachment for contempt should not issue, counsel for Mr. Fulton appeared, and the several positions taken in opposition to the rule will be considered. It-was argued that the subpoena had improperly issued from the clerk’s office; that a subpoena duces tecum, in such a ease as the present, could only be issued by order of court, upon petition or application of one of the parties. A circuit court in one district has power, under the 87th [192] rule in equity, to appoint a special examiner to take testimony in another district, (Railroad Co. v. Drew, 3 Woods, 691; In re Steward, 29 Fed. Rep. 813;) and the court in the latter district has power to issue a subpoena commanding a person living in its district to appear and testify before an examiner or master who has been appointed by the court of the former district, and who is discharging the duties of his appointment in the latter district; and such court also has power, under the 78th rule in equity, to punish such person for refusing to obey such subpoena, (In re Steward, supra.) Nor do I think it necessary that, in such a case, an application must be made to the latter court for an order directing the subpoena duces tecum to issue, but such a subpoena may issue in the usual manner from the clerk’s office, as in ordinary cases. “If documents, the production of which is desired, are in the possession of one not a party to the suit, he may be compelled by a subpoena duces tecum to produce them, and if the subpoena is not obeyed he will be punished for contempt, on proof by affidavit that the documents are in his custody.” 3 Greenl. Ev. § 305. And such a subpoena is in ordinary' and general use, and is of compulsory obligation and effect, in courts of law, (Amey v. Long, 9 East, 473; Russell v. McLellan, 3 Woodb. & M. 157,) and also in courts of equity, (1 Daniel's Ch. Pr. 906; U. S. v. Babcock, 3 Dill. 566;) and, by the 78th rule in equity, subpoenas may be issued by the clerk in blank, and filled up by the commissioner, master, or examiner, requiring the attendance of the witness at the time and place specified, and this applies as well to subpoenas duces tecum. Section 869 of the Revised Statutes, providing for an order of court, upon which the subpoena duces tecum shall issue, applies to cases where depositions de bene esse are taken under the provisions of section 863, or m perpetuam rei memoriam and under a dedimus potestatem, under section 866. Ex parte Fish, 113 U. S. 713, 5 Sup. Ct. Rep. 724. It does not apply to testimony taken, as in the present case, under the general powers of a court of equity, and in the mode prescribed by the equity rules. An examination of the act of January 24,1827, (4 St. at Large, 197,) the second section of which was re-enacted as section 869 of the Revised Statutes, shows that it was not intended to apply to all cases. The subpoena having properly issued, the remaining question is as to the validity of the reasons given in support of the refusal of the witness to obey the subpoena. The affidavit of Cyrus Elder, Esq., attorney for the Cambria Iron Company, which, it was understood at the argument, should be treated as though it were the answer of Mr. Fulton, says that he instructed the witness not to produce the articles called for by the subpoena, and his instructions were intended solely to prevent the disclosure of valuable business secrets of said Cambria Iron Company, and that the disclosures of the witnesses called for, and which the witnesses were required to answer and produce, related to a method of manufacturing a rail, which method has been developed by the Cambria Iron Company with great labor and expense, and that it is said company’s •valuable private property. ' In the case of Bull v. Loveland, 10 Pick. 9, [193] the supreme court of Massachusetts discussed the question, and held that the witness was bound to answer a question pertinent to the issue, where his answer will not expose him to criminal proceedings, or tend to subject him to a penalty or forfeiture!, although it may otherwise adversely affect his pecuniary interests, and said: “There seems to bo no difference in principle between compelling a witness to produce a document in his possession, under a subpoena dimes tecum, in a ease where the party calling the witness has a right to the use of such document, and compelling him to give testimony when the facts lie in his own knowledge. It has been decided, though it was formerly doubted, that a subpoena duces tecum is a writ of compulsory obligation, which the court has power to issue, and which the witness is bound to obey, and which will be enforced by proper process to compel the production of the paper, when the witness lias no lawful or reasonable excuse for withholding it, (Amey v. Long, 9 East, 473; Corsen v. Dubois, 1 Holt, N. P. 239;) but of such lawful or reasonable excuse the court at nisi prius, and not the witness, is the judge.” In Baird v. Cochran, 4 Serg. & R. 396, the supreme court of Pennsylvania held that a witness in a civil suit may be compelled to give evidence which may affect Ms interest, provided it does not tend to convict him of a crime, or subject him to a penalty, saying: “With these exceptions, every man may be compelled, on a bill filed against him in equity, to declare the truth, although it affect bis interest. Why, then, should he not be compelled at law, except where he is a party to the suit? [Parties could not then under the laws of Pennsylvania testify or be called to testify.] The court in which he is examined will take care to protect him from questions put through impertinent curiosity, and coniine his evidence to those points which are really material to the question in litigation. So far, his neighbor has an interest in his testimony, and no further ought he to be questioned.” In Ex parte Judson, 3 Blatchf. 89, the witness objected to testifying, for the reason that the suit was an amicable and fictitious suit, got up to enable the parties to examine the witness, to obtain evidence from him to be used, not in that suit, but in other cases, then ponding, in which the witness was interested, and in which such evidence might be used to his prejudice; but the court held that the evidence might bo material, that it was bound to assume that the case which, as in this case, was pending in another court, must be presumed to be genuine litigation, and that the witness musí answer. In Wertheim v. Railway, etc., Co., 15 Fed. Rep. 716, .Judge Wallace held that a corporation, not a party to the suit, might be compelled to produce its books and papers in evidence, which might be necessary and vital to the rights of litigants, and that considerations of inconvenience must give way to the paramount rights of parties to the litigation. It rvas further contended by counsel for the witness that the articles called for by the subpoena were not such as could be the subjeci of a subpoena duxes team. The subpoena required the production of certain drawings and templates. A template, as stated upon the argument, is a piece of sheet iron, the contour of which corresponds to the opening between the rolls. It was held In the Case of Shephard, 3 [194] Fed. Rep. 12, that a subpoena duces tecum can only be used to compel the production of written instruments, papers, books, or documents, and that patterns for stove castings were not the subject of such a writ. I think that the subpoena cannot be enforced as to the templates. A document, however, is defined as— “An instrument upon which is recorded, by means of letters, figures, or marks, matter which way evidentially be used. In this sense the term applies to writings; to words printed, lithographed, or photographed; to seals, plates, or stones on which inscriptions are cut or engraved; to photographs and pictures; to maps and plans. So far as concerns admissibility, it makes no difference what is the thing on which the words or signs olfered may be recorded. • They may be on stones, or gems, or on wood, as well as on paper or parchment.” 1 Whart. Ev. § 614. So far as material, then, the drawings called for by the subpoena should be produced, and the final question is how far they are material. The bill in this case is based upon an allegation of infringement of a patent granted March 29, 1887. Defense is made that the patent is void for insufficiency of invention, in view of the prior state of the art, and also that the invention claimed has been in public use for more than two years prior to the date of the application, which was made August 12, 1886. It appears in testimony that rails of the general character of that covered by the patent in controversy were rolled by the Cambria Iron Company, under an arrangement with the plaintiff company, for the latter company, in 1882, and from that time down to the date of the patent. It would seem to be material and pertinent, therefore, to the issue, to inquire into this matter, and the defendant is entitled to the production of such drawings as will show the form of rolls used for that purpose, down to the date of the patent. The form of rolls used since has not been shown to be material to the issue. My conclusion upon this subject is based upon the presentation of the case by counsel, upon only a part of the testimony, and is not intended to, in any manner, anticipate or influence the decision by the circuit court for the eastern district of the materiality or relevancy of the testimony, of which it alone must finally judge. When the witness produces the drawings called for by the subpoena, in accordance with this opinion, and pays the costs of this application, the rule will be discharged, it appearing that no disobedience of the subpoena was intended; but this mode was taken by counsel to test the questions involved.