Cincinnati, S. & C. R. Co. v. Bensley

Brown, Circuit Justice, (after stating the facts.) There are two questions involved in this case: (1) Whether an action will lie upon the express contract of the defendant company to contribute to the purchase price of the lot. (2) Whether, in case such action will not lie, the circumstances raise an implied obligatión on the part of the defendant to make a contribution proportioned to the benefit received by it from the location of the board of trade upon such lot. There was a further question raised and passed upon by the circuit court as to the power of the defendant to bind itself to make this subscription, but, in the view we have taken of the other questions, we do not find it necessary to consider this. 1. We find no difficulty in holding that the action, so far as it is based upon the express promise set forth in the instrument of December 10, 1880, and the subsequent modifications thereof, cannot be maintained. This was a promise to pay the Tracy heirs the sum of $5,000, subsequently raised to $6,000, upon the completion and occupation of the board of trade building, provided this take place within two years from January 1, 1881, subsequently changed to two years from the time the board of trade should obtain title to the lot. This was the express condition upon which the subscription was made, and, such condition not having been performed, the action will not lie upon the promise. Without going into the niceties of the law with regard to dependent and independent covenants, no one who understands the force of language can — 741 — fail to conclude that the defendant intended only to be bound in case fhe building were completed and occupied within the time specified. The language of the covenant is too clear to admit of any doubt: “Now, therefore, in consideration of the premises, [viz., the proposition of the Tracy heirs to sell the Jot, and the probable increase in the value of the neighboring estates,] and the further consideration that the said board of trade shall erect and complete said proposed building and occupy the same for its regular business within two years from January 1, 1881, we, the undersigned, owners in fee or in trust of estates on said Clark street, hereby agree, ” etc. The intention to be bound only upon the performance of this condition is the more manifest from the fact that the directors of the defendant company refused to sign the unconditional subscription inclosed by Darker in his letter of December 10, 1880,- and the subsequent correspondence indicates its willingness to raise the amount to $6,000, and to make it payable two years from the time the board of trade should obtain title to the lot, provided “'there shall be no unnecessary delay in obtaining the title.” Indeed, the whole tenor of the correspondence, as well as the contract itself, exhibits the unwillingness of the defendant to make its subscription unconditional as to time. It, is sufficient to say that the condition evidently goes to the whole promise, and that the promise falls with the failure to comply with such condition. If any authority were needed in support of so plain a proposition, it would he found in the cases of Bank v. Hagner, 1 Pet. 455, and in Dermott v. Jones, 23 How. 231. The first was an action against the defendant upon a special agreement to purchase of the plaintiff certain land in the city of Washington. A time was fixed for the performance of the contract and the payment of the consideration money. It was held that in contracts of this description the undertakings of the respective parties are to be considered dependent, unless a contrary intention clearly appears; that if either a vendor or vendee wishes to compel the other to fulfill his contract, he must make his part of the agreement precedent, and cannot proceed against the other without an actual performance of the agreement on his part, or a tender and refusal. It was said by the court, that the timé fixed for performance is, at law, deemed of the essence of the contract; that, no part of the consideration having been paid on the day named, the defendant had a right to' abandon his contract; and that the tender of a deed 16 months thereafter was not sufficient to charge the defendant with the payment of the money. In Dermott v. Jones, Id. 220, the action was upon a special contract to build a house by a certain day, which was not fulfilled; and it was held to have been erroneous in the court to instruct the jury to find for the plaintiff, as the work was not finished by the appointed day, though it was completed after the time, with the knowledge and approbation of the defendant; that by the terms of the contract the performance of the work was a condition precedent to the payment of the money sued for; that, the special contract not having been performed by the day named, no action would lie upon it; and the case was remanded to the circuit court — 742 — to be tried upon the common counts for work and labor done and materials furnished. So in the case of Waterman v. Banks, 144 U. S. 394, 12 Sup. Ct. Rep. 646, the defendant, by written contract, agreed that “at any time within twelve months from this date, upon demand” of the plaintiff’s assignee, he would execute a deed of an interest in a certain mine; and it was held that this conveyed to the plaintiff’s assignor no present interest in the property, but only the right to acquire such ail 'interest within a period of 12 months from the date of the'contract; that time was of the essence of such a contract; and that a demand made after the expiration of 12 months was of no avail as foundation for the suit. See, also, Slater v. Emerson, 19 How. 224. The same construction was placed by the supreme court of Illinois in the case of Ogden v. Kirby, 79 Ill. 555, upon a subscription to aid in the construction of a railroad when the road should be completed and in operation to a certain place by a certain time. So in Railroad Co. v. Boestler, 15 Iowa, 555, it was held that a condition in a contract to aid the construction of a railroad by a subscription, that the road should be put under contract by a certain time, was a condition precedent to the right of the company to recover on the contract, and that a completion of the road by the time' stipulated in the contract, without the letting of the contract stipulated in the condition precedent, was not a sufficient compliance to enable the company to recover. There are doubtless cases in equity where a contract has been made to purchase real estate and to pay for .the same within a certain time, and the vendee has entered into possession, which hold that time is not to be considered as of the essence of the contract, and that the vendee shall not be ousted, or his contract forfeited, by reason of his Mlure to pay upon the day named; but these cases have no application to an. action at law where the plaintiff has failed to perform a condition precedent. 2. The more important and difficult question remains to be considered, viz., whether the facts in this case raise an implied obligation on the part of the defendant to pay for the benefit received by the construction of the building, irrespective of the written contract. Every action upon a contract must rest .upon the foundation of a promise, express or implied. If the promise be express, and be subject to a condition, it can only be enforced if the condition has been fulfilled. But if, from the performance of some act by the defendant, the plaintiff has received and accepted a benefit to which he would not otherwise have been entitled, he is as much bound in equity to pay for it as if he had expressly promised to do so beforehand. This the law calls an implied promise or obligation. Thus, if a man build a hohse upon the land of another, with his assent, the law raises an obligation on his part to pay its value, since he has been benefited to that extent, and, if he did not intend to pay, it was his duty to forbid its construction, or at least to give notice that he would not be chargeable.' So, if he had expressly contracted to pay for the house, provided 'it were built in a certain manner and within a certain time, and he accepted it, though it be not built in the manner or within the time limited-, he is bound to pay — 743 — its value, not exceeding the contract price, less any damages he may have suffered by reason of the failure of the other party to comply with the exact conditions of his contract. Vanderbilt v. Iron Works, 25 Wend. 665; Ladue v. Seymour, 24 Wend. 60; Jewell v. Schroeppel, 4 Cow. 564. In other words, the contract is looked to to determine the time and maimer in which it is to be performed, and also to limit the amount of the recovery; hut the promise upon which the plaintiff recovers is not the express promise of the contract, since that was not performed, but the implied obligation arising from the acceptance of the benefit. We know of no case in which it has been held that the contract can be looked to for the promise, since the promisp must be taken with its accompanying condition. Upon the other hand, if a house he built upon the lot of a neighbor, the defendant is under no obligation to pay, though his lot bo thereby quadrupled in value, since this increase of value was an incidental benefit, to which he ivas entitled. If the law wore otherwise, every man who built a house might assess his neighbors with the increased value thereby given to their property. As a matter of fact, however, it is not unusual lor neighboring property owners to agree to contribute to a valuable improvement with a view to the enhancement of their own property, as was done in this case. But such agreement is strieti juris, and the obligation of the promisor is akin to that of a guarantor who receives no personal benefit from the performance of the act for which he agrees to become responsible; at least, none to which he woidd not have been entitled if the promise had not been made. In such case the contract cannot be looked to to raise a promise to pay. That must result from the circumstances of the case. So if A. promises to pay B. for a house to be built upon the land of C., provided it be built within a certain time, and the house be not completed within the time named, it is difficult to see how A. could he held liable in any form of action, since he has received no benefit from the subsequent performance of the contract. In such case, however, if C. should accept the house, he would undoubtedly be bound to pay its value; but if he failed to do so, the builder would have no recourse but to remove the house from the land. Tt was his own folly to have made so stringent a contract. This illustration i§ practically covered by the case of Slater v. Emerson, 19 How. 224, in which the defendant promised to give a railway contractor his note for certain work to be done for the railway, provided the work were completed by a certain day; and it was hold that, as the work was not finished within the stipulated time, there could he no recovery. The rule, as we understand it, was stated hv Sir James Mansfield in Cooke v. Munstone, 1 Bos. & P. (N. R.) 355, as follows: “ Where a party declares on a special contract, seeking to recover thereon, but fails in his right so to do altogether, lie may recover on a general count, if the case be such that, supposing there had been no special contract, he might still have recovered for money paid or for work and labor done.” The cases upon this point are not numerous, but we think they are conclusive. In the case of Munro v. Butt, 8 El. & Bl. 738, the action — 744 — was upon a contract to complete certain Specified work on a. certain day, and to be done to the satisfaction of a surveyor named, upon whose approval payment was to be made. The work was not done by the day named, and there was no evidence of any certificate by the surveyor, or any other expression that he was satisfied. It was held that the plaintiff could not recover upon the special contract, because it had not been performed, and that there was no such evidence of an acceptance of the house by the owner as to make him chargeable with its value-. It was said in this case that the mere fact of the defendant taking possession of his own land on which buildings had been erected, or repairs or alterations to buildings had been made, did not afford an inference that he had dispensed with the conditions of the special agreement under which the work was done, or of a contract to pay for the work actually done, according to measure and value. A like ruling ivas made upon a similar contract in Smith v. Brady, 17 N. Y. 173. In Appleby v. Myers, L. R. 2 C. P. 651, the plaintiffs contracted to erect certain machinery on the defendant’s premises at specified prices for a particular portion, and to keep it in repair for two years, the price to be paid upon the completion of the whole. After some portions of the work had been finished and others were in the course of completion, the premises, with all the machinery and materials, were destroyed by an accidental fire. It was held that the plaintiffs were not entitled to sue in respect of those portions of the work which had been completed, whether the materials used had become the property of the defendant or not. The ruling was-, in substance, that the fire put an end to the contract, and that both parties were excused from its further performance. The English law upon the subject is summed up in a note to the leading case of Cutter v. Powell, 2 Smith, Lead. Cas. 25, as follows: “But no claim in the nature of a quantum meruit can be founded upon a special contract which has not been performed, unless the person who has the right to insist upon the performance of the special contract has accepted some benefit resulting from its partial performance, or the circumstances are such as to show in some other way that a new contract has arisen between the parties.” . The rule in this country is the same. . Thus, in Faxon v. Mansfield, 2 Mass. 147, it was held that, where the defendant undertook to erect and finish a barn by a day named, and afterwards left the work unfinished without the consent and contrary to the wishes of the owner, who was obliged to procure other workmen at his own expense to complete the same, he was entitled to recover nothing. The same rule was applied in Olmstead v. Beale, 19 Pick. 528, to a case where the plaintiff agreed to work for the defendant for a definite period, ‘and voluntarily left the defendant’s service without his consent before the expiration of the term. The most satisfactory case, however, is that of Railway Co. v. Thompson, 24 Kan. 170. This was an action upon certain bonds issued by the city of Parsons in aid of the construction of the plaintiff’s road, and subject to a condition that the plaintiff should “have its road constructed and in'operation * * * on or before the 1st day of July, 1878.” — 745 — It was held that time was of the essence of this contract, and that the failure of the plaintiff to complete the road by the day named was fatal to a recovery, notwithstanding that the road was completed shortly after that, and the city received the benefit of it. In delivering the opinion of ■ the court, Mr. Justice Brewer, now of the supreme court of the United States, observed: ‘‘Nor is this a ease oí part performance by one party and the acceptance by the other of the proceeds oí such performance. The work done by the company was upon its .own grounds. It owns tlie road absolutely and entirely. It, has parted with nothing which the city has received. The city lias accepted and appropriated none of its labor and none of its materials. It has received the benefit of the work in no other sense than every individual in the community, and in no other way than that of one person benefited from his neighbor’s improvement of his own property. It does not at all parallel the case of a party contracting to build for another a house upon the latter’s land by a certain day, and only partially doing the work by that day. The partially built house belongs to the latter. lie appropriates the labor and the materials of the former. But here the company has parted witli nothing, and the city lias taken and owns nothing, and in such case the condition must be performed, or the contract does not bind the city. Nothing excuses such nonperformance. Botli parties stand released.” The language of this opinion is plainly applicable to the case under consideration. Had the defendant received a benefit from the performance of this contract to which he would not have been entitled had the contract not been made, the result might have been different; but, as a matter of fact, it received no benefit from the erection of this building which did not accrue to other owners of neighboring property who did not sign the contract or subscribe in aid of the purchase of the lot, and as to such persons it would not be claimed that a liability arises. Tts acquiescence in the completion of the building is immaterial, since it had no right to interfere. It is then only upon the basis of the special contract to pay that an action will lie, and, this contract not having been performed by the plaintiff, there can be no recovery. There is a class of cases much relied upon by the plaintiff, wherein the courts have sustained actions by members of a family against the head of the family for services performed which the law presumed to have been gratuitous, and have allowed,the contract to he given in evidence to rebut such presumption. In these cases, however, the contract was fully performed by the plaintiff, and the only difficulty that lay in the way was in the enforcement of the promise as made by the defendant, and it was held that the plaintiff could recover for liis labor. Thus, in Stone v. Stone, 43 Vt. 180, the plaintiff and defendant entered into a parol agreement by which the plaintiff was to work for the defendant on his farm, and the defendant was to deed the plaintiff one half the farm. It was held that, though the promise to give the deed was within the statute of frauds, an action would lio upon ihe common counts for the labor, upon the ground that the plaintiff had performed his contract, and it had inured to the benefit of the defendant. So in McGarvy v. Hoods, 73 Iowa, 363, 35 N. W. Rep. 488, it was held that no recovery — 746 — could be bad by a daughter against her mother’s administrator for the maintenance of her mother, who was aged and infirm for some year's prior to her death, in the absence of an express promise on the part of the mother to pay for such maintenance; but that where there were such facts and circumstances as would satisfy the jury that the services were rendered in the expectation on the part of the mother of paying compensation, an express promise was not necessary. There was a promise to pay for similar services in Ellis v. Cary, 74 Wis. 176, 42 N. W. Rep. 252, but the promise to pay was within the statute of frauds as to a portion of it, and it was'held that, as the services had been performed under a promise to pay, the court would enforce the promise as one to pay in money. The promise was held to be operative, not as a contract, but to rebut the presumption that the plaintiff rendered the services in ‘question gratuitously. See, also, Wallace v. Long, 105 Ind. 522, 5 N. E. Rep. 666; Shane v. Smith, 37 Kan. 55, 14 Pac. Rep. 477. It is obvious, however, that these cases have no application where the plaintiff has failed to perform the pon tract on his part, and the defendant has received no benefit from its subsequent performance to which it would not have been otherwise entitled. .Thefacts shown in this case—that the defendant sold its propertywithin a few months after the contract was signed, and very shortly after it became known that the board of trade had purchased of the Tracy heirs for a sum very largely in excess of its previous value, (an enhancement of price undoubtedly due to the proposed relocation of the board of trade building)—are such as to appeal strongly to the generosity of the defendant; but, if any obligation be thereby created, it is not one which a court of law can enforce. The defendant is entitled to stand upon the letter of its contract, and we are of opinion the action cannot be maintained. The verdict and judgment of the court below must therefore be set aside, and the case remanded for further proceedings in conformity with this opinion.