Harper v. National Life Ins. Co. of Montpelier

WALES, District Judge. This was an action brought in the circuit court of the United States for the eastern district of Pennsylvania against Alexander Harper and Benjamin W. Blakeley, as sureties of William V. Harper, on their joint and several bond for the penal sum of $20,000, dated November 19, 1888, and given to the National Life Insurance Company of Montpelier, Vt. The recitals and condition of the bond are as follows: ‘•Whereas, in and by a certain agreement in writing by and between the said National Life Insurance Company and said William Y. Harper, bearing date the 28th day of July, 1S88, said I-Iarper was aippointed the general agenr of said company for the states of Maryland, Virginia, Delaware, and the District of Columbia, and did agree to perform, as such general agent for said company, certain duties in the said agreement specified; and whereas, the said National Life Insurance Company is also about to advance tbe sum of fifteen thousand dollars as a special loan to the said William Y. Harper, at the request of all the parties hereto, and upon his promissory note for that amount, dated November 19, 1888: Now, the condition of this obligation is such that if said Harper shall and do well and truly comply with all the terms, conditions, and covenants contained in said agreement on the part of said Harper to he kept, done, and performed, and shall account for and pay over to said company, when and as required by said company, all commissions, arising to him, the said Harper, under said contract, save only the sum of two hundred and fifty ($250) per month, and shall also pay over, when and as received by him, the whole renewal interest due said Harper by the Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States, (it being expressly guarantied and agreed by said Harper that the money so paid over by him in each month shall not be less than tbe sum of five hundred [500] dollars,) and shall also pay, or cause to he paid, to said company, all balance of indebtedness that may be due and owing to said company by said Harper upon any termination of said above-recited agreement, or upon said promissory note of fifteen thousand dollars as hereinabove recited, or for any other indebtedness between said parties, and shall and will in all respects save, indemnify, and hold harmless said company of, from, and against any and all loss, cost, damage, or expense by reason or on account of any default or failure on the part of said Harper so fully to perform all the conditions hereof [283] without fraud or further delay, then this obligation to be void; otherwise, to be and remain in full toree and effect.” At the trial it was proved that William V. Harper, the principal in the bond, had become Indebted to the insurance company, on a shortage in his accounts as its agent, and Ihe nonpayment of his promissory note, in a sum of not; less than $80,000. This indebtedness was not denied, but the sureties claimed that they were not liable for the default, of their principal because of certain aers done by the insurance company, without their consent, subsequent to the date of the bond- -First, in changing the rates of commission to be allowed to William V. Harper, as provided for in tin» agreement of July 28, Í888; second, in giving an extension, of lime to the said Harper* for the payment of his indebtedness to the company. The learned judge of the circuit court charged the jury that ihe evidence did not sustain either branch of Ihe defense, and instructed them to find a verdict for ihe plaintiff. Eleven assignments of error have* berm hied, but all of them may be substantially embraced in two, which will he noticed in Ilnur order*. On April (>, 188!), a. supplemental agreement was entered into by the insurance company and William V. Harper, by which certain changes were* made in the rates of commissions to be allowed him “on all new business, and its renewals, written on and after April 15, 1889.” The average result of these changes was rather favorable to tin* agent, unless the new business should be limited to a particular subclass of life policies. It was contended on behalf of the sureties that any change in the agent’s compensation, made without (heir consent, discharged them; and a fortiori would they be entitled to their discharge if the effect of the change increased their risk. In support, of this proposition it was argued that as all ¡lie commissions allowed to Harper, over and above $250 per month, were to be paid over to the company in reduction of his note, any change in the rates, by which the amount of ihe commissions -would be reduced, would increase the balance of his indebtedness, and thus increase the risk of his sureties. It is true that under the original agreement between ihe company and their agent the former reserved (lie right i.o offset; against; Ms commissions any debt due* or owing io them from him, but there is nothing in the agreement, or in the condi lions of the bond, which can he con-st,rued to mean that the company was obliged to compel the appropriation of the agent’s commissions to the payment of his debt. It was optional with the company to make such appropriation or not, but; it was the duty of the agent to pay over the excess of the commissions “when and as required by said company.” The amount of commissions earned by the'agent, whether large or small, would depend on bis industry in soliciting and obtaining premiums on policies of insurance; but he was at all times hound by his agreement, and by Ihe conditions of the bond, to account for the premiums, and to pay tin* Joan of §15,000. The omission or neglect of the company to require its agent, to pay over the excess of his commissions did not deprive' it of the right to compel him to account for the premiums, and «> pay the balance of Ms indebted [284] ness, nor does such omission or neglect exonerate his sureties. There is no stipulation in the original agreement, or in the bond, that the agent’s compensation should remain fixed and unaltered. Commissions were allowed to him in the place of a stated salary, in order to stimulate his services, in soliciting business for his employer. The condition in the bond that he should comply with all the terms and covenants in the recited agreement, and the further condition that he should pay all balance of indebtedness, are separate and distinct conditions; and neither of these conditions was intended to be governed or affected by the rates of compensation allowed to him at the date of the bond, or afterwards. The obligation of a surety is supposed to be a gratuitous one, in consequence of which he has been held liable on his bond only when its terms have remained inviolate. If there has been a material change in the contract of suretyship the surety will be released; but, as it was pertinently said, in U. S. v. Hodge, 6 How. 283, “the principle on which sureties are released is not a mere shadow, without substance. It is founded upon a restriction of the rights of the sureties, by which they are supposed to be injured.” In Benjamin v. Hillard, 23 How. 165, the court said that in order to discharge a surety there must be another contract substituted for the original contract, or some alteration in a point so material in effect as to make a new contract, without the surety’s consent. As to the effect produced by a change in the compensation of the principal in a surety bond, the rule is thus stated in Brandt, Sur. §341: "V. Iiere the compensation which shall he paid the principal in the employment is not part of the contract of the surety for his good behavior therein, a change in the amount of such compensation, which does not change the duties of the principal, nor vary the risk of the surety, does not generally discharge the surety.” An instructive illustration of this rule is found in Insurance Co. v. Sedgwick, 110 Mass. 163. There the insurance company had appointed an agent, to be paid by certain commissions, with a guaranty by the company that the commissions should amount to a specified sum monthly. The agent gave bond for the faithful performance of his duties., The sureties on the bond knew of the terms of the appointment of their principal when they became bound. Subsequently the agent and the company agreed that the agent should receive increased commissions, but give up all claim on the guaranty. It was held that the sureties were not thereby discharged. The new agreement did not affect the identity of the office, nor the duties of the agent. He was not an agent, at a fixed salary, either before or after the new agreement, and there was nothing in the bond, or in the letter of appointment, importing that the guaranty as to the amount of commissions should prevent the company from withdrawing from the contract of guaranty if it proved burdensome. The effect of the change was therefore to continue the same appointment, requiring the same duties as before, but at what might prove a reduced compensation, or an increased one, according to the amount of business done. There was [285] no evidence that the change as to remuneration subjected the sureties to any greater or other risk than they intended to assume. In Frank v. Edwards, 8 Exch. 214, where the salary of an officer had been reduced, the court refused to discharge his sureties on the ground that, if the sureties had considered the amount of the salary to be an essential ingredient in the contract, they should hare had a stipulation inserted in the condition of the bond that they would be liable only so long as the officer was continued at the’same salary. Applying these principles to the evidence in ihe present case, it is clear'that there was no error in the instruction given to the jury, that the supplemental agreement of April G, 1889, did not discharge the sureties. The second branch of the defense rests on the assumption that the insurance company gave further time to W. V. Harper for the payment of his indebtedness to them. The evidence in support of This claim is that', in ihe summer of 1891, the insurance company had informed Lincoln L. Eyre, Esq., an attorney at law residing in Philadelphia, who had general charge of their legal business in the territory covered by W. V. Harper’s agency, that Harper had collected some $2,000 for premiums in Wilmington, Del., and failed to report them, whereupon Mr. Eyre caused the arrest of Harper on a criminal charge, and employed an attorney in Wilmington to prosecute the same. Harper was released on bail, and subsequently procured a withdrawal of the criminal proceedings by the payment of «$2,000, and obtained a receipt, which had been prepared by his attorney, and which contained the following agreement,: “It is also agreed by tlie said insurance company, in consideration oí tlie above payment, and oí other good considerations, that the time tor the payment of all other indebtedness due on the part o£ the said Harper to the said company is hereby ext ended for rbo period of five months from this date: provided tliat tlie said Harper pay to tlie said company, within sffid period, five thousand dollars, on account of such indebtedness: and provided, further, that fifteen hundred dollars be paid on account of sa.id five thousand dollars within three months from this date.” This receipt was dated November 17, 1891, and was signed by the attorney of the company who had been employed by Mr. Eyre. .Vs soon as Mr. Eyre was notified of this agreement he repudiated it, and wrote to his Wilmington associate to demand a surrender of the receipt. Within 48 hours after the receipt had been signed the demand was made on Harper’s attorney to give up the paper, but he refused to do so, assigning no other reason than that he liad not the power. On December 8,1891, Mr. Eyre remitted the $2,000 collected from Harper, less counsel fees, to the insurance company, but without communicating the terms on which the money had been received. A few days afterwards, on December 12, 1891, the company was advised for the first time of these terms, and at once returned the money to Mr. Eyre with instruciions to pay it: hack to Harper or his attorney, and cancel the agreement of November 17, 1891. Mr. Eyre obeyed these instructions, but Harper's attorney declined to accept the tinder of money, or part with the receipt. There is no evidence that Mr. Eyre had any authority, general or [286] special, from tlie insurance company, to give an extension to Harper; and it is not pretended that in the absence of such authority, express or implied, an attorney can bind his client to a compromise of this description. On the contrary, counsel for the sureties admit that an attorney at law, by virtue of his general retainer, cannot give away his client’s property, or release his client's debtor; and yet it was contended that the receipt of the consideration money for the agreement of November 17th, under the circumstances, bound the company to its terms. It was also admitted that the mere possession of the money by the principal, without knowledge of the terms on which it was paid to the agent, would not be absolutely binding, and that ratification would become complete only with knowledge of the facts. In: view of these admissions it is unnecessary to cite authorities in support of well-established principles of law. The circuit com-t was satisfied that, on the evidence produced at the triad, the agreement for an extension was unauthorized by, and therefore not binding on, the company. The delay of Mr. Eyre in communicating to the company the terms on which the receipt had been given to Harper could not be imputed to the company, which could neither ratify, or refuse to ratdy, an agreement, so long as they had no knowledge of its existence. It remains, then, only to consider whether the company disavowed the act of its attorney within a reasonable time after notice; and this was a question to be decided by the court, and not by the jury. Leaming v. Wise, 73 Pa. St. 173; Morgan v. McKee, 77 Pa. St. 228; Attwood v. Clark, 2 Greenl. 249. The letter of Mr. Eyre, informing the company of the extension, was dated Dec,ember 12th; and the reply of the company, by its president, repudiating the agreement to extend, was dated on the 14th of the same month. Allowing for the time occupied in transmitting a letter by mail from Philadelphia to Montpelier, it is evident that the refusal of the company to confixan the action of its attorney could not have been made more promptly and speedily than it was. On this question, therefore, there was nothing to be submitted to the jury, as was urged by counsel for the sureties. The facts were clear and undisputed. No objection ivas made by W. Y. Harper’s attorney to the form of tender, which consisted of a certified bank check for the amount paid by Harper, with interest from the day of its payment, — November 17, 1891. It was sufficient that the company was ready and willing to repay Harper when and wherever he could be found, and in such form as he might demand; and the disclaimer of the company, and the tenders which were made to his attorney, were ample notice to him that the agreement of November 17th had not been, and would not be, ratified. The judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.