Seymour v. Malcolm McDonald Lumber Co.

SWAN, District Judge, (after stating the facts.) Although the' court below directed a verdict for the plaintiff on the ground that no defense cognizable at law" had been shown to the acceptance, the defendant is still at liberty to show either that there was sufficient evidence to go to the .jury, or that questions of law apparent upon the record would control the case in opposition to the direction. It is claimed here not only that lite evidence adduced by the defendant and received by the court required the submission of ihe cause io the jury, but also that the court excluded competent and material evidence which might; fairly have changed tin1 result. This contention makes it necessary for us to pass upon the sufficiency of the evidence admitted below, and Ihe admissibility of that tendered and excluded. 1. A preliminary question arises upon the ruling of the court made upon the cross-examination of defendant, who was examined as a witness for the plain lift. Upon his direct examination he had testified substantially that he signed the acceptance, and that the Potts notes, from the proceeds of which it was payable, were pa id to him before this suit was ‘commenced. This was the extent of his examination in chief. Upon cross-examination, defendant's counsel then sought to show by the witness that Tiffany obtained the acceptance from Seymour by misrepresentation and fraud; that Tiffany came to Manistee, and saw Seymour as the1 agent of Frazer, and in Frazer's interest procured defendant’s acceptance of the first draft;, which was destroyed upon the delivery [960] to Tiffany of the draft and acceptance in suit. The court excluded the evidence as not proper cross-examination. There was n.o error in this ruling. The rule has long been settled that the cross-examination of a witness must be limited to the matters stated in his direct examination. If the adverse party desires to examine him as to other matters, he must do so by calling the witness to the stand in the subsequent progress of the case. Houghton v. Jones, 1 Wall. 706; Railroad Co. v. Stimpson, 14 Pet. 461; Wills v. Russell, 100 U. S. 621, 625. In the case last cited it was further held that a judgment will not be reversed merely because it appears that the rule limiting the cross-examination to the matters opened by the examination in'chief was applied and enforced. The course and extent of cross-examination, when directed to matters not inquired about in the principal examination, is very largely subject to the control of the court, in the exercise of a sound discretion which is not reviewable on a writ of error. Rea v. Missouri, 17 Wall. 542; Johnston v. Jones, 1 Black, 216. A further answer to the argument upon this point is the fact that defendant was allowed to introduce evidence of most of the matters excluded as improper cross-examination. This ruling, therefore, worked defendant no injury. 2. It is argued that the court below erred in refusing to admit in evidence the files and records in the suit in equity brought by John A. Holmes against the parties to this action and others, and then pending in the court below. The avowed purpose of this evidence was to show that Holmes, the complainant in the suit in equity, claimed that Seymour was liable to him as assignee of Frazer, under Tiffany’s assignment to Frazer, for the amount of the acceptance in suit here, or whatever may be found due Holmes., as such assignee, from the defendants on an accounting. The evidence tendered was clearly irrelevant to the issue in this cause, and incompetent to affect the plaintifí’s right of action. The question here is whether the defendant had become liable to the plaintiff on his acceptance. His possible liability to complainant in the equity suit could constitute no legal defense to the express engagement upon which he was sued here. Whether or not Holmes has an equitable title to the proceeds of the draft superior to that of the Malcolm McDonald Lumber Company is an issue to be determined in the suit in equity, and, however it may be decided, its pendency cannot in this action affect the status of the plaintiff suing upon the express contract of the acceptor. It is open to Seymour, by a cross bill in the suit of Holmes, if necessary, or by a bill of interpleader against his codefendants and Holmes, to compel the several claimants of the fund to litigate their claims to it inter sese, and thus shield himself against either plaintiff’s or Holmes’ claims, as either may be concluded by the decree. Even that course may be unnecessary, as suggested by Judge Severens, since the federal courts, “sitting as courts of law, have an equitable power over their own process to prevent abuse, oppression, and injustice, which may be invoked by a stranger to the litigation as incident to the jurisdiction already vested, and without regard to his [961] own citizenship.” Gumbel v. Pitkin, 124 U. S. 131, 8 Sup. Ct. 379. Nor is the pendency of the suit in equity ground for abatement of the action at law. Kittredge v. Race, 92 U. S. 116; Graham v. Meyer, 4 Blatchf. 135; Paul v. Hurlbut, 5 Reporter, 738. Whether the pendency of a prior suit in equity in the same court or in a state court is ground for abatement of a suit in a federal court of the same district is a question not presented by this record. The. subject is discussed at length by Judge Love in Brooks v. Mills Co., 4 Dill. 524, and the note appended. See, also, Hughes v. Elsher, 5 Fed. 263. In all cases, however, to sustain a plea of the pendency of another action in -abatement of a second suit, two things must generally concur: First, that the second suit should be by the same plaintiff against the same defendant; secondly, that it should be for the same cause of action. “All the authorities agree,” says Judge Story, “that the plaintiff must be the same, for otherwise the cause of action cannot in a just and legal sense be the same.” Wadleigh v. Veazie, 3 Sumn. 167. The court therefore properly excluded the flies and records offered in evidence. 3. The 3d, 4th and 5th assignments of error may be considered together. Defendant’s witness Frazer was asked if, in his inter-\ievv with Tiffany at Milwaukee, the day after the acceptance was executed, he supposed that the draft Seymour accepted was that, which he (Frazer) had given Tiffany. This was clearly immaterial. Frazer’s supposition as to the identity of the draft could in no degree affect Seymour’s obligation on that accepted, nor could it avail for Seymour’s defense in this cause to show what amount Frazer expected lo receive on the draft he had drawn and intrusted to Tiffany. The grounds on which the admissibility of this evidence is urged is that the matters offered are part of the res ges-tae, and indispensable to show the fraud practiced on Frazer by Tiffany; but as the plaintiff was in no way connected with that, fraud, nor can the defendant invoke it to defeat plaintiff’s right of action on the facts of this case, the fact sought to- be shown had no relation 1o this controversy; it is res inter alios acta. Equally incompetent was the state of the accounts between Tiffany and Seymour which the court excluded. While defendant's acceptance was undoubtedly conditional in form, the condition had been performed by the collection of the Potts notes, and the acceptance became absolute. The defendant; was bound to express in his acceptance all the conditions upon which it depended, and he could not add to them against a holder who had acquired it in good faith, and for a valuable consideration. U. S. v. Bank of Metropolis, 15 Pet. 377, 396, 397. See, also, Burnes v. Scott, 117 U. S. 582, 586, et seq., 6 Sup. Ct. 865. 4. The court held that there was sufficient evidence of consideration for defendant’s acceptance arising out of the assignment, and this ruling is assailed as erroneous. Whether the testimony of Tiffany or that of defendant be taken as to the consideration for the acceptance is of no consequence. Tiffany says that the consideration was his assignment lo Seymour of all Ms interest in various joint bills in which they had been engaged, including his in [962] terest in the Potts notes. Defendant’s testimony admits that, in giving the acceptance, defendant acted on the assurance contained in Frazer’s telegram that he had mailed the assignment of Tiffany’s interest. On either view, both Seymour and Tiffany regarded the assignment of the latter’s interest in the proceeds of the Potts notes as of some value, and dealt on that basis. It matters not, therefore, what was the extent of. Tiffany’s interest in that fund, or whether, as he states, there was an additional consideration which induced Seymour’s action. Nor did Frazer’s failure to mail the assignment to Seymour deprive the contract of consideration. For his own reasons, Seymour desired the assignment, and was content to act upon Frazer’s assurance that it had been sent. By his telegram, Frazer invited Seymour to deal with Tiffany for the reassignment, and Frazer’s assurance that he had sent that instrument was itself a sufficient consideration, and equivalent to its actual delivery. It transferred Seymour’s obligation to Frazer over to Tiffany, where Seymour evidently wished it to be. Philpot v. Gruninger, 14 Wall. 577. 5. Upon the facts shown, the instruction of the court directing the verdict for the plaintiff was clearly right. Admitting every .inference in defendant’s favor that couid properly be drawn from the evidence, no legal defense to plaintiff’s action was established, .Seymour’s good faith in the transaction is unquestionable. Tiffany’s action is indefensible, and was a fraud upon Frazer, but of: that Seymour had no right to complain. He must seek protection,, •against double liability in a court of equity. His defense is purely! ¡equitable; a court of law can no more take cognizance of it than ja court of equity can entertain a suit upon a purely legal title. Burnes v. Scott, 117 U. S. 582, 587, 6 Sup. Ct. 865. Hendrick v. Lindsay, 93 U. S. 148. The judgment of the circuit court must be affirmed, with costs.