Hatch v. Bancroft-Thompson Co.

SWAN, District Judge (after stating the facts). The plea in this cause, in accordance with the requirements of general equity rule 31, has attached the certificate of counsel that, in his opinion, it is well founded in point of law, and it is supported by the affidavit of the defendants Bancroft, Hawley, Thompson, and Bassingthwait that it is not interposed for delay, and is true in point of fact By general equity rule 33, it is provided that the plaintiff may set down the plea to be argued, or he may take issue upon it, and if, upon an issue, “the facts stated in the plea be determined for the defendant, they shall avail him as far as, in law and equity, they ought to avail him.” This rule provides the only two methods by which the plaintiff may test the sufficiency of the plea, or, if that be conceded, the truth of its averments. The course pursued by the complainant is an innovation upon chancery practice, which is excluded by the very terms of the rule, and which has no sanction in the equity practice of the federal courts. It was plainly the duty of the complainant, if he questioned the sufficiency of this plea, to set down the same for argument; and, unless he intended to admit its validity, he could not, before it had been argued, test the sufficiency of the answer by exceptions, without admitting the validity of the plea. The rule laid down in Daniell’s Chancery Practice is as follows: “If a plaintiff conceives an answer to interrogatories to be insufficient, he should take exceptions to it, stating such parts of the interrogatories as are not answered, and praying that the defendant may, in such respect, put in a full answer. If, however, the answer is one which accompanies a plea or a demurrer to part of a bill, he must, unless he intends to admit the validity of the plea or demurrer, wait until it has been argued, for his exceptions would operate as an admission of its validity.” 1 Daniell, Ch. Pl. & Prac. pp. 691, 760; Darnell v. Reyny, 1 Vern. 344; Brownell v. Curtis, 10 Paige, 210; Buchanan v. Hodgson, 11 Beav. 368. Upon this ground, therefore, the plea must be sustained. By general equity rule 38: “If the plaintiff shall not reply to any plea or set down any plea or demurrer for argument on the rule day when the same is filed, or on the next, — 805 — succeeding rule day, he shall be deemed to admit the truth and sufficiency thereof, and his bill shall he dismissed as of course, unless a judge of the court shall allow him further time for the purpose.” This rule seems equally fatal to complainant’s position. The course pursued by the complainant in excepting to the sufficiency of the answer seems to have been taken without thought of the effect of general rule lío. 89, which provides as follows: “The rule that if a defendant submits to answer he shall answer fully all the matters of the bill, shall no longer apply in cases where he might, by plea, protect himself from such answer and discovery, and the defendant shall be entitled in all cases by answer, to insist upon all matters of defense (not being matters of abatement or to the character of the parties or matters of form) in bar of or to the merits of the bill in which he may be entitled to avail himself by a plea in bar; and in such answer he shall not he compellable to answer any other matters than he would be compellable to answer and discover upon filing a plea in bar and an answer in support of such plea, touching the matters set forth in the bill to avoid or repel the bar or defense. * * *” Rule 39 is considered by the late Justice Bradley in Gaines v. Agnelly, 1 Woods, 238, Fed. Cas. No. 5,173. The learned justice there says that, the general effect; of the rule is to leave the complainant under the burden of proving his bill, and take from him the benefit of defendant's answer. “This disadvantage) is compensated for in some degree by the liability of the defendant to be called as a witness in the case. Still, the general effect of the new rule being such as I have stated, it seems to be no longer a ground of exception where the answer sets up a bar to the whole bill, and claims the benefit of it, as of a plea in bar, that it does not fully answer the allegations of the bill. If the bar set up and claimed as such be insufficient, or if it bo unsupported by proper averments or by a proper answer to rebut allegations of the bill repugnant to the bar, the complainant may, except for insufficiency, set the cause down on bill and answer only, or file a replication, and proceed to proofs according to the exigency of the ease. If the bar set up should be Insufficient as such, I think the complainant would be entitled to exception as for want of a full answer; and, to avoid answering the exceptions, the defendant in such case would require leave of the court before he could amend the bar set up in the answer. * * * From this view of the subject, it is manifest that, if the bar set up in the answer is a sufficient defense to the whole relief sought by the bill, it is immaterial whether the defendant answer the allegations of the bill or not. He is not bound to answer them, and the rule no longer applies that if the defendant does answer at all, even on matters outside of the bar, he must answer fully, if that rule did apply, it would have the effect to convert the answer in such a case into a strict plea in bar. Any divergence of statement, any notice of the allegations of the bill outside of the strict line of the defense, would be held a waiver of the bar, and would subject the defendant to the old burden of a, full answer. I do not think that this would be a sound construction of the rule.” If, however, we assume that the motion to quash the plea should be held to he the equivalent of setting down the plea for argument, and ignore the admission of the sufficiency of the plea made by the exceptions to the answer, the matter pleaded forbids the interference of this court to grant the relief prayed by the bill. The cases of Turnbull v. Lumber Co., 55 Mich. 387, 21 N. W. 375, and Bank of Montreal v. J. E. Potts Salt & Lumber Co., 90 Mich. — 806 — 345, 51 N. W. 512, have construed the statute under which the proceedings were had which are set forth in the plea as pending in the circuit court for the county of Bay in chancery, and define their effect In the first-named case the court say the statute giving the court of chancery jurisdiction to restrain the transfer of any property found to belong to a judgment debtor, an execution against whom has been returned unsatisfied (How. Ann. St Mich. §§ 6614-6616), is in pari materia with chapter 281, §§ 8.148-8173, which give the circuit court jurisdiction over the directors and officers of a corporation, and provides that, at the instance of any creditor, such jurisdiction may be exercised on bill or petition, and the property of the corporation put into a receiver’s hands; that the stock and property of an insolvent corporation is a trust fund for the payment of its creditors, and among such creditors the maxiin holds that equality is equity. “The statute recognizes this maxim, and declares that the court shall upon final decree cause a just and fair distribution of the property of such corporation and of the proceeds thereof to be made among the fair and honest creditors of such corporation in proportion to their respective debts. Any creditor of a corporation is entitled to come in by bill or petition, and establish his claim, and share in the assets; and this he may do although the bill is not filed in behalf of all creditors, or of such as should come in and share the expense. The object of the statute is to bring all the property of a corporation so circumstanced—i. e. ‘insolvent’—within the control and disposition of the court, to the end that it may distribute it equally and ratably among all the honest creditors of the corporation.” This case is cited and approved in Bank of Montreal v. J. E. Potts Salt & Lumber Co., 90 Mich. 345, 51 N. W. 512. The procedure under it is pointed out in McCreery v. Cobb, 93 Mich. 463, 53 N. W. 613. In the latter case the court held that the suit brought by McCreery and other judgment creditors of the Bancroft-Thompson Company was a proceeding under chapter 281, How. Ann. St. These adjudications on the provisions of the statute negative the claim made by the complainant in this cause that he would not be permitted to intervene or be entitled to the privileges of a judgment creditor in the circuit court for the county of Bay, because complainant’s judgment was rendered on the law side of this court. The case of Steere v. Hoagland, 39 Ill. 264, holding that a creditors’ bill will not lie in a state court on judgment obtained in the federal court, can scarcely be accepted as law. The earlier case of Brown v. Bates, 10 Ala. 432, is a direct- authority to the contrary, and, as it seems to me, founded upon a better reason. However that may be, the language and spirit of the Michigan statutes regulating the remedies of judgment creditors in equity seem to leave no doubt of the competency and readiness of the state courts to administer equal remedies to all judgment creditors alike. Again, it is evident that under the provisions of the Michigan statutes and the liberal interpretation which they have received, the remedy which they provide is ample to protect the rights of all, and was designed to secure an equitable division of the judgment debtor’s effects among those entitled. — 807 — Wlieie tóucli a bill as that pending in the state court has been filed, usually the courts will not permit other creditors to file a similar laill, but will require all creditors to join in one proceeding (Crease v. Babcock, 10 Metc. [Mass.] 525); for judgment creditors obtain no preference by filing a bill, as the decree must provide for all creditors (Morgan v. Railroad Co., 10 Paige, 290). It. is manifest that this rule is founded upon considerations of equity, and its purpose is to avoid the infliction of needless hardship and expense upon the judgment debtor. This is the accepted rule in Michigan, whose laws regulate and control the relation of corporations and their debtors, as well as their officers and stockholders. While it is true, as a rule, that the jurisdiction of the courts of the United Stales over a controversy between citizens of different states cannot: be impaired by the laws of the states which prescribe the modes of redress in their own courts, or which regulate the distribution of their judicial power, yet, unfortunately for complainant, the single qualification of this principle Includes his case, since the property he seeks to reach is now in the course of administration in another tribunal of competent jurisdiction. It is clear from the facts stated and the effect and operation of the proceedings pending In tie circuit court for the county of Bay, in chancery, at the instance of the judgment creditors mentioned in defendants’ plea, from the provisions of the statutes upon which these proceedings are founded, and the admitted fact that the suits in the state court were begun and jurisdiction thereof had fully vested in that court long prior to the commencement of this suit, that the rule of comity prevailing between the federal and state court requires that the state court should be permitted to complete its work and conduct of the proceedings there pending to final disposition without the interference of other courts. The bill in tills case prays for an accounting for the appointment of a receiver for the talcing into possession the asset.:: of the corporation defendant, and their distribution, at least, in part, for the benefit of the complainant. This is the very iseiseme and object of the suits in the state court, and the relief here prayed is that which the state court has undertaken to grant to all creditors ratably. The court, therefore, Is asked in effect, by complainant’s bill, to divest the state court of its lawfully acquired jurisdiction, and assume the same to itself. The authorities requiring the observance of the rale of comity universally obtaining between courts of concurrent jurisdiction, and forbidding this court to interfere under such circumstances, are numerous. In Peck v. Jenness, 7 How. 612-626, the court: says: **!t is a doctrine of law too long established to require citation of authorities that, where a court has jurisdiction, it has a, right to decide every question which occurs in the case; and, whether its decision, bo correct or otherwise, its judgment, till reversed, is regarded as binding in every other court; and that, where jurisdiction of a court and the right of a plaintiff to prosecute bis suit in it have once attached, that right cannot be arrested or taken away by proceedings in anothqj- court. These rules have their foundation, not •merely in comity, but on necessity; for, if one may enjoin, the other may retort by injunction, and thus the parties bo without remedy, being liable to a — 808 — process for contempt in one if they dare to proceed in the other. Neither can one take property from the custody of another by replevin or by any other process-, for this would produce a conflict extremely embarrassing to the administration of justice.” To the same effect is Taylor v. Carryl, 20 How. 597. In Taylor v. Taintor, 16 Wall. 366, it is said that: “Where a state court and a court of the United States may each take jurisdiction, the tribunal which first gets it holds it, to the exclusion of the other, until its duty is fully performed and the jurisdiction invoked is exhausted; and this rule applies alike in both civil and criminal cases. It is, indeed, a principle of universal jurisprudence that, where jurisdiction has attached to person or thing, it is (unless there is some provision to the contrary) exclusive in effect until it has wrought its function.” In Wiswall v. Sampson, 14 How. 53, the controversy was as to the title of real estate: one party claiming under a sale of an execution issued on judgments rendered in the circuit court of the United States, the property being at the time of the sale in the possession of a receiver of a state court, under whose subsequent decree and sale the defendant claimed title. It is a significant fact that, at the time of the appointment of the receiver by the state court, the executions upon the judgments had been issued and levied, and were a subsisting lien upon the premises. It was said in that case by Mr. Justice Nelson delivering the opinion of the court: “It has been argued that a sale of the premises on execution and purchase occasioned no interference with the possession of the receiver, and hence no contempt of the authority of the court, and that the sale, therefore, in such a case, should be upheld. But, conceding the imoccedings did not disturb the possession of the receiver, the argument does not meet the objection. The property is a fund in court to abide the event of the litigation, and to be applied to the payment of the judgment creditor who has filed his bill to remove impediments in the way of his execution. If he has succeeded in establishing his right to the application of any portion of the fund, it is the duty of the court to see that such application is made. And, in order to effect this, the court must administer it, independently of any rights acquired by third persons pending the litigation; otherwise, the whole fund may have passed out of its hands before the final decree, and the litigation become fruitless.” In Heidrifter v. Oil-Cloth Co., 112 U. S. 294, 5 Sup. Ct. 135, Mr. Justice Matthews, discussing the effect to be given to proceedings in the state court to enforce a mechanic’s lien upon property in the custody and possession of the district court of the United States, says: “When the object of the action requires the control and dominion of the property involved in the litigation, that court which first acquires possession or that dominion which is equivalent draws to itself the exclusive right to dispose of it for the purpose of this jurisdiction.” In the same line are Coal Co. v. McCreery, 141 U. S. 475, 12 Sup. Ct. 28; Railroad Co. v. Vinet, 132 U. S. 565, 10 Sup. Ct. 168; Sharon v. Terry, 36 Fed. 337; Howlett v. Improvement Co., 56 Fed. 161; Gaylord v. Railroad Co., 6 Biss. 286-291, Fed. Cas. No. 5,284; Judd v. Telegraph Co., 31 Fed. 182. In the last case a motion was made for a receiver and an injunction pendente lite by a creditor in the federal court, who sought to get in the assets and distribute the property of an insolvent corpo — 809 — ration among its creditors, where suits had already been brought in the state court by other creditors to obtain the same relief. The bill also contained allegations of grave irregularities in the proceedings in the state court, which were evidently advanced to sustain the application for the interference of the federal court. Judge Wallace applied the rule that the state court, having first taken cognizance of the controversy, was entitled to retain jurisdiction to the end of the litigation, and to take possession and control of the subject-matter of the investigation, to the exclusion of all interference of other courts of co-ordinate jurisdiction. See, also, Young v. Railroad Co., 2 Woods, 606-619, Fed. Cas. No. 18,166; Union Trust Co. v. Railroad Co., 6 Biss. 197, Fed. Cas. No. 14,401. It is manifest from these authorities that until the proceedings in the suit pending in the state court have come to an end, and the property in controversy is no longer in the possession of that court, this court is powerless to afford complainant relief. The conditions require that this court should stay its hand, and leave the complainant free to pursue his remedy in the state court, by intervening in that suit for the assertion and protection of his rights, or to permit; him to await here the result of that litigation, and take such further proceedings as may be shown to be necessary and. permissible. In order that the complainant’s right to redress may not be defeated, he may have leave to dismiss his bill without prejudice, so that he may safely intervene in the state court. As it is not questioned that the proceedings pleaded in behalf of defendants are still pending in the state court, and as the doors of that tribunal are open to all judgment creditors alike, in view of the considerations stated, and of the further fact that many of the interrogatories call for the contents of books and papers which the defendants could be compelled to produce at the instance of complainant, unless such books and papers are in the custody of the state court, as presumably they are (and, if such be the case, it is an additional ground for our conclusion), the motion to quash the plea is denied, and the exceptions to the sufficiency of the answer are overruled.