Erie Rubber Co. v. American Dunlop Tire Co.

WALES, District Judge. This is a suit for the infringement of the first claim of letters patent tío. 488,494, dated December 20,1892, and issued to Alexander T. Brown and George E. Stillman, for an improvement in inflatable or pneumatic wheel tires for cycles and other vehicles. The American Dunlop Tire Company, the complainant, by virtue of certain mesne assignments, became the owner of the patent, and obtained an interlocutory decree in the circuit court against the Erie Rubber Company, the defendant, which has brought this appeal. The specification of the patent declares that: “The primary object of the invention is to provide a tire which, while possessing the resiliency and life of what, are technically known as true or high-grade pneumatics, may be readily and easily detached from, or applied to, rlie rim oí a wheel.” The chief characteristics of the improvement are described to be: “First, an exteriorally grooved rim, with divergent side edges or flanges; and, second, a tire comprising or confining an inflatable tube, seated and contained partly within the grooved rim, and made rigid or nonextensible circumferentially along two lines on opposite sides, which lie within the groove, below the edges, but above tiie bottom or deepest part of the same.” “In the practical carrying out of our invention, we secure the best results by attaching to or incorporating with the tire two metallic wires or bands, endless or having connected ends, and combining such a tire with a peripherally grooved rim, having in each divergent side or flange, and above the bottom or deepest part of the groove, a supplemental groove, or an offset or shoulder, up, into, or onto which the wires or bands are forced by the air pressure when the tire is inflated, and where they are seated and retained by that pressure. A tiro thus constructed requires no permanent connection of any description between it and the rim, as the internal air pressure alone is amply sufficient to maintain it in position thereon. It further obviates the use of tightening appliances, or accessories other than those required for inflation, or any manipulation of the same, in the operation of applying the tire to, or removing- it from, the rim.” The accompanying figure, representing a cross section of the patented combination, and reproduced from the drawings of the patent, illustrates tiie invention in the preferred form, as above described. B is tiie inner tube; 0, the outer cover, with wires, 2, 2, in its edges; A, the rim; and 3, 1, the supplemental grooves or shoulders. — 60 — The first claim reads tiras: “(1) In combination with an exteriorally grooved rim, having divergent side edges or flanges, a tire comprising or confining an inflatable tube, seated and contained partly within the grooved rim, and made rigid or inextensible circumferentially along two lines lying within the groove, below- the edges, but above the deepest part of the same, by means of .circumferential reinforcements secured to or incorporated with it, and adapted to be held in place in the rim by the action of the internal air pressure.” The alleged infringing device is manufactured and sold by the defendant under a license from Joseph G-. Moomey, to whom letters patent No. 513,617, dated January 30, 1894, were issued for improvements in pneumatic tires, the specification whereof states: “More specifically, my invention has relation to the fastening of the tire to the rim of the wheel, and particularly to that class of tires having flaps on their peripheries, on which a binder is placed, binding them to the riin of the wheel.” The Moomey tire is shown in the following drawing, representing a transverse section: In this cut, 1 marks the rim; 2, the tire; 3, a string or cord binder wrapped several times around the wheel, and binding the tire firmly upon the rim; 4, the inflatable tube. The defenses are (1) that the first claim is invalid, or, if valid, can have no scope beyond the structure shown in the drawings, and described in the original specification; and (2) noninfringement. By reference to the file wrapper and contents, it appears that the original application of Brown and Stillman, filed June 20, 1891, was for the invention of new and useful improvements in tires for vehicles, of which the specification, “taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, is a full, clear, and exact description.” The specification further states, “Our invention consists of the several novel features of construction and operation hereinafter described, and which are specifically set forth in the claims hereto annexed.” The claims for the supplemental grooves, when first made, were rejected by the examiner, on the ground that the prior patents of Harris and Du Bois “show solid tires held in place on the rim by the lateral shoulders and wires, and is the same means as employed by — 61 — applicant.'"’ The first specification and claims having been canceled entire, others were substituted by the applicants, which, however, retained the “auxiliary, concaved flanges,” and these substitutions were also amended on additional objections from the examiner. On the third amendment two claims were added, for “the combination with the rim, having side cavities, of a flexible tire,” etc. The fourth amendment was for a “wheel rim having a central, peripheral groove, and a supplemental groove, of increased diameter, at each side of the said central groove, in combination with a pneumatic, tire having its expansible tube disjiosed in said central groove, and a wire annulus secured to each edge of the tire casing, and disposed in said supplemental grooves in the manner described.” It is conceded that this device was novel, and entitled to the protection of a [intent, but it will be observed that the patent is for a combination; and to support the charge of infringement, against, the defendant, it must, be shown that it has made use substantially of the same combination, including every one of the elements thereof, or a mechanical equivalent for any one that 1ms been omitted. It will also be noticed that the defendant does not use the supplemental grooves, and it is admitted that if those grooves are, constructively or by implication, included in the first claim, there is no infringement. On this point the issue between the parties is distinctly made. The complainant contends that the first claim covers a rim without the supplemental grooves; and the defendant: insists that this construction would extend the claim beyond the scope of the original application and in opposition to the express limitation cent aim'd in the correspondence of the applicants with the patent, office, and render it invalid. The original application of Brown and Stillman was for a tire in combination witli a wheel having a grooved rim with supplemental grooves, and the accompanying-drawings illustrate a rim of that description, and no oilier. The specification and claims underwent several modifications and amendments on references to other patents; but the drawings remained unchanged, nor was an,v claim made or intimation given that the supplemental groove's could be dispensed with, until the final amendment, of December I, IHitó, when, for the first time, claim 1, as it: now appears, was made and allowed, and a clause was interpolated in the specification corresponding therewith. Before this, on .March IS, ISító. the examiner having pointed out that the Jeffrey patent contained a tire having “endless bands imbedded in its edges,” the claims were so amended as to specify the supplemental grooves as a feature of the claims, and thereby avoid the Jeffrey interference. Additionally, it is not: denied that the complainant has never put on the market, for sale, a single patented structure without the supplements!] grooves. On May- 24, 1892, an interference was adjudged between Brown and Stillman and prior patentees, on the following issue: ■‘A wheel rim having- a central, peripheral groove, and a supplemental groove, of increased diameter, at each side of said central groove in combination with a pneumatic tire having its expansible tube disposed in said cení ral groove, a wire annulus secured in each edge of the tire -casing, and disposed in said central grooves.” — 62 — A compromise having been effected by a consolidation of the interests of the parties to the interference, the application, filed June 20, 1891, was allowed, and the patent in suit was issued. It is objected, and, we think, with much force, that if claim 1 is not restricted to a rim with side grooves, the patent will be enlarged beyond the scope of the original application, which is alone supported by the required oath, and thereby rendered invalid. This contention is supported by reason and authority. Thus, in De La Vergne Bottle & Seal Co. v. Valentine Blatz Brewing Co., 14 C. C. A. 77, 66 Fed. 771, the court said: “It is true that the language of the specification and the claim of the patent is different, in this respect, from that first used in the application, but the correspondence contained in the file wrapper discloses no purpose to change the character or scope of the invention in this particular.” The claim of the patent must be restricted within the limitation imposed by the patent office and accepted by the applicant. Eagleton Manuff'g Co. v. West, Bradley & Carey Manuff'g Co., 111 U. S. 490, 4 Sup. Ct. 593; Machine Co. v. Featherstone, 147 U. S. 209, 13 Sup. Ct. 283; Snow v. Railway Co., 121 U. S. 617, 7 Sup. Ct. 1343; Crawford v. Heysinger, 123 U. S. 589, 8 Sup. Ct. 399; Consolidated Electric Light Co. v. McKeesport Light Co., 40 Fed. 21. The fact that the third claim of the Brown and Stillman patent covers a rim having the supplemental grooves does not remove the self-imposed limitations of the patentees, and permit such a construction of the first claim as would prohibit the use by the defendants of a rim not having the side grooves. The infringement of the first claim only being at issue, the remaining claims are out of the present controversy. We do not wish, however, to be understood as expressing a definite conclusion on this branch of the case. It is sufficient to say that it is worthy of serious consideration. The first claim makes no reference to- the supplemental grooves, but, in view of- the correspondence attending the passage of the case through the patent office, it becomes important to ascertain whether the patentees ever meant to claim a rim not having the supplemental grooves, and, if such was their meaning, whether it would be within the scope ,of the patent. But admitting the construction of the first claim to be that given to it by the court below, namely, “that the element of a supplemental groove is neither expressly nor impliedly incorporated in the claim now being considered,” we are fully convinced, after a careful examination of the proofs, including the history of the prior state of the art, that the defendant is free from the charge of infringement. The patent in suit is for a combination, and not for a pioneer device. All of the elements of the combination were old, excepting the mode of fastening the tire on, and of removing it from, the rim; and this is accomplished by the particular arrangement of reinforcing the edges of the tire so that, when fully inflated, it will be “seated and contained partly within the grooved rim, and made rigid and nonextensible circumferentially along two lines, between the edges, but above the deepest part of the same.” The specification states the primary object of the invention to be “to provide a tire * * * which may — 63 — Tbe readily and easily detached from or applied to the rim of a wheel. ⅞ .V tire thus constructed requires no permanent connection of any description between it and the rim, as the intemid air pressure alone is amply sufficient: to maintain it in position thereon. It further obviates the use of tightening appliance's, or accessories other Hum those required for inflation, or any manipulation of the same, in the operation of applying the tire to, or removing it: from, the rim.” Prior to the date of the Brown and Stillman patent, three d Uferent modes of applying and retaining a pneumatic tire on a wheel had been in use, which may be classified as follows: (1) Those in which the tire consists of an endless tube of canvass and rubber, usually, but not always, containing an inner, inflatable, air tube, and permanently secured within the groove of the rim by cement or otherwise, and known as “hose-pipe tires.” (2) Those in which the edges of the shoe or corta* engage the side flanges of the rim by a hook or dovetailed formation, and are held in place by the force of the internal air pressure, and are known as “clincher tires.” To this class belong Jeffrey’s patent and Bartlett’s patent (defendant's exhibits). (3) Those wherein the edges of the shoe or cover are bound to the rim by some foi'in of binder, or clamping means, which must be manipulated in the operation of applying the tire to, or «'moving it from, the rim. To this class belong several patents which are contained in defendant’s exldbits, including the Rice patent, of April 19, 1892. The application of Rice was filed May 8, 1891, and the object of his invention, as set forth in the sjjecification, wa,s to “produce an effective means for securing the fire to the rim, of the wheel; and it consists in a. wheel having a rim constructed with an annular central hearing surface for the tire, and with an annular groove at each side of said bearing surface, combined with a tire arranged in said central portion of the rim, with a flexible jacket surrounding the fire; the jacket constructed with circnm fereniial pockets at its edges, and wires through the said pockets, provided with means for contracting said wires into the said annular grooves at the sides of the bed of the tire, and whereby the said jacket: thus seem ed to the rim incloses and secures the tire upon the rim.” The first difference to be noted between (lie Brown and Stillman tire and the defendant’s tire is that the latter is not retained upon the rim by the internal air pressure alone, but belongs to the third class of tires just described; and, secondly, that tbe tires of this class cannot he removed from the rim without loosening the binders, and this distinguishes them from the Brown and Stillman tire, which is kept in place upon the rim by air pressure alone, and is readily removed by the deflation of the afr tube. Again, Brown and Stillman, in their correspondence with the patent office, in avoidance of objections which were made by the examiner on reference to the prior patents, repeatedly limit their claims to “a tire having endless bands imbedded in the edges thereof.” “Applicants’ bands,” they say, “are imbedded in the edges of tire, and do not require tightening.” Distinguishing their invention from'that of a prior patent, they call attention to the fact that — 64 — the bands of the latter “are not imbedded in the tire, and that applicants’ bands are not required to bé .reduced in diameter.” Their specification states, “We prefer that the bands be welded to be continuous, or that the ends thereof be connected by suitable means so that the tire may be adjusted to the proper fit upon the rim, but not to be used in removing the tire from, or attaching it to, the rim.” Notwithstanding these limitations, and the marked differences between the complainant’s tire and that of the defendant, the court below was of the opinion- that “the cords of the respondent’s device produce the same results as complainant’s endless bands, in substantially the same way.” In other words, the multiple cord wrappings of the Moomey tire are held to be the equivalents of the wire-edged tire of the patent in suit. Practically, the same result may be effected by each of these tires, but the means by which the result is effected are, in our opinion, entirely different; the one tire being held in place by air pressure alone, while the other requires the addition of the binding cords to keep it on the rim. The edges of one are permanently reinforced by the imbedded wires. The edges of the other are of a different formation, and are applied to and detached- from the rim in a different manner. The one is not the equivalent of the other, although the ultimate function of each may be the same, in the sense that all pneumatic tires, when attached to the rim in any way, act as elastic cushions, in promoting the comfort of those who use them. And here it may be remarked that, in applying the doctrine of equivalents, a distinction is made between inventions of specific devices and inventions of combinations. In a simple invention the range of equivalents is much wider than in a combination. In the former a change which would be held to be a substitution of equivalents may in the latter be considered to be an introduction of a new idea of means. Therefore, it is said, with reference to such elements in any combination as constitute its subordinate means, no other elements can be equivalent unless they are equivalent inventions; that is, unless they not merely perform the same functions, but perform them by applying the same force to the same object through the same mode of application. 1 Rob. Pat. 254; Wells v. Curtis, 13 C. C. A. 494, 66 Fed. 318. It is only when an invention is broad and primary in its character, and the mechanical functions performed by the machine are, as a whole, entirely new, that the courts are disposed to malee the range of equivalents correspondingly broad. Miller v. Manufacturing Co., 151 U. S. 207, 14 Sup. Ct. 310. The improvement made by Brown and Stillman was for a new mode of attaching to and removing the tire from the rim, and their invention is not so much one of a result or effect as it is of a particular arrangement of parts by which the result or effect may be obtained. The elements of the combination are old, with the exception of a tire which is held upon the rim by the conjoint action of the inextensible rigid bands imbedded in the edge of the tire and the outward action of the internal air pressure, and which can be applied to or removed from the rim without disconnecting the ends of the reinforcing wires. The defendant’s tire — 65 — is of a different character from that of Ike complainant, both in the mode of its application to and of its removal from the riin, and in the manner in which, it is secured and held in place on tlie rim. These differences, if there were no others, are sufficient to exempt the. defendant from tlie charge of infringement. The defendant’s tire, indeed, more closely resembles that of the fiice patent, and, so far as relates to the mode of fastening the lire to the rim, belongs to the third class of pneumatic tires described above. It is clear to even an unskilled obseiwer that, in (he methods of putting on and faking off the fire, the defendant’s contrivance is entirely dissimilar to that of the Brown and Stillman patent, which are declared to be the primary objects of their invention, and which are admitted t.o be a decided improvement; but it is only an improvement, and, in the view we have taken of the facts established by the proofs in tlie cause, we do not see that the defendant has, in any respect, inva,ded-illo complainant’s rights. We are therefore of the opinion that the decree of tlie court, below should be reversed, and the cause remanded, with directions to dismiss the bill.