Pearsall v. Great Northern Ry. Co.

SANBORN, Circuit Judge. If there is any principle of jurisprudence that is beyond dispute and discussion in this nation, it is this: An accepted act of incorporation of a private corporation is a contract between the state and the corporation. Any law of a state which impairs or destroys a valuable franchise granted by such an act impairs the obligation of the contract, and is without effect, unless, before- or at the time of the passage of the act, the state reserved the right to enact such a law. Const. U. S. art. 1, § 10; Dartmouth College Case, 4 Wheat. 518, 684, 693, 695, 703; Bank v. Knoop, 16 How. 369, 380; Binghamton Bridge Case, 3 Wall. 51; Sala v. New Orleans, 2 Woods, 188, Fed. Cas. No. 12,246; Railroad Co. v. Reid, 13 Wall. 264; Waterworks Co. v. Rivers, 115 U. S. 674, 6 Sup. Ct. 273; New Jersey v. Yard, 95 U. S. 104; New Orleans Gaslight Co. v. Louisiana, etc., Co., 115 U. S. 650, 6 Sup. Ct. 252; Monongahela Nav. Co. v. U. S., 148 U. S. 312, 13 Sup. Ct. 622; Mayor, etc., of City of Houston v. Houston City St. Ry. Co. (Tex. Sup.) 19 S. W. 127; Smith v. Railroad Co., 64 Fed. 272, 275; Boston & L. R. Corp. v. Salem & L. R. Co., 2 Gray, 1; Zimmer v. State, 30 Ark. 677; McRoberts v. Washburne, 10 Minn. 23 (Gil. 8); Washington Bridge Co. v. State, 18 Conn. 53; Citizens’ St. R. Co., v. City Ry. Co., 56 Fed. 746; Citizens’ St. R. Co. v. City of Memphis, 53 Fed. 715. This contract is threefold. It is a contract between the state and the corporation, between the state and the stockholders of the corporation, and between the corporation and its stockholders. If the corporation threatens to do an act beyond the powers granted to it, in violation of law, and in violation of this contract, the stockholders are entitled to the mandate of the court to prevent it; and if, as the complainant alleges, the performance of the agreement which the defendant has made with the bondholders of the Northern Pacific Railroad Company is illegal, the complainant may successfully maintain this action for an injunction against it. Du Pont v. Railroad Co., 18 Fed. 467, 470; Beach, Priv. Corp. § 429, and cases cited. It goes without saying that the right to make and execute the agreement assailed in this suit -was a valuable privilege, and, if it is included in one of the franchises granted to. the defendant, that was á valuable franchise. The principal questions presented in this case, therefore, are: Was the right to perform this agreement granted to the defendant by its act of incorporation and the subsequent — 937 — amendment thereof in 1865? If chapter 29 of the Laws of Minnesota for 1874 and section 3 of chapter 94 of the Laws of Minnesota for 1881 were amendments of this charter, does either of them prohibit the exercise of this right? Was the right to mate such an amendment of the charter reserved to the state in the charter? Are the acts of 1874 and 1881 to be construed as amendments to this charter? These questions will be considered in the order in which they hare been stated so far as it shall be necessary in order to determine whether or not an injunction ought now to issue as prayed. An agreement between railroad corporations for an interchange of traffic at connecting points, and for the joint use of terminal grounds and facilities on reasonable terms, is a lawful contract. It is in accord with the public policy of the nation, and is a just and rational method of fulfilling the requirements of the “Act to Regulate Commerce,” approved February 4, 1887 (24 Stat. 379; Supp. Rev. St. 529). U. S. v. Trans-Missouri Freight Ass’n, 7 C. C. A. 15, 78, 79, 58 Fed. 58. This is the character of the traffic contract contemplated by the agreement here assailed. Ample power to make such a contract, and to pay for it by a guaranty of the bonds of the new corporation, was granted to this defendant in the general authority to acquire such property as was necessary or convenient to carry into effect the object and purposes of the corporation, to operate a railroad, to become part owner or lessee of any railroad, and to connect with and use any railroad running in the same general direction as any of its roads, which is found in sections 1, 2, 6, and 12 of the act of 1856. Laws Minn. 1856, c. 160; Zabriskie v. Railroad Co., 23 How. 381, 390. 399; Green Bay & M. R. Co. v. Union Steamboat Co., 107 U. S. 98, 2 Sup. Ct. 221; Railroad Co. v. Howard, 7 Wall. 392, 411; Pittsburgh, C. & St. L. Ry. Co. v. Keokuk & H. Bridge Co., 131 U. S. 371, 9 Sup. Ct. 770: Ft. Worth City Co. v. Smith Bridge Co., 131 U. S. 294, 299. 301, 14 Sup. Ct. 339; Harrison v. Railroad Co., 13 Fed. 522, 524; Tod v. Land Co., 57 Fed. 47, 60; Marbury v. Laud Co., 10 C. C. A. 393, 62 Fed. 335; Sinead v. Railroad Co., 11 Ind. 104, 112; Ellerman v. Siock-Yards Co., 49 N. J. Eq. 217, 248, 250, 23 Atl. 287; Rogers L. & M. Works v. Southern R. Ass’n, 34 Fed. 278; Low v. Railroad Co., 52 Cal. 53. 58; Opdyke v. Railroad Co., 3 Dill. 55, 70, 72, Fed. Cas. No. 10, 546. But tins agreement is more (han a traffic contract. It is an agreement that the defendant shall have the traffic contract for itself, and one-half of the stock of the new corporation for its shareholders, in consideration of its guaranty of the payment of the bonds of that corporation. Does the charter give it power to buy this stock in this way? The amendment of its charter made arid accepted by it in 1863 grants to it the unrestricted right to consolidate with any other railroad corporation in every way in which the legislature could conceive that such a consolidation might be made. Sp. Laws Minn. 1865. c. 4, §§ 8, 9, 12. Section 8 gives it the power to consolidate the whole or any portion of its capital stock with the whole or any portion of the capital stock of any other railroad having the same general location or direction, or to become merged therein by way of substituí ion. Section 9 gives it the power to consolidate — 938 — any portion of its road and property with the franchises of any other railroad company, or any portion thereof; and section 12 gives it the power to consolidate the whole or any portion of its. main lines or branch railroad and all the rights, powers, franchises, grants, and effects pertaining to such roads, with the rights, powers, franchises, grants, and effects of any other railroad either within or without the state. This unrestricted right to consolidate with any other railroad corporation includes the power to buy and destroy the stock of that corporation, and to pay for it by the issue to its shareholders of stock of the defendant. It includes this power because a consolidation may be legally effected in this way. Mor. Priv. Corp. § 942. If the defendant may buy all of the stock of the corporation, it may buy half of it. If it may pay for such stock by the issue of its own stock, it may do so by the payment of money, or by an absolute or conditional promise to pay money for it. The agreement in question contemplates the purchase of half of the stock of the new corporation, and payment for it by a conditional promise to pay a certain amount of the debts of that corporation if the latter fails to do so. The whole is greater than and includes all its parts; and, in like manner, the right to consolidate with a corporation includes a right to purchase a part or all of its stock for the use of shareholders of the purchasing company, and the right to pay for it by a guaranty of the payment of its bonds. There is no escape from the effect of this proposition on the ground that the defendant does not intend to completely consolidate with the new corporation, and hence that it has no authority to exercise the pow’ers wdiich it might exercise if' it had that intention, nor on the ground that the new corporation, a part of the stock of which is to be purchased, is yet to be incorporated. The right granted to this defendant was to consolidate with any railroad corporation, and it was not limited by the time when, or the parties by whom, the latter was or should be organized. One who has authority to sell and convey another’s land is not deprived of his authority to make a valid agreement of sale because he does not intend to convey, nor of his authority to convey because he first makes an agreement to sell in order that he may exercise his power to convey. The steps the defendant has agreed to take in this case tend towards the accomplishment of the purposes and objects of a consolidation, and they might all be lawfully taken in perfecting an actual consolidation. Upon the principle that the whole includes all its parts, the power to take them must be held to be included in the general right to consolidate granted by this charter. If there could ever have been any doubt of this proposition, it is now supported by judicial authority so eminent that this court ought not to depart from it. Branch v. Jesup, 106 U. S. 468, 478, 1 Sup. Ct. 495; Marbury v. Land Co., 10 C. C. A. 393, 404, 407, 62 Fed. 335; Tod v. Land Co., 57 Fed. 47, 56, 57; Green Bay & M. R. Co. v. Union Steamboat Co., 107 U. S. 98, 100, 2 Sup. Ct. 221; Hill v. Nisbet, 100 Ind. 341; Smead v. Railroad Co., 11 Ind. 104. An exhaustive and instructive opinion upon this question by the circuit court of appeals of the Sixth circuit will be found in Marbury v. Land Co., supra. — 939 — Does chapter 29 of the act of 1874 or section 3 of chapter 94 of the act of 1881, in terms, prohibit the performance of this agreement, if either of them is to be construed to be an amendment of this charter? Section 3 of the act of 1881 provides that no railroad corporation shall consolidate with, lease, or purchase, or in any way become the owner of, or control, any other railroad corporation, or any stock thereof, which owns or controls a parallel or competing lint?. The new corporation which this agreement contemplates will own or conirol many lines of railroad that are competing and some that are parallel with lint's of the defendant. The defendant proposes to purchase one-half of the stock of this corporation, and a traffic agreement with it, and to pay therefor by a guaranty of its bonds. It matters not that it proposes that the stock purchased shall be issued to its shareholders. The defendant railroad company buys it, and, if it does not propose lo own and control it, it does propose that its owners shall own and control it, and that is not an essential difference in the practical operation and effect of 1he scheme. The conclusion is that, if section 3 of the act of 1881 is an amendment of the defendant’s charter, the performance of this agreement falls within its prohibition. Was the right to impair or destroy the franchise to consolidate with another corporation reserved by the slate at or before the grant - ing of the charter? There was no such reservation unless it is contained in section 17 of the act of 1356, which reads: “This act is hereby declared to be a public act, and may be amended by any subsequent legislative assembly in any manner not destroying or impairing the vested rights of said corporation.’ The contention oi counsel for the complainant that this section reserves to the state i he power to take from the corporation all of its rights under the charter, except those rights of property which it has acquired, by purchase or otherwise, from parties other than the state, cannot be successfully maintained. Such a const ruction strikes from the section the words “not: destroying or impairing the vested rights of said corporation,” and gives it the effect of a reservation of (lie right to amend in any manner. The rights of property acquired from parties other than the state could not be taken from its stockholders without consideration under the reservation of the unlimited power to alter, amend, or repeal the charter. Green wood v. Freight Co., 105 U. S. 13, 19: Kent v. Mining Co., 78 N. Y. 159, 182; Close v. Noye (Super. Buff.) 26 N. Y. Supp. 93; Hawthorne v. Calef, 2 Wall. 10. But the court is forbidden to strike from this provision of the act lire limiting clause not destroying or impairing the vested rights of said corporation,” by the familiar rule that all the words of a law should have effect rather than that part, should perish by construction. Knox Co. v. Morton. 15 C. C. A. 671, 68 Fed. 790; City of St. Louis v. Lane, 110 Mo. 254, 258, 19 S. W. 533. Again, a corporation has vested rights in all the valuable franchises granted to it by rhe state. The state excepted none of these rights from the provision of section 17. That provision was that it might amend the charter in any manner that did not, and (hat it would not amend it in any manner that did, affect any of the vested rights of the cor — 940 — poration. The conclusive presumption from the fact that the legislature excepted none of these rights from this provision is that they intended to except none, and it is not in the power of the court to do so. Madden v. Lancaster Co., 12 C. C. A. 566, 573, 65 Fed. 188; Morgan v. City of Des Moines, 8 C. C. A. 569, 60 Fed. 208; McIver v. Ragan, 2 Wheat. 25, 29; Bank v. Dalton, 9 How. 522, 528; Vance v. Vance, 108 U. S. 514, 521, 2 Sup. Ct. 854. Moreover, if this task was undertaken, the unanswerable question would immediately present itself, what rights shall be excepted, and what shall not be? It is difficult to perceive, after a patient examination of all the authorities cited on both sides of this case, and a careful considera1 ion of the question, how this provision of the contract can be held to reserve to the state the right to pass any law which, in the absence of this provision, would have been in violation of section 10, art. 1, of the constitution. The plain effect of the provision is that the state will not amend this, charter in any way that.will impair or destroy the vested rights of the corporation, and that it may amend it in any other way. The provision of the constitution is that no state shall pass any law impairing the obligation of contracts. Any amendment that does not impair a vested right of the corporation under this contract does not impair its obligation, and any amendment that does impair its obligation necessarily impairs a vested right. Smith v. Railroad Co., 64 Fed. 272, 275. An application to section 17 of the ordinary rules of interpretation demonstrates that this is the true construction of the section. One of these rules is that the court may place itself in the place of the contracting parties for the purpose of discovering their intention, and that, when that intention is manifest, it will control, regardless of technical rules of construction. Binghamton Bridge Case, 3 Wall. 78, 80; Boston & L. R. Corp. v. Salem & L. R. Co., 2 Gray, 1; Prentice v. Forwarding Co., 7 C. C. A. 293, 58 Fed. 437, 443; Gunn v. Black, 8 C. C. A. 541, 60 Fed. 158; Witt v. Railway Co., 38 Minn. 122, 127, 35 N. W. 862; Driscoll v. Green, 59 N. H. 101; Johnson v. Simpson, 36 N. H. 91; Walsh v. Hill, 38 Cal. 481, 486, 487. Let us apply this rule. In 1819, in the Dartmouth College Case, the supreme court had declared that the franchise granted to the trustees of Dartmouth College to elect their own successors was a valuable franchise, which the state of New Hampshire was prohibited by the constitution from destroying or impairing. In his opinion in that case, Mr. Jusitice Story'had conclusively answered the argument now made by complainant’s counsel in this case, that the only rights secured by this section are rights of property acquired from parties other than the state. He said: “A grant of franchise is not, in point of principle, distinguishable from a grant of any other property.” 4 Wheat. 6S4. At page 697 he said: “Another objection growing out of and connected with that which we have been considering is that no grants are within the constitutional prohibition, except such as respect property in the strict sense of the term,— that is to say, beneficial interests in lands, tenements, and hereditaments, — 941 — etc., which may be sold by the grantees for their own benefit; and that grants of franchises, immunities, and authorities not valuable to ¡.lie parties, as property, are excluded from its purview. No authority has been cited to sustain this distinction, and no reason is perceived to justify its adoption.”. At page 699 he said: “In respect to corpora to franchises, they are, properly speaking, legal estates, vested in the corporation itself, as soon as it is in esse. They are not mere naked powers, granted to the corporation, but powers coupled with an interest. The property of the corporation rests, upon the possession of its franchises; and, whatever may be thought as to the corporators, it cannot be denied that the corporation itself has a legal interest in them.” And at page 701 he said: “Could the legislature of New Hampshire have seized the land given by the state of Vermont to the corporation, and appropriated it to uses distinct from those intended by the charity, against the will of the trustees? This question cannot be answered in the affirmative until it is established that the legislature may lawfully take the property of A., and give it to B.; and, if it could not lake away or restrain the corporate funds, upon what pretense can it take away or restrain the corporate franchises? Without the franchises, the funds could not be used for corporate purposes; but, without the funds, the possession of the franchises might still be of inestimable value to the college, and to the cause of religion and learning.” In 1845 the legislature of the state of Ohio had passed a general banking law, which required banks to pay to the state 6 per cent, of their semiannual dividends in lieu of all other taxes. In 1847 the State Bank of Ohio had been incorporated under this law. In 1851 the legislature of Ohio had passed a general law which required banks in that state to pay a larger amount of taxes than was required by the law of 1845. In 1853 the supreme court had held that this provision of (he law of 1851, which increased the tax, was unconstitutional, and that the bank was not required to pay the increased amount. Mr. Justice McLean, in delivering the opinion of the supreme court, had said: “Every valuable privilege given by the charter, and which conduced to an acceptance of it and an organization under if, is a contract which cannot be changed by the legislature, where the power to do so is not reserved in the charter.” Bank v. Knoop, 16 How. 369, 380. In 1856 the legislature of the territory of Minnesota convened at St. Paul, more than 200 miles from the nearest railroad, with an area of fertile, but unoccupied, lands, stretching to the north and west of them, so vast and so distant from the commercial centers that there was no hope of its occupation or cultivation, until its products could be moved and the needs of its occupants could be supplied through railroad transportation. In this state of the law and of the territory they represented, this legislature sat bidding for the construction and operation of railroads through their territory. They offered to this railroad company the right to build and operate a railroad in a northerly direction from Minneapolis, and in a southerly direction, by way of West St. Paul, to Iowa, and the right to connect with and use any railroad running in the same general direction as either of these lines. Nine years passed, but no railroad had been built. The legislature amended their offer, and increased their bid. In addition to all (lie franchises granted in 1856, — 942 — they offered to this corporation, in various forms, the right to consolidate with any other railroad corporation whatever. These offers were accepted, and became the contract between the state and the company. The original contract of 1856 contained, and the amended contract of 1865 carried with it, the agreement that it might be amended by the state in any manner not destroying or impairing the vested rights of the corporation. The legislatures of some of the states had attempted to revoke or impair franchises that had been granted to corporations, and had been prevented from so doing by the decisions of the supreme court. That court had declared that every valuable privilege given by the charter which conduced to an acceptance of it or an organization under it was a contract which could not be changed by the legislature where the power to do. so was not reserved in the charter. Mr. Justice Story had declared that corporate franchises were legal estates vested in the corporation itself as soon as it was in esse. The legislature of Minnesota were offering every inducement in their power to secure the operation of railroads. What- did they mean when they agreed with this corporation that they would not so amend its charter as to destroy or impair its vested rights? The question carries its answer. The conclusion is irresistible that they meant that they would never so amend that charter as to impair or destroy any franchises or rights of the corporation which the supreme court had declared vested as soon as it was accepted and rested under the protection of the constitution. Another canon of interpretation is that, where the language of a contract or statute is unambiguous, it must be held to mean what it clearly expresses, and no strained or refined rule of construction can be applied to any part of it, to defeat it. Knox Co. v. Morton, 15 C. C. A. 671, 68 Fed. 789; U. S. v. Fisher, 2 Cranch, 358, 399; Railway Co. v. Phelps, 137 U. S. 528, 536, 11 Sup. Ct. 168; Bedsworth v. Bowman, 104 Mo. 44, 49, 15 S. W. 990; Warren v. Paving Co., 115 Mo. 572, 576, 22 S. W. 490. The natural and obvious meaning of the language contained in section 17 is that the legislature reserved the right to amend this charter in matters of form, procedure, and in other respects that would not affect the substantial rights of the corporation, and that they made no further reservation. Counsel for plaintiff urged as an objection to this construction that it leaves the rights of the state and of the corporation j ust where they would have been if section 17 had not been enacted. This is true, but this is where section 17 leaves these rights when every word it contains is given its natural and obvious meaning. This construction makes the section declaratory of the law as the supreme court had interpreted it, and it is not unusual for legislatures to pass acts declaratory of the general law. The circumstances under which the act was passed point with almost compelling force to the conclusion that this section was added to define and limit the extent of the power of amendment, and to assure the corporation that its substantial rights would not be assailed by the territory or the state; and, in any event, there is nothing in the act itself, or in the circumstances surrounding its enactment, to warrant this court in repealing or — 943 — ignoring both the general law and the statute which plainly declared it. Another contention of counsel for the complainant is that section 17 should be construed to read: “This act is hereby declared to be a public act, and may be amended by any subsequent legislative assembly in any manner not destroying or impairing any rights of said corporation which have been exercised at the time of the amendment.” And they maintain that, because the right to consolidate with another corporation had not been exercised by the defendant, when the acts of 1874 and 1881 were passed, the right was excepted from the saving clause of section 17, and was lawfully restricted. In support of this proposition, they cite Tomlinson v. Jessup, 15 Wall. 454; Miller v. State, Id. 478; Hamilton Gaslight & Coke Co. v. City of Hamilton, 13 Sup. Ct. 90; Shields v. Ohio, 95 U. S. 319, 324; Railroad Co. v. Maine, 96 U. S. 499, 510; Greenwood v. Freight Co., 105 U. S. 13; Newport & C. Bridge Co. v. U. S., Id. 470; Waterworks v. Schottler, 110 U. S. 347, 4 Sup. Ct. 48; Crease v. Babcock, 23 Pick. 334; In re Oliver Lee & Co.’s Bank, 21 N. Y. 9; Union Imp. Co. v. Com., 69 Pa. St. 140; Railroad Co. v. Smith, 47 Me. 34; City of Roxbury v. Boston & P. R. Co., 6 Cush. 424, 431; Railroad Co. v. Stamps (Ga.) 11 S. E. 442; Central Railroad & Banking Co. v. State, 54 Ga. 401. These authorities, however, do not make this distinction or support this proposition. A careful, patient examination of them discloses the fact that in every case, except that of Newport & C. Bridge Co. v. U. S., 105 U. S. 470, the state had, prior to or at the time of the grant of the charter under consideration, expressly reserved to itself the unlimited power to alter or repeal it; and in the Bridge Company Case congress lied reserved the right to withdraw its assent to the construction of the bridge, or to direct necessary modifications or alterations thereof, and by subsequent action, which was sustained, simply required some changes to be made in the construction of the bridge. These cases rest upon the acknowledged principle that when the state, before or at the time of the grant of a charter to a corporation, expressly reserves the right to alter or repeal it, that reservation becomes a part of the contract between the state and the'Corporation; and the franchises are then, by the express terms of the contract, revocable at the will of the state. This case is not ruled by these authorities, because, as we have seen, the territory and state did not reserve the power to alter or repeal this charter, but limited its reservation to the power to amend it “in any manner not destroying or impairing the vested rights of said corporation.” Every valuable franchise granted to this corporation vested in it when the act making the grant was accepted. The three great franchises granted were the franchise to build a railroad, to operate a railroad, and to consolidate with another railroad corporation. The chief value of every franchise is in its present or future use. It derives little value from the past. Section 17 was in effect a covenant against, any amendment that would impair any vested right of this corporation. Can it be successfully maintained that the right to a franchise is never a vested right until the franchise is used? — 944 — Has a railroad corporation, after acceptance of its charter and organization, no vested right to condemn land for its road until it lias condemned some, no vested right to build its road until it has built some, no vested right to run its engines and cars until it has run some, no vested right to .collect tolls until it has collected some, and no vested right to consolidate with another corporation (where that franchise is granted in the charter) until it has consolidated with one? These questions carry their answers. There is no distinction, in reason or in the authorities, between the right to a franchise that has been and the right to one that has not been used, before the latter is forfeited for nonuser. The legal presumption is that each of the valuable franchises granted in a charter formed a part of the consideration for its acceptance, and the investment of capital in the stock of the corporation; and, as it is impossible to determine which of them formed the chief inducement, the right to those exercised first and the right used last vest alike in the corporation as soon as the grant which gives them is accepted, and they are all equally protected by the constitutional inhibition to impair the obligation of the contract both before • and after they are used. Sala v. New Orleans, 2 Woods, 188, Fed. Cas. No. 12,246, and Zimmer v. State, 30 Ark. 677, are cases in which rights to franchises that had never been exercised at all were held to be vested rights, and state legislation which attempted to impair these franchises before they were exercised was held to be in violation of the constitutional prohibition. And all cases of this class, from the Dartmouth College Case down, were necessarily cases in which state legislation attempted to impair the value of those portions of the franchises that had not been used, — the value of their use in the future, and not in the past. In Sala v. New Orleans, supra, the franchise to 1he city to issue bonds to pay for the waterworks, which was contained in the charter of the waterworks company, was impaired by onerous restrictions before it was exercised, and the act which restricted it was held ineffective. In Zimmer v. State the state of Arkansas attempted to impair, by a subsequent constitution, the franchise of a railroad corporation to consolidate with another before that franchise had been exercised; but the supreme court of that state held that this franchise could neither be withdrawn nor impaired by either a law or a constitution of the state. A franchise to consolidate with another corporation is incorporeal and intangible, but it is property, and often valuable property. Such a franchise cannot be taken for public use without condemnation and the payment of just compensation. Railroad Co. v. Reid, 13 Wall. 264; Montgomery Co. v. Bridge Co., 110 Pa. St. 54, 58, 20 Atl. 407; Monongahela Nav. Co. v. U. S., 148 U. S. 312, 341, 13 Sup. Ct. 622. In the case last cited, Mr. Justice Brewer, delivering the opinion of the supreme court, and speaking of the franchise of the navigation company to take tolls, said: “The franchise is a vested right. The state has power to grant it. It may retake it, as it may take other private property for public uses, upon the payment of just compensation. A like, though a superior, power exists — 945 — in the national government. It may take it for public purposes, and take it even against the will of the state; but it can no more take the franchise which the state has given than it can any private property belonging to an individual.” This is the last expression of the supreme court on this question, and it must conclude this discussion. The supreme court is the final arbiter upon all the questions that have been considered in this ease. Its decisions are binding upon this court, and, whenever that court has decided a question that is afterwards presented here, it is the primary duty of this court to conform to that decision. Unless the opinions of the supreme court that have been cited have been misread, and their purport has been misconceived, they have decided every question that has been considered here, and left this court no power or duty hut to follow those decisions. Unless the decisions of the supreme court from the Dartmouth College Case, in 1819, to the Case of the Navigation Company, in 1892, are to be disregarded, the franchise to consolidate with another railroad corporation was a vested right of this defendant from the time of its acceptance of its grant; and any law of the state which impaired that right was ineffectual, unless the power so to do was reserved by the legislature before or at the time of the grant. The legislature of Minnesota not only failed to reserve any such right, but, in effect, it contracted that the state would not impair any of the vested rights of the corporation by any amendment of the charter. If chapter 29 of the Laws of 1874 and section 8 of chapter 94 of the Laws of 1881 are to be construed to be amendments of this charter, they restrict and impair the light oí this defendant to consolidate with any other railroad company, and to that extent they are ineffective. A single question remains. It is whether or not chapter 29 of the Laws of 1874 and section 8 of chapter 94 of the Laws of 1881. should be construed to be amendments of the charter of the defendant. Bui; it is unnecessary to determine that question in order to decide this preliminary motion. If they should be considered to be amendments of that charter, they are ineffective, for the reasons fclia t have been stated; and, if they should not be deemed to be amendments of that charter, they leave it unaffected, and the right to consolida te unrestricted. In either event the agreement assailed in this case; is not illegal on account; of these statutes. For this reason this question will not now be considered, and the motion for the preliminary injunction will be denied.