Reed v. Stockmeyer

JENKINS, Circuit Judge, after the foregoing statement of the case, delivered the opinion of the court. It is the duty of the master to use ordinary care to fi — cish machinery and appliances reasonably safe and suitable for the use of the servant, such as with reasonable care upon the part of the serv-' ant can be used without danger except such as is incident to the business in which such instrumentalities are employed. So, also, is it the duty of the master to provide a reasonably safe place in which the servant may perform his work, and to keep it in such suitable condition. This duty is not absolute, but relative. It is measured by the nature and character of the employment, the location of the premises and their surroundings. There are employments that of themselves are necessarily dangerous, • in connection with which no position can be made secure. In such case the law requires of the master that he shall use ordinary care that the dangers of the employment are not unnecessarily enlarged; that he shall take proper care to furnish such safeguards as are customarily employed in the performance of like hazardous serviee, so that the servant, exercising proper care, may render his service without exposure to dangers that are not within the obvious scope of the employment as usually carried on. Coombs v. Cordage Co., 102 Mass. 572; Burke v. Anderson. — 189 — 34. U. S. App. 132, 16 C. C. A. 442, and 69 Fed. 814. The master may, however, conduct his business in tin» way that seems to him best, although other ways may be less hazardous. In such case, if the servant knows the danger attendant upon such manner of prosecuting the work, he assumes the risk of the more; hazardous method. Tuttle v. Railway Co., 122 U. S. 189, 7 Sup. Ct. 1166; Southern Pac. Co. v. Seley, 152 U. S. 145, 14 Sup. Ct. 530; Naylor v. Railway Co., 53 Wis. 661, 11 N. W. 24; Stephenson v. Duncan, 72 Wis. 401, 41 N. W. 337; Sweet v. Coal Co., 18 Wis. 127, 47 N. W. 182; Casey v. Railway Co., 90 Wis. 113, 62 N. W. 624; Sullivan v. Manufacturing Co., 113 Mass. 396; Gilbert v. Guild, 144 Mass. 601, 12 N. E. 368; Crowley v. Pacific Mills, 148 Mass. 228, 19 N. E. 344; Coullard v. Tecumseh Mills, 151 Mass. 85, 23 N. E. 731; Railroad Co. v. Lyons, 119 Pa. St. 324, 13 Atl. 205; Anderson v. Lumber Co., 47 Minn. 128, 49 N. W. 664; Michael v. Stanley, 75 Md. 464, 23 Atl. 1094; Rietman v. Stolte, 120 Ind. 314, 22 N. E. 304. The servant, on his pari, assumes the natural and ordinary risks attendant upon Ms employment. He does not, however, assume unusual and extraordinary risks of which the master knew or should have known or foreseen, unless such risks are obvious, or the servant has actual or presumed knowledge of the danger. It is the duty of the servant to use ordinary care to ascertain the dangers attending the service in which he engages, and to protect himself against known dangers, and such as can by ordinary care be ascertained.. This duty is as imperative; upon Mm as is the duty laid upon the master. Wormell v. Railroad Co., 79 Me. 397, 30 Atl. 49. When the servant: is required by the master to perform temporary service beyond and without the scope of that which he has engaged to do, a question of somewhat different nature is presented. The master may not: lawfully expose his? servant to greater risks than those pertaining to the particular service for which he has engaged, and against which the servant, through want of skill, or by. reason of tender age or physical inability, could not presumably defend himself, if unapprised oí the danger. He is bound to warn the servant of the' danger if it be not obvious, and to instruct him how it may be avoided. If, however, the servant be of mature years, and of ordinary intelligence and experience, he is presumed to know and comprehend obvious dangers. In such case the master is not liable for injury happening to the servant in the performance of dangerous work without the scope of his engagement for service, merely because he has been directed by the master to perforin such work. If the servant is possessed of knowl-c dge and experience sufficient to comprehend the danger, and without objection undertakes the service, the master is not liable for injury received by the servant in such new and more dangerous employment. Cole v. Railway Co., 71 Wis. 114, 37 N. W. 84; Paule v. Mining Co., 80 Wis. 350, 50 N. W. 189; Dougherty v. Steel Co., 88 Wis. 343, 60 N. W. 274; Buzzell v. Manufacturing Co., 48 Me. 113, 121. The liability upon the master in cases of injury to the servant teceived in a dangerous employment outside of that for which he had engaged arises, therefore, not IToxp the direction of the master to the servant to depart’ from the one service and (o engage in the oilier — 190 — and more dangerous work, but from failure to give proper warning of the attendant danger in cases where the danger is not obvious, or where the servant is of immature years, or unable to comprehend the danger. It becomes our duty to inquire, in ruling upon the request to direct a verdict, whether, upon the testimony produced by the plaintiff below, a case of liability upon the part of the master was made out. Upon any review of the evidence for that purpose, while the burden of proof was upon the plaintiff, we should read the evidence in the light most favorable to him; and if the facts are not clear, and if there are inferences to be indulged, it was within the province of the jury to pass upon the case under proper instructions from the court. There was here, however, no evidence introduced in opposition to the case made by the plaintiff, and the substantial facts upon which our judgment must proceed are established beyond controversy. Stockmeyer, in his native country, was a farm laborer. He emigrated from Germany to this country at the age of 24 years, and some three years before the accident in question. For over two years prior to the injury he had worked in and about stone quarries as a scabbier, and also in cleaning out quarries. He had also worked at stripping; that is, removing the earth from the top of the rock to enable the men to get at the rock and channel it. He first worked for about one year at the Blue Hole quarry owned by Mr. Thornton, then at the quarry of Mr. Reed for about eight months at scabbling, then at the quarry of one Torpy for about two months. He then returned to the service of Mr. Reed, and was there employed for some four months prior to the injury. He states that he applied for work to Drehoble, the foreman, upon the occasion of his second employment at Reed’s quarry, and was informed that there was no work then of scabbling, but that he might engage in the work of stripping, and after a time he would be given work at scabbling. This promise was fulfilled, and he continued in the work until the day of the injury. About 5 o’clock on the evening of that day, having completed the work then in hand, he applied to Drehoble for more stone upon which to work, and was told there was no more ready, and “was then ordered to go down in the hole to break up the first cut.” This cut was six feet six inches high, four feet wide, and thirty feet long. He and Bauer, a co-servant, went to the .place, and put wedges in the channel cut in the surface of the rock, and commenced to hammer and break one end of the cut. What he did is thus stated in his own language: “I was on the ledge twenty or thirty minutes before Drehoble came up. I and Joe Bauer put the bull wedges in there. I did that all through the whole channel. I had to stoop down in order to get those wedges. X had good eyesight at the time. 1 could see just where those channel cuts were, and where to put those wedges in. I could see to put the wedges in the cut The mud is as thick as this [indicating with his hand] there on top of the stone. That was above the wedges. I put the wedges in the cut in the solid stone. I thought I put the wedges right -into the cut. I don’t know exactly how many times I hammered those wedges, but I think two or three times. I don’t know exactly how many times before Bauer hammered them. Joe Bauer first began to hammer, and .then I took the hammer, then Joe took it back again, and then afterwards Linck came and hammered a little while, — 191 — and .Toe came and hammered a little. * * * T put those wedges in that cut just as I had seen them put before.” After so working about 30 minutes on the ledge, Drehoble came, and, after attempting in vain to break the cut by hammering, directed Stockmeyer “to go down in the hole and clean it out”; that a steam drill might be used below to drill a bole in the stone. Stockmeyer went down as directed, and was engaged in clearing-out the hole for the purpose stated. Drehoble commenced hammering upon the wedges, and while so employed a piece of the stone, by reason of a seam in the rock, slid off the cut, and fell upon Stockmeyer, inflicting the injury complained of; Drehoble falling with the piece. While at work at Thornton’s quarry a year or more prior to the accident, Stockineyer learned that seams existed in stones, rendering (hem liable to break; and at times was engaged at that quarry and at the Torpy quarry throwing over cuts. lie testified with respect to his work upon the cut upon the day in question, “I had often turned over a rock where the wedges were still in the cut, and Í did it according to that way.” He said that he did not know that this particular stone had any seams in it, but he testified: “I know what scams mean. I dirt know of other stone with seams from tire rear of that quarry. I don’t know how many seams. 1 learned that when the stone breaks off. 1 don't know that this quarry had dry seams in it before the day I was hurt. I did know, while I was working there during the four months before 1 was hurt, that some of these stones had seams. 1 learned that fact from the people with whom I was working, and also from the stone as it broke off. 1 cannot give an estimate how often I seen the seams in that stone when it broke off. Sometimes there would be a sight of that kind in two or three weeks, then again not for a month. I don’t know when I last saw scams in ihe quarry before 1 ivas injured. Í don’t remember any. I heard from the people with whom I was working that it had seams in it outside of what I saw. 1 don’t know any more. 1-don’t know how often. I heard it frequently. I saw seams there frequently as the stone was broken off. * * * I think every quarry has its seams. I think that because that is what people say. X saw it in the Torpy quarry at times when it broke off. I saw it also in the Blue Hole quarry. I did see a seam or seams of the same character in the Iteed quarry. I knew all that before I began to hammer upon that stone that day with Bauer. I didn’t know that this particular ¡done had any seams, but 1 knew these quarries all had scams. I (lid not make any examination of that ledge that day. It was not my work to look to see whether it had seams in it or not before I used the hammer. I did not at (end to it. I did not look to see whether it had seams in it or not before I used the hammer.” There is perhaps some confusion in the evidence whether Stock, meyer was employed to work at any specific branch of labor in the quarry or generally; We assume, therefore, as most favorable to Ms contention, that he was employed exclusively for seabbling or stripping. Robert iteed, the son of the owner, was superintendent of his fa Hut’s quarries. He gave general directions with respect to the management of them to the foreman, Drehoble, from whom the workmen received their orders, he working with them, and personally assisting, daily, in their labors; and we assume — although There is some conflict in the testimony — that Drehoble employed — 192 — and discharged the men. It follows, therefore, that in the hiring of the men and in the direction to Stockmeyer to engage in work without the scope of his original employment, Drehoble, so far as that duty was concerned, was the representative of the master, and a vice principal, and for whatever wrong, if any, he did in that capacity, the master was liable. It is ■ nevertheless true that in the performance of manual labor in the quarry Drehoble was a fellow servant with Stockmeyer, and for his negligence, if any, in that capacity, the master cannot be held responsible. The question of the liability of the master, says the supreme court in Railroad Co. v. Baugh, 149 U. S. 368, 387, 13 Sup. Ct. 914, “turns rather on the character of the act than on the relations of the employes to each other. If the act is one done in the discharge of some positive duty of the master to the servant, then negligence in the act is the negligence of the master; but if it be not one in the discharge of such positive duty, then there should be some personal wrong on the part of the employer before he is held liable therefor.” See, also, Railroad Co. v. Hambly, 154 U. S. 349, 14 Sup. Ct. 983; Railroad Co. v. Keegan (Dec. 23, 1895) 16 Sup. Ct. 269; Railroad Co. v. Peterson (April 13, 1896) Id. 843; Railroad Co. v. Charless (April 13, 1896) Id. 848; Railway Co. v. Rogers, 13 U. S. App. 547, 553, 6 C. C. A. 403, and 57 Fed. 378. We must therefore search to ascertain the wrongful act, if any, causing the injury, and whether that act was done by Drehoble in his capacity as vice principal, and in discharge of a duty which the master owed to the servant, or in his capacity as co-servant with Stockmeyer. The wrongful act which is here relied upon was the direction to Stockmeyer to work in a hazardous employment for which he had not engaged. We state the proposition in the language of counsel that there may be no misunderstanding of the position assumed. He says: “The theory of the complaint is: (1) That the defendant in error was employed to do the work of scabbling, which was a safe employment, and its labor performed in a safe place. Cb That after being thus employed he was compelled by the plaintiff in error to quit that employment, and to engage in the work of assisting to break loose the stone in the quarry, and turn it from its bed. (3) While in so doing he was injured, .without any fault on his part. The wrongful act upon the part of the plaintiff in error was in compelling defendant to incur a, risk which he did not assume by his employment. The proposition of law of defendant in error is.this: If a servant is employed to perform a certain class of work, by the very acceptance of such employment he assumes every risk that is incident thereto, when such work is properly conducted; and that, in order for him to have any right of action against the employer, he must show negligence, with which the master is chargeable, producing the injury. But the statement of the rule shows its limitations. The servant, by accepting- employment in one department of work, while be accepts the risk incident thereto, does not accept the risks incident to another and more dangerous character of work, although conducted by the same employer; and hence, when the master calls such servant from the work for which he was employed, and the risk of which he has assumed, and compels his service in another and more dangerous department, and the servant receives injury, such servant is not required to show that there was any negligent conduct in the management of the particular work in which he was injured. If he receive injury from a danger to which he was exposed by the change of employment, he may recover, although no negligence on the part of the master, and even although such — 193 — risk would liavo been one assumed by a person accepting employment in sucli department. Under such circumstances the wrong of the master is in exposing The servant to a risk which he has not. assumed.” It will be observed that counsel assert the broad proposition that there is liability here because the vice principal acting for the master directed the servant to engage in an employment other than that for which he was engaged, and which was more hazardous, and therein there was a breach of positive duty by the master; but, as we have seen, this proposition cannot be sustained in the broad language in which it is asserted. The liability does not arise from the direction, but from failure to give proper warning of the risks attendant upon the employment. The amended complaint seems to be wanting in any allegation of failure to give such warning, unless it may be inferred from the statement that Dre-hoble knew of the danger, and that Stockmeyer did not. We are nor, however, willing to rest our judgment upon any infirmity of pleading, or upon any defective statement by counsel of the principle of law which must govern the case. We proceed to inquire, assuming that no warning was given, whether the circumstances required a warning, and whether the dangers to lie incurred were open and obvious, and such as could be comprehended by Stock-meyer, or "were concealed, and were of such character that he should have been notified of them, and instructed how to guard, against them. The only possible concealed risk arose' from the presence of seams in the stone in the quarry. Rtockmeyer was no novice in this work. He was a man of mature age, of ordinary intelligence, and for several years had been employed in and about qnantes.'. His testimony shows beyond contention that for some two months during his previous employment by Heed be bad worked at channeling stone; that lie knew generally of the existence of seams throughout all the quarries in the neighborhood, and that the stone was liable to break by.reason of the seams during the progress of the work of channeling and of cutting out the stone. He did not, it is true, know of seams in this particular block of stone; nor could Drelioble or the defendant in error know; and for the like reason,- — that it was covered with earth and dust. He, however, knew the fact that seams existed in stone throughout the quarries, and the danger therefrom, and had equal opportunity with the master and Drehoble of ascertaining the existence of seams in this particular stone, for he, with Drelioble, had been at work upon it prior to the injury. All the warning that could have been required of the master, or of the vice principal acting for the master, was to call the attention of the servant to the possible existence of seams in this particular stone. But Stockmeyer knew that fact from Ms general knowledge of the character of the quarries. It was a fact of which he was bound to take notice. No warning could make the danger more manifest to him. The danger arising from this employment to which lie was directed by the master was either obvious to the senses or was known to the servant as most likely to exist; and lie had the sense and experience necessary to comprehend the danger and to — 194 — guard against it. There was consequently no breach by the master of any positive duty owing to the servant which produced or contributed to his injury. The evidence clearly discloses that the negligent act, if any, causing the injury, was that of Drehoble in hammering upon the wedges at the time when Stockmeyer was underneath the stone. That act was not the act of a vice principal. The injury did not result from any matter of control, but from the act, negligent or inadvertent, of a co-servant in the course of a common employment. In such case the master cannot be held liable, as was most clearly demonstrated in the able opinion of Judge Baker upon demurrer to the originsil complaint. It is urged that Stockmeyer, in obeying the orders of Drehoble, acted under compulsion, and should not be, therefore, held to have assumed the risks of the work he was directed to perform. It is conceded that he made no objection to the order, that he did not protest any incapacity to comprehend the risk, but that he was coerced into compliance with the order through fear of discharge in case of disobedience. That, however, does not charge liability upon the master. In the absence of restrictive contract provisions, the master is at liberty to discharge the servant at any time. So likewise is the servant at liberty to abandon his service at will. The-master has the right to demand other service than that for which the- servant has engaged. The latter may accept or decline at will. Declining, he may lose employment; accepting, he assumes the risks attending the service, if he knows or has been properly warned of them. The servant is not under guardianship. He is a free man, at liberty to make such contracts as he will. That through stress of circumstances he consents to the orders of the master rather than be discharged from employment, does not impose liability upon the master because of such demand, if he has otherwise performed the duty which the law imposes upon him with respect to the servant. Leary v. Railroad Co., 139 Mass. 580, 2 N. E. 115; Dougherty v. Steel Co., 88 Wis. 343, 350, 60 N. W. 274. In the former case it is said that: “The servant is presumed to he a free, moral agent, that he is competent to act and judge for himself; that it is optional with him to quit the service or perform the act required; and if he chooses the latter it must be considered as voluntary on his part” In the latter case the court observed: “The fact that Burns, the foreman, told the plaintiff, when he objected to working on the spindles driven by steam, ‘Either go there or get out,’ does not obviate the objection to the plaintiff's right to recover. If an employs of full age and ordinary intelligence, upon being required by his employer to perform duties more dangerous or complicated than those embraced in his original hiring, undertakes the same, knowing their dangerous character, although unwilling, from fear of losing his employment, and is injured by reason of his ignorance and inexperience, he cannot maintain an action therefor against his employer. Leary v. Railroad Co., 139 Mass. 580, 2 N. E. 115; Bradshaw v. Railroad Co. (Ky.) 21 S. W. 346; Woodley v. Railroad Co., 46 Law J. Exch. Div. 521.” The same rule must apply when the injury is caused by the act of a fellow servant. It is clear upon the record that the court — 195 — should have instructed the jury to return a verdict for the defendant. It is proper to say that we have held this case under consideration awaiting the advice of the supreme court upon certain questions submitted in the case of Railway Co. v. Brown, not necessarily affecting the judgment here, but having a bearing upon the general relations of master and servant, that seemed to us desirable to be authoritatively and accurately stated. Failing to obtain the desired instruction, we have proceeded to the determination of this cause without that aid. It is also proper to say that since the argument of this cause Mr. Justice Harlan, who sat at the hearing, was by assignment withdrawn from this and transferred to the Sixth circuit, and did not participate in the decision. The judgment will be reversed, and the cause remanded, with directions to award a new trial.