Olmsted v. A. H. Andrews & Co.

.JENKINS, Circuit Judge. This appeal is to review a decree dismissing the bill of complaint for want of equity. The suit was brought to restrain the alleged infringement of letters patent of the United States, No. 343,060, granted on the 1st day of June, 1886, to 5. E. Nutting, for a map case. The subject-matter of Qie patent is with exactness thus stated by counsel for the appellant: “This map case consists oí a rigid back piece that is adapted to rest flat against (he wall, a pair of circular end pieces, a covering, made of a single piece of material, secured at one edge to the upper edge of the back piece, whence it extends outward over, downward in front of, and inward partially beneath (lie single map, which is mounted upon a roller journaled in the circular end pieces. This covering is of curved shape in cross section, it follows and is secured to the correspondingly curved edges of the end pieces, and at its lower edge it terminates a short distance from the projecting lower edge of the back piece, leaving a narrow opening, adjacent to said back piece, through which the map is drawn. To the lower edge of the map is secured a round of such diameter and length — 836 — ■that,'-when the map is rolled ilp,! the round completely closes the opening between the back piece and the lower edge of the covering.” . The patentee in his specifications states: “The. Object of my invention is to combine certain parts in a map case, as hereinafter ’described' arid pointed‘out in ihe claims, reference being had to the accompanying drawings, forming part of this specification.” And, after detailed reference to the drawings, he asserts the result ■of the combination of parts as follows: “By combining these parts as shown, I produce a map case for single maps mounted on rollers, which has the advantage of being self-closing by the round on the lower edge of the map adjusting itself to the narrow opening through which the map is drawn when the map is rolled up, filling the opening and substantially closing the case, protecting the map within entirely from dust or other injury. The case is also neat .and compact in form, light and attractive, and allows of its being handled and changed about without displacing the map within.” — 837 — The first claim of the patent is alone involved in this controversy, and is Ihus stated: “Tn a case or cover Cor wall maps, (lie combination of a back piece, a covering, and end pieces, iho covering being made in one piece, and attached directly to the back piece and end pieces, and extending over, in front of, and partially under the rolled map when in place, substantially as described.” : The second claim is for the combination, in a map case, of the longitudinal bar, of circular end brackets secured to the bar, (he roller having its bearing’s secured to or forming part of the brackets, and the covering secured at one end to the bar, and passing over and around and secured to the brackets, a described strip at its lower end, provided to make the covering more rigid, and forming means through which the covering is fastened to the brackets. The third claim covers the combination with the bar, the brackets, and the covering, secured thereto and to the box, and of the roller set screw passing through, one of the brackets, and bearing against the journal of the rollin', whereby the other journal of the roller is forced into its support. Tin» answer denied patentability or novelty, alleged anticipation by prior art, and denied infringement. It also specified 16 patents in proof of anticipation and the prior art, of which, the following were introduced in evidence and relied upon: Letters patent No. 68,463, to Coloney and Fairchild, dated July 9, 1867; letters patent No. 77,-813, t o E. L. Hagar, dated May 12, 1868; letters patent: No. 130,050, to Jesse High field, dated July 30, 1872; letters patent No. 159,335, to John Lililíenberger, dated February 2,1875, reissued -January 4,1876, No. 6.841; letters patent No. .181,912, to Couch and Lamb, dated September 5, 1876; letters patent, to Henry T. Cushman, No. 196,636, dated October 30,1877, reissued September 2,1.879, No. 8,875; letters pa ten i No. 301,102, to Alexander Horn, dated July 1, 1884; letters patent No. 325,337. to A. H. Hall, dated September 1,1885. The file wrapper and contents offered in evidence disclose that the claims first presented by Nutting were two, as follows: First, the combination in a map ease of Hie bar, A, covering, C, and brackets, B, in such a, manner t hat the round, D, when drawn' to its highest point will close the case; second, the set screw, F. in combination with the bracket, B, substantially as shown and described. The first: claim was rejected by the patent office because not sufficiently specific, and that: the subject-matter of it is substantially anticipated by patent to High field, No. 130,050. The second claim was rejected because incomplete without: the roller, and because anticipated by a parent to (fates and Potter for carpet, sweepers, No. 226,512. ‘ Nutting directed •the claims to he erased* and proffered a first claim, rewritten by amendment, as follows: Í "(J) In a. map case, the combination with a longitudinal hay, adapted to be hung or secured to a wall or coiling, of circular end brackets secured to said bar, apd a covering secured at one endito the upper front end of the longitudinal bar, and passed over and around the end brackets, and secured thereto, forming a housing within which is located the map roller, a space being left between the lower end of the longitudinal bar and the covering adapted to be filled by the lower round — 838 — of the map when the latter is drawn to its highest point, substantially as and for the purpose described.” This amended claim was likewise rejected because anticipated, the examiner citing, as additional reference, patent to Couch and Lamb for railway signals, No. 181,912. Thereupon the applicant withdrew such claim 1, and requested that the application be forwarded for issue upon the amended claims 2 and 3, which, not being in controversy here, need not be stated. An interference then being declared with William A. Olmsted, the present complainant, it was ruled in favor of Nutting, who thereafter amended his specification by the insertion of the following: “The covering, O, here shown, is made of a single piece, and it is attached directly to the bar or back piece, A, and the end pieces, B, and such cover extends over, in front of, and partially under the rolled map when in place, as clearly shown in Fig. 3.” Two additional claims were then filed, numbered 1 and 2. Claim 1 became claim 1 of the patent, and is in contention here. The' amended claim 2 was as follows: “(2) In a case or cover for wall maps, the combination of a back piece, a covering, and end pieces, the covering being connected with the back piece and the end’ pieces, and extending over, in front of, and partially under the rolled maip when in place, substantially as described.” This second claim was rejected by the examiner because broader than the issue as defined in the interference with Olmsted, and broader than allowable by the state of the art as indicated by the reference previously cited. This second claim was then canceled by Nutting, and .the patent as it now appears was issued. Map cases for rolled maps were not new in tbe art at the time of Nutting’s application. The patents to Ooloney and Fairchild, Hagar, Highfield, Litchenberger, Cushman, Dom and Hall demonstrate this fact. It is manifest that Nutting supposed his invention to consist in— “A.map case for single maps mounted on rollers, which has the advantage of being self-closing by the round on the lower edge' of the map adjusting itself to the' narrow opening through which the map is drawn when the map is rolled up, filling the opening and. substantially closing the case, protecting the map within entirely from dust or other injury.” This is the statement of the original specification, and not amended out of it, and was the substance of the first claim as originally presented. The closing of the case by the roller, and the consequent protection of the map from dust and injury,' were the subjects of the supposed invention. This claim was, however, rejected by the patent office as anticipated by the patent to Conch and Lamb. The invention there related to railway signals. The case contained a flag mounted upon a roller, and was drawn out through a slot in the ease by an end bar on its outer or free end, which bar, when the flag was drawn in, closed the case, and excluded the dust. This device was attached by screws to the platfform side of the station — 839 — house, so that the flag could be displayed above the heads of the people present. The device was adjusted to the building so that the flag was drawn out horizontally. Nutting’s device works vertically. This would seem to he the principal distinction between them, and the only distinction as respects the closing of the case by the round or bar at the free end of the article contained in the case. It is not, however, invention to cause a device to work vertically that theretofore operated horizontally. Nutting acquiesced in the decision of the examiner, and cannot now be heard to assert as his own the invention claimed in the language of the specification quoted. It is to he observed that none of the claims of the patent as finally prepared and allowed asserted any claim to the round, D, by which, as disclosed in the specifications, the main purpose of the invention was effected. It is urged by counsel for the appellant that such construction should be given to the claim that the round should be read into it as an element of it. This cannot be. Nutting, by his acquiescence in the rejection of the claim in which the round was the essential feature, cannot now. insist that the present claim should be construed as it might have been construed if the original claim had not been rejected and withdrawn. Roemer v. Peddie, 132 U. S. 313, 317, 10 Sup. Ct. 98; Caster Co. v. Spiegel, 133 U. S. 360, 368, 10 Sup. Ct. 409; Yale Lock Manuf’g Co. v. Berkshire Nat. Bank, 135 U. S. 342, 379, 10 Sup. Ct. 884; Dobson v. Lees, 137 U. S. 258, 265, 11 Sup. Ct. 71; Royer v. Coupe, 146 U. S. 524, 532, 13 Sup. Ct. 166; Corbin Cabinet Lock Co. v. Eagle Lock Co., 150 U. S. 38, 40, 14 Sup. Ct. 28. In what, then, does the claimed invention consist? The specification adds that “the case is also neat and compact in form, light and attractive, and allows of its being handled and changed about without displacing the map within.” The protection of the statute is granted for things invented, not for things produced. The qualities thus claimed for this map case belong, as we think, to the domain of mechanical skill, not to the domain of the inventive faculty. It is excellence of workmanship, superiority and lightness of material, structural changes of form and proportion which produce the claimed result. Mr. Curtis observes: “It is a leading general principie on this subject, as .we have already seen, that there must be something more than a change of form, or of juxtaposition of parts, or of the external relation of tilings, or of the order or arrangement in which things are used. The change or the new combination or relations must introduce or embody some new mode of operation, or accomplish some effect hot before produced.” Curt. Pah § 50. There is here no change in mode of operation. Substantially this map case differs from others only in this: It is intended to contain a single map, the older devices containing several maps. It is so constructed that it is portable, and therefore convenient. The latter devices were designed to be stationary on the wall. These things are not the subjects for mechanical patents, as they do not pertain — 840 — to the functions of the device. It is doubtless true, as shown by the evidence, that, prior to Nutting’s invention, the case for a single map was unknown to the trade, and it is probably true that such a case is convenient for use in the various rooms of public buildings. We do not understand, however, that it constitutes invention so to alter a case made to contain sm eral maps that it shall hold but one, or to make a case of lighter material so that it shall be portable, or to malee it ornamental or attractive. To do this may prove greatly beneficial and convenient, but it is not invention. McCleery v. Baker, 24 U. S. App, 124, 11 C. C. A. 451, and 63 Fed. 841; Utility is not an infallible test of originality. There must be original thought or inventive skill, not mere mechanical change of what was old. Ex parte Greeley, Holmes, 284, Fed. Cas. No. 5,745; Hollister v. Manufacturing Co., 113 U. S. 59, 73, 5 Sup. Ct. 717; Thompson v. Boisselier, 114 U. S. 1, 13, 5 Sup. Ct. 1042; Holder Co. v. Ferguson, 119 U. S. 335, 7 Sup. Ct. 382; Heating Co. v. Burtis, 121 U. S. 286, 290, 7 Sup. Ct. 1034; Marchand v. Emken, 132 U. S. 195, 200, 10 Sup. Ct. 65; McClain v. Ortmayer, 141 U. S. 419, 428, 12 Sup. Ct. 76; Clothing Co. v. Glover, 141 U. S. 560, 563, 12 Sup. Ct. 79; Manufacturing Co. v. Cary, 147 U. S. 623, 13 Sup. Ct. 472; Howard v. Stove Works, 150 U. S. 164, 170, 14 Sup. Ct. 68. The case of Krementz v. Cottle Company, 148 U. S. 556, 13 Sup. Ct. 719, is not, we think, in antagonism. The patent there was for a collar button with hollow head and stem, formed and shaped out of a single continuous plate of sheet metal. Before this invention the joints of the buttons were soldered. The buttons were liable to break, at the soldered joints, and the stems and head were solid. The advantages claimed were that increased strength, was given to the button.and less material was required, which, in the use of gold, was quite appreciable. It also appeared that these advantages were at once recognized by he trade and the public, resulting in very large sales. The decision rested largely upon the latter ground. We do.not mean, however, to be understood that the decision could not properly be rested upon the ground of invention, in .that, by the method employed, additional strength to the article was secured, and great saving in valuable material was assured. A careful reading of the opinion, however, would indicate that the question of invention was deemed somewhat questionable, and therefore the court applied the rule, applicable in such case, that commercial success of the patented article, and the fact that it had displaced other devices in analogous use, should turn the scale in favor of invention. The rule is applied only in cases of doubtful .invention. We do not think it applicable here. , The attachment of the covering to the back piece, was not new. It is shown in several of the patents exhibited in evidence, particularly in that of Couch and Lamb. It is difficult for us to see wherein there is invention in the device of this patent. The differences between the device of the appellant and the device of the — 841 — appellee are not strikingly marked, but they need not be here considered. Upon a broad and liberal construction of this claim there might he infringement, but we are constrained to concur with the court below that, “in view of the prior art as proven, there is here a dear want of patentable novelty; but, if invention were conceded, it would be upon a construction so very narrow as to exclude a finding of infringement.” The decree will be affirmed.