Read Holliday & Sons, Ltd. v. Schulze-Berge

TOWNSEND, District Judge. The patent in suit, No. 250,247, as to which infringement is alleged, was granted November 29, 1881, to John Holliday, and duly assigned to complainant. The claim in controversy is the first, which is as follows: “The sulpho-conjugated compound of rosaniline, possessing the properties specified, as a new article of manufacture.” The patent was considered by Judge Blatehford, on motion for a preliminary injunction, in Holliday v. Pickhardt, 12 Fed. 147, and on final hearing by Judge [494] Wallace, who sustained the validity of the patent after protracted litigation and thorough examination. 29 Fed. 853. In view of these facts, it is unnecessary to discuss the defense of invalidity, not set up in the answer, but claimed in the brief and argument of defendants’ counsel. The new evidence introduced on this hearing does not affect the validity of the patent in suit. That it may limit the scope of the patent is immaterial, in view of the conclusions reached. The following statements have been agreed to by counsel: “It is agreed that the Holliday patent includes those homologues — as, for instance, Oio, O2o, or O21 — which were known at the date of the Holliday patent. It is agreed that the body C22 is such homologue, and, if known at the date of the Holliday patent, would have been included therein. It is agreed that the Epting patent process .is the process of Holliday applied to the rosaniline known as C22, without any change in said process or in the result.” It was found by Judge Wallace on the former hearing that the claim in suit “is a valid claim for the real invention of Holliday”; that “it can be recognized aside from the description of the process for making it,” and “the product can be identified by the characteristics specified” in the patent. Defendants’ body, so far as appears from said characteristics, and by certain other tests used in the art, is an exact technical equivalent of the patented .body. Defendants’» body is commercially known as “Hew Acid Magenta,” and is sold as the equivalent of the complainant’s acid magenta. These facts show at least a prima facie case of infringement. Matheson v. Campbell, 69 Fed. 597, and cases cited. “It was not shown by the complainants that the defendants’ coloring matter was made by the process described in the patent, nor was any evidence to the contrary produced by the defendants. The proofs show satisfactorily, however, that the defendants’ coloring matter possesses the peculiar characteristics of the patented article. Sufficient appears to establish the chemical identity of the defendants’ coloring matter with the complainants’ by the evidence of the results produced by each in experimental tests. As these results were new until Caro’s process was employed, a sufficient prima facie case is shown upon the question of infringement.” Pickhardt v. Packard, 22 Fed. 530, 532. Infringement is denied for the following reasons: First, defendants’ body, called C22, was neither described nor isolated as a chemical individual until after the date of the patent in suit; second, certain tests, not specified in the patent, show different results when applied to the two bodies. But Judge Wallace has found that these tests of this patent - are sufficient to identify the patented product. The application of these tests to the defendants’ body is sufficient to show what the supreme court, in the Badische Case, 4 Sup. Ct. 462, calls “the identity, in the sense of the patent law, between them.” The defendants must therefore be held to infringe, at least unless they can show that the bodies were produced from different starting materials. The first question is whether defendants’ product is C22; or only a mere mixture. The alleged infringing product, commercially [495] known as “New Acid Magenta,” is produced from triamido triortho toiyl carbinol, which is known as C22, or the fourth body of the following series of rosanilines, namely: “Ch», para rosaniline; O20, methyl para rosaniline; C21, dimethyl para rosaniline; and G22, trimethyl para rosaniline.” These bodies will hereafter be referred to as Oí», C20, O21, and C22, respectively. The complainant claims that defendants’ color is not G22, but is a mixture of probably C20, O21, and C22. I shall assume that it is C22. The next question is whether defendants’ product, C22, is identical with, or the equivalent of, the patented products, which include Oí», C20, and C21. By the stipulation already referred to, it is agreed that it is a homologue of the patented products, and would have been included in the patent if known at the date thereof. The briefs of counsel are largely devoted to a discussion of the doctrine of unknown equivalents. Counsel for defendants contend that the claim for the patented product does not cover a body having substantially the same qualities, but produced from a subsequently discovered starting material. Whatever questions may arise in other cases, there does not seem to be any difficulty in the application of the law to the facts of this case. That a patentee must clearly conceive and accurately state his invention or discovery, and that he cannot claim a monopoly of the whole art, nor by speculation include unknown elements within the limitations of his claim, is well settled. The primary or secondary character of the patent determines the scope of such claim, and the range of equivalents. The Incandescent Lamp Patent, 159 U. S. 465, 16 Sup. Ct. 75; American Sulphite Pulp Co. v. Howland Falls Pulp Co., 70 Fed. 988; Edison Electric Light Co. v. Boston Incandescent Lamp Co., 62 Fed. 397. In the case at bar, Holliday discovered a process of converting rosanilines into bodies capable of dyeing in an acid bath in admixture with other colors, and patented the product. The defendants use the same process, and obtain the same product from a body belonging to the same class, — a homologue of complainant’s bodies. If the doctrine of unknown equivalents is to be applied, the patentee cannot embrace this body among the rosanilines of his patent unless it was either so commercially known as to be included under said term, or so chemically known that no experiment was necessary to discover its equivalency. But the admissions of defendants’ experts, Woltereek, Homolka, Laubenheimer, and Chandler, shows that C22 was known and used before the date of the patent in suit. The French patent of Coupier, of 1866, and his published researches, give processes for producing it; and the C22 produced by following the Coupier process was the same as that of defendants. Furthermore, a French patent, No. 71,114, granted to John Holliday in 1866, indicates that he was familiar with the properties and actions of this whole class of rosaniline colors. The utmost which defendants can claim, in view of this testimony, is that, while C22 was known, it had not been isolated as a chemical individual. It is admitted that the substitution of O22 for the other rosanilines does not involve any alteration or inventive skill. [496] Various questions concerning the doctrine of unknown equivalents have been forcibly pressed upon the attention of this court in this case and in Matheson v. Campbell, supra. It seems to be the duty of the court to state its views on this subject. • That the discoverer is protected against equivalent ingredients known at the date of his patent is settled. Gill v. Wells, 22 Wall. 1; American Sulphite Pulp Co. v. Howland Falls Pulp Co., supra; Edison Electric Light Co. v. Boston Incandescent Lamp Co., supra. Subject to. this rule, there is some conflict of authority as to whether the first discoverer is protected against subsequently known equivalents. Most of the earlier cases hold that he is not. The later cases hold otherwise, or state the rule with qualifications. In Walk. Pat. (3d Ed.) § 354, the author has collected the cases, and states the rule as follows: “Whether a device, in order to be equivalent of another-, must have been known at the time of the invention of the machine which contains the latter, is a question which was elaborately investigated and discussed in sections 354 to 358 of the former editions of this book, because it then appeared to be not only very important, but also unsettled. But the weight of reason was always much on the side of thq negative of that question, and the weight of authority has now accumulated so preponderatingly upon the same side that the question may now be held to be settled in the negative. It is therefore safe to define an equivalent as a thing which performs the same function, and performs that function in substantially the same manner, as the thing of which it is alleged to be an equivalent.” The apparent conflict in the decisions arises from the distinction between the application of the doctrine of equivalents to primary and to secondary invention, and from the difference between the old and the new rules as to what constitutes invention. In the light of the later decisions on this subject, I think the law must be that where the new ingredient is such as would have been known to or employed by the ordinary skilled practical, chemist, or is such as would naturally have been developed in the growth of the art, and the substitution thereof involves no alteration or new operation or result, it is covered by the patent, provided the specifications and claims are sufficiently broad to include it. If, on the other hand, the development of the new ingredient required the exercise of the creative or inventive faculty, and certainly if its introduction causes some novelty in function or result, it would not be an equivalent. The conclusions reached by Judge Robinson support these views. Rob. Pat. p. 351, § 257, note. In the case at bar the defendants’ body is a mere substitute. C22 is the next succeeding homologue of Oí», C20, C21. It existed in the arts; was referred to in the literature; the patented process of Coupier was capable of producing it. The defense is supported solely by the fact that the description of the body, with all its properties, and the process of preparing it in a chemically pure state, was not known until the year succeeding the grant of the patent in suit. The defendants have discovered nothing. They have taken the C22, existing prior to the patent, but first isolated and described by Rosenstiel and Gerber in 1882, subjected it to the process described in the patent, and obtained the patented product. Whatever may be the scope of the doctrine of unknown equivalents, it should have [497] no application to this case. Counsel for defendants lay stress upon certain statements in the opinion of this court in Matheson v. Campbell, as supporting this claim. But there the facts were very different. The patent contained a general formula, covering at least a hundred different bodies. It was shown that very many of these bodies would not produce the patented product. The patent also contained a special description of the newly-discovered process to obtain the patented product. Counsel for complainant, having sought to expand the claim so as to appropriate the bodies of the general formula, the court held that, could not be done, and that the patent must be limited to the bodies of the special process. Here the body C22, if known, would be properly included in the claim. It does not appear that, at the date of the patent, experiment or discovery was necessax*y in order to determine its reactions. In the Matheson Case the questions were whether the whole patent was invalid by reason of the uncertain general foimula, and whether the claim was limited to the special example. Here the question involved is whether a patentee may protect, or an infringer appropriate, a discovered, described, existing element, not isolated at the date of the patent. Let a decree be entered for an injunction and an accounting.