Minton v. Smith

Mr. Justice Matchett delivered the opinion of the court. This appeal is by complainant, Sarah Minton, from an order which sustained a demurrer of defendants to her bill as amended, and dismissed same for want of equity, on the ground that the bill did not entitle her to any relief from the defendants. The bill was filed April 12, 1933, and alleged that complainant had spent her business life in the millinery trade; that many years ago she established a millinery business in Grand Eapids, Michigan, under the name of “Min-ton,” and successfully carried on said business until 1904, when she moved to Chicago; that having acquainted herself with the situation at Chicago, she rented a store in the Drake Hotel building, which she fitted up and stocked with merchandise, employed help and placed her name of “Minton” on the store door and used that name on all business papers, as well as labels sewed on the goods manufactured by her, and informed the trade that she was in the millinery business under the name of “Minton.” The bill further alleges that as a result the name “Minton” obtained a reputation for high class goods; that the business grew and became very successful and she continued to conduct it at the same address for 10 years; that in the course of her business activities she employed among other persons defendants Irene Thompson Smith and Margaret Hamann and trained them in her business of manufacturing and selling goods; that on or about November, 1930, complainant was in poor health and decided for the time being that she 'would quit business until some future time; that she informed defendant employees of the situation, and that they, knowing the condition of her health, decided to establish a place of business of the same kind and character at number 634 North Michigan avenue, and purchased fixtures from complainant and opened a place of business at that address; that complainant gave to them the right to use her name of “Minton” at said new address for one year; that she also moved her undisposed of merchandise to the new address and sold to defendants such portions of the merchandise as they might require to fill orders during the year 1931; that free of charge she assisted them from time to time in selling goods to customers; that on or about January, 1931, defendants purchased the remaining unsold merchandise from complainant, and that complainant at that time gave to them an extension of the right to use her name of “Minton” during the year 1932; that complainant also agreed that she would not re-engage in the millinery business in Chicago for one year from January, 1932; that she kept this promise but that on or about November 26, 1932, she notified defendants not to use her name of “Minton” after January 1, 1933; that defendants in December, 1932, offered to purchase the name from her but she informed them that the name was not for sale, she reserving the name in case she decided to go into business again; that defendants did not stop using the name, but pretended to change the name by changing the sign on the door to read in large letters, “The Minton” followed by smaller letters, “Hat Company and Novelties”; that on the stationery they used the name, “The Minton Co.”; that complainant demanded that defendants stop using the name “Min-ton” in connection with the business carried on by them; that defendants ignored the demand and continued so to use the name without permission and contrary to the expressed demand of complainant. Complainant further says that if she re-establishes her business under the name of “Minton,” which she may do, “the unauthorized use of her name by the defendants will cause confusion and loss of business to the complainant; that the change in the sign made by the defendants is a pretext as to change, and a device to use the name of ‘Minton’ so as to get the benefit of the good reputation which the complainant established for her name in business”; that unless defendants are enjoined from using her name of “Min-ton” in connection with their business, complainant will suffer irreparable damages and be interfered with in re-engaging in the millinery business under her trade name of “Minton.” The bill prays for an injunction and for other and further relief. On June 19, 1933, complainant filed an affidavit in support of her motion that an injunction issue. The order sustaining the demurrer and dismissing the bill was entered, while said motion was pending on January 2, 1934. Complainant contends, citing Kallista v. Ahalt, 151 Ill. App. 60, and Schlitz Brewing Co. v. Travi, 179 Ill. App. 269, that under these circumstances it was error to sustain the demurrer; that it should have been overruled and defendants ruled to plead or answer. The cases cited refer only to a situation where the bill alleges facts, which, if true, would entitle complainant to the relief prayed, and are not controlling here. The actual question for decision, therefore, is whether the facts alleged in the bill state a cause of action cognizable by a court of equity. The facts disclosed by the bill are not complex. Complainant avers in substance that she devoted many years to a business in which she made use of her surname, “Minton,” as a trademark. She says in substance that without selling the business she granted to defendants the right and license to use that name for a limited period only; that the time for which it was granted has expired and that she now desires to resume her right with reference to the use of that name in that business. ■ It would seem upon this simple statement of facts that she ought to have that right. If the facts averred by the bill are true, defendants have received from complainant all and more than they bargained for. She is in court with clean hands. She seeks to protect the right to use her surname, defendants denying this right for a number of technical reasons. They say, in the first place, citing authorities such as Olin v. Bate, 98 Ill. 53; Pfaudler v. Pfaudler Co., 186 N. Y. S. 725; Carney Hospital v. McDonald, 227 Mass. 231; and In re A. G. Spalding & Bros., 27 App. D. C. 314; Brown Chemical. Co. v. Meyer, 139 U. S. 540, and similar cases, that she has no legal right to appropriate her surname' as a trade-mark; that there is- no such thing as a trade-mark in- gross. They ' say that there is no averment in the bill that defendants are using plaintiff’s real name, “Sarah Minton.” The contention is (apparently.) that if she used her Christian name and surname she would be entitled to- protection, but since she used the surname alone she is not entitled to such protection. The cases cited do hot, we think, sustain this view. Olin v. Bate, 98 Ill. 53, is a case where the question arose between parties having the same surname; ' That is not the case here. It is true that in the Spalding case- it was held that a ■ surname might not be appropriated as a trade-mark under the Tradé-mark Act, but we understand the purpose of this statute-was to protect persons who might have the same surname, and not to grant to other persons indiscriminately a license to use and appropriate. Pfaudler v. Pfaudler Co., 186 N. Y. S. 725; was an action at law for damages based upon-a statute of the State of New York. Moreover, plaintiff there had acquiesóéd in the use by defendant, corporation of his surname for 25 years and no equitable injury was stated. Carney Hospital v. McDonald, 227 Mass. 231, was also in part based upon the construction of a Massachusetts statute and was not brought by any person whose surname was alleged to have been improperly used. In Brown Chemical Co. v. Meyer, supra, the court said an ordinary surname could not be appropriated “as against others of the same name.” The courts have been at all times vigilant to protect the rights of individuals to the exclusive use of their own names as against persons holding • other names or corporations which undertake to appropriate their names. These cases naturally arise out of actual competition, usually, but the cases do not indicate that relief is limited exclusively to cases where there is competition, nor that the surnames of individuals are excluded from the protection of the courts. As illustrative may be cited Ranft v. Reimers, 200 Ill. 386; Hazelton Boiler Co. v. Hazelton Tripod Boiler Co., 142 Ill. 494; Allegretti v. Allegretti Chocolate Cream Co., 177 Ill. 129; Johnson Mfg. Co. v. Johnson Skate Co., 313 Ill. 106. That the courts of other States— those of the United .States and of England — apply similar rules will appear from the citations in our opinion in the recent case in .this court of Lomax Co. v. Lomax Bros Beverages, Inc., 274 Ill. App. 661 (Abst.). In Ohlbaum v. Correa, 166 N. Y. S. 89, it appeared two brothers were.in business under-the.name Ohlbaum Bros.; .the partnership was dissolved and -the business continued by one of them who, by agreement, took the right to use the firm. name; this continuing partner died and no other person had acquired the right to use the name; the defendants (none of whom bore this name) began to use it in their business. It was held that the plaintiff, a brother, was entitled to injunctive relief. The court said: “Even- after a man has surrendered to another the right to use his name in business, he still preserves sufficient interest in it to prevent its use by any casual stranger. Of course, there may be circumstances under which, the defendants can justify the use of the firm name in question. If these are alleged, they will constitute a possible defense to the action. But no such circumstances are pleaded, and we may not call upon our imagination to supply them.” In Christy v. Murphy, 12 Howard’s Pr. Rep. (N. Y.) 77, it was held that Christy, who had organized a group of negro minstrels to which he gave the name “Christy’s Minstrels,” would be protected by injunction in the use of the name as against strangers who attempted to appropriate it to their own use although complainant was not at that time actually giving performances. In Scheer v. American Ice Co., 66 N. Y. S. 3, the plaintiff sold his ice business to defendant corporation ; the contract did not convey the right to use plaintiff’s name but plaintiff agreed not to engage, in the ice business for 10 years; the defendant printed plaintiff’s name on its wagons, etc. An injunction was granted, the court saying that in the absence of express agreement defendant was not entitled to use plaintiff’s name in its business, citing Howe v. Searing, 6 Bosw. 354; Reeves v. Denicke, 12 Abb. Prac. (N. S.) 92; Morgan v. Schuyler, 79 N. Y. 490, and note 35 Am. Rep. 546. The court said: “It would seem to be a proposition hardly requiring' argument that every man is the custodian of his own reputation and is entitled to say who shall do business, and what business shall be done, under his name. If it were necessary, however, to point out specific and substantial injuries to which the plaintiff is exposed by reason of the unauthorized acts complained of, it would not be difficult to do so. He is, for example, subject to the cost and vexation of suits that might be brought against him by reason of things that may happen in the business carried on in his name.” That a right to use the names under which a corporation did business could not be again assigned by the assignee without the consent of the assignors, and that an injunction would lie to prevent the use of the name by a corporation, see Bagby & Rivers Co. v. Rivers, 87 Md. 400. And that such a right is personal and does not pass to an assignee in bankruptcy, see Mattingly v. Stone (Ky.), 12 S. W. 467. It is quite impossible in this opinion to discuss at length all the cases bearing upon this subject. To summarize, it may be said that the defendants contend that complainant cannot maintain her suit because she cannot get a property right in her surname. As we understand, the cases all hold the contrary. Secondly, it is contended that she may not maintain her bill unless she operates a competitive business. In addition to the cases we have cited holding the contrary may be mentioned the leading case of Edison v. Edison Polyform & Mfg. Co., 73 N. J. Eq. 136, 67 Atl. 392. Third, a similar contention is made that the bill cannot be maintained in the absence of an actual use of the name by plaintiff. The obvious answer is that complainant is using the name every day and that the cases holding an actual use indispensable are not applicable to cases of this character. In the fourth place, it is contended that complainant cannot maintain her bill in the absence of an averment of fraud. The answer, we think, is that one to whom has been granted a license to use the name of another in business transactions for a limited time who undertakes to appropriate and convert to his own use permanently the name so granted, and thus deprive the licensor of her rights is guilty of fraud. In other words, the facts averred in the bill are sufficient to constitute fraud upon complainant. We hold that the court erred in sustaining the demurrer to the bill and dismissing the same for want of equity, and for that reason'the decree will be reversed and the cause remanded for proceedings in accordance with.the views herein expressed. jReversed and remanded. McSurely, J., concurs.