Tannage Patent Co. v. Donallan

COLT, Circuit Judge. This suit relates to two patents issued to Augustus Schultz, January 8, 1884, for “a process of tawing hides and skins.” Pátent No. 291,785 is for the general process. Patent No. 291,784 contains a more specific description of the solution which ■ composes the second bath of the process. For present purposes they may be regarded as one patent. The Schultz patent is for a process of mineral tanning, as distinguished from the old methods of bark tanning. Specifically, it is for a process of tanning by the green oxide of chromium, and is known as “chrome tanning:” As a practical and commercial method for making morocco leather it has proved very successful, and may be said to have revolutionized this branch of the tanning art. It is estimated that 80 per cent, of the morocco leather at present produced in this country is made by this process. Not only does it largely reduce the time of tanning by the old methods, but the leather itself is of a superior quality. In the consideration of a patent of this character, and in harmony with what we believe to be the spirit and purpose of the patent laws of the United States, the court is- naturally inclined to sustain it, unless it clearly appears to be invalid under the law. Nor does it detract from the merit of such an invention that prior inventors had nearly solved the problem, or had reached a successful experimental stage in its solution. When the prior art is brought to bear upon any important invention, this is often found to be the situation. The Schultz process for chrome tanning is to first subject the skin to a bath of bichromate of potash, and then to a second bath which consists of sulphite of soda dissolved in water, to which hydrochloric acid is added to set free the sulphurous acid, whereby the chromic acid throughout the skin is reduced to the green oxide of chromium; in other words, it is the reduction of chromic acid to chromic oxide through sulphurous acid. The prior tanning art does not disclose this process. For 30 or 40 years before the date of the Schultz patent, persons skilled in the art had striven to discover a practical method of chrome tanning, but, with one exception, these efforts were failures. This record presents an exhaustive review of these old methods. It is sufficient to refer to the most important. The earliest method is described in the Warington British patent of 1846. Warington uses for tanning “green vegetable matter,” such as rhubarb, potatoes, or chemical deoxidizing agents, such as gum, starch, or certain compounds of sulphur mixed with tanning material, such as bark; and he uses either bichromate of potash or diluted sulphuric acid to prevent putrefaction. He employs one-eighth to one-half a - pound of bichromate of potash in 100 gallons of water; and in the case of sulphuric acid a quarter of a pound to a pound of the acid to’ 10 gallons of water. Nobody contends that the Warington process — 813 — was ever practically employed in tanning, and on its face it is very remote from the Schultz 'process. We come next to the Swedish patent, to Cavalin (Cavallius), of May 1, 1850. He first describes a dyeing process which may be either a mineral one, as, “for instance, of one part of sulphate of protoxide of iron and six to twenty-four parts of water,” or a vegetable one, with “leaves, sprigs, and the bark of a majority of the perennial plants.” He"then places the skins in a solution of chromate for tanning. In the second bath of Cavalin there is no suggestion of the sulphurous acid reducing bath of Schultz. Of this process, Heiuzerling. in the Elements of Leather Making (1882), says, at page 144: “We can regard Oavalin’s process as a combination oí iron, alumina and chrome tanning. The lea ill er, however, showed an easily removable or deteriorating result in water, and was brittle, which made its practical application impossible.” Morfit on the Art of Tanning (1852) says (page 401) of Cavalin and other similar processes: “It is doubtful whether leather made by any of the preceding processes will preserve its durability for any length of time, as from its very nature it would be reasonable to expect it to crack, unless it be kept constantly greased.” Davis on the Manufacture of Leather (1885) says, on page 629: “Oavalin’s method may be considered as a combination of tanning with ferric, aluminum, and chromic oxides. Hut a practical application of the process is not possible, since the leather loses its tannin easily when immersed in water, and its grain is brittle. * * * All the above-mentioned methods of tanning have been abandoned on account of the defective quality of the product prepared by them.” Professor H. K. Proctor says, in a lecture given October 9, 1893, when speaking of the Cavalin leather: “The resulting leather was a combined iron and chrome tannage, which is not a practical success, though it is not impossible that some modification of it might be irat to useful purpose.” The authorities on the subject of tanning, as well as an inspection of the Cavalin patent, demonstrate that it is not an anticipation of the Schultz process. In 1858, Dr. Frederick Knapp published an article on the nature of leather. This article is translated in Dingier s Polytechnical Journal, vol. 149, p. 305, and in Wagner’s Jahresbericht (1858) p. 521. Speaking generally, the Knapp method relates to tanning with salts of the oxide of iron or of the oxide of chrome. It is a “single-bath process.” The Schultz process depends, primarily, “upon the reduction throughout tlie skin of a compound of chromic acid.” Ho compound of chromic acid is employed by Knapp, and no reduction of chromic acid takes place when the sldns are tanned. The Knapp method of treatment with iron and chromium salts has been unsuccessful. The literature of the art shows that the Knapp process never went into commercial use. Heinzerling on the Elements of Leather Making (1882) p. 144, says: “The application of iron and chrome alum in tanning has already been formally proposed, and also been practically carried out. The use of these substances was soon, however, given up again, since the leather so prepared — 814 — showed no advantage over the leather tanned with alum and other aluminum salts.” Davis on the Manufacture of Leather (1885) p. 629, says: “The use of iron alum and chrome alum was at one time proposed and actually introduced in practice, hut the use of these substances was soon abandoned, as the leather prepared in this manner had no advantage over that tanned with alum and alumina salts.” Wagner’s Chemical Technology (1892) p. 889, says, under the heading “Knapp’s Leather”: “The hides do not become really tanned by being immersed in solutions of such metallic salts as those of the ferrous and ferric oxides and zinc and chromium oxides. * * * Though a certain combination of the oxide and fibers takes place, no real leather is formed, because the substance when finished is not fitted for contact Avith water, for then the so-called ‘tannin’ isAvashed out. * * * Although the exterior color of good, sound leather-may be imitated, the real qualities of leather are wanting. Knapp’s process is not in use, or is so entirely modified by substituting alum for metallic oxides that- the skins are tawed by a combination of the preceding tawing process and the oil tawing process now to be described.” Proctor, in his text-book on Tanning (1885) p. 219, says of leather made by the use of basic ferric salts: “The leather, however, has by no means the same resistance to wet and decay as bark-tanned leather, and invariably has a tendency to crack when sharply bent. The process has been most carefully worked out by Professor Knapp, and was patented and worked commercially for a short time in Brunswick, but apparently without financial success.” It is manifest that Knapp does not describe the Schultz process. We have next the Swan British patent of 1866. Swan states that his invention may be applied to tanning. His method is to immerse the skins in a solution containing 1 per cent, of chrome alum, or in a solution of chromate or bichromate of potash, and then to decompose the chromate or bichromate in the skin “by means of oxalic or-other similar acid,” so as to reduce the bichromate and produce “the required compound of chromic oxide.” It is established by this record that oxalic acid reduces bichromate more slowly than sulphurous acid,, and that it must be used with great care to prevent injurious action on the raw hide. The Swan process has not proved to be a practical method for tanning. It is not the Schultz process. The Heinzerling English patent of 1880 and American patent of 1881 describe the only chrome-tanning process before Schultz which may be said to have gone into commercial use. Heinzerling first left the hides in the “chrome or aluminous solution” from one to twenty days. It is unnecessary to refer to the other operations of this complicated process, except to add that the hides were finally “exposed to the light for from twenty-five days to sixty.” Heinzerling soaked his skins in a solution of chromic acid or of ‘a chromate and bichromate, but he never reached the Schultz process of reduction through sulphurous acid. In chrome tanning there is no complete reduction until the hide turns' green. In the Heinzerling process it seems that the gradual effect of exposure to the light had to be relied upon to reduce the chromate. Davis on the Manufacture of Leather (1885) p. 634, says: — 815 — “The cut surface of leather prepared according to the describee* [Ileinzerlingj process is at first yellow, but becomes gradually lighter, especially when exposed to the light, and turns finally to a nearly whitish green.” Concerning the Heinzerling process, Prof. Proctor, in Ms textbook on Tanning (1885) p. 223, says: “A process which has been worked on a larger scale is that of Dr. Ileinzorling, introduced about 1878, with the usual promise of ‘complete revolution’ in tile lea I her trade, but which, in spite of the most determined and persevering efforts of the Eglinton Chemical Company, who own the English patent, has failed lo take any very prominent position in commerce.” In a lecture delivered October 9,1893, after speaking of the Cavalin process, Prof. Proctor said: “Much later and much better known, if not more successful, was the Heinzerling process as carried out by the Eglinton Chemical Company and the Yorkshire Tanning Company. This could hardly be called a true chrome-tanning process, since alum and salt were the principal tanning agents, and the biehromaie, which was used with them, was never systematically reduced to the green tanning form, though in course of time it gradually became iiartlally changed at the expense of the skin.” ’Wagner’s Chemical Technology (1892) p. 889, says: “Heinzerling’s chrome tanning is, in the opinion of the author, perfectly worthless.” Upon examination of the present record, it appears — First, that, in the art of chrome tanning, no prior patent or publication describes the Schultz process; second, that: no prior patent or publication disclosed a practical or commercial process for chrome tanning, with the single exception of Heinzerling, which was only successful to a limited degree, and which cannot be said to have solved the problem of practical chrome tanning worked out by Schultz; and, further, that the Heinzerling process is not: an anticipation of Schultz because the two methods are distinctly different. Although chrome tanning may be effected experimentally by several of these old processes, as seems to appear from the evidence of the defendant’s experts and the samples produced, we do not think this class of testimony detracts from the merit: of the Schultz process, or from its position in the aid. On the eonirary, previous efforts and previous failures add to the importance of Hchultz’s discovery. A process carefully conducted by a skilled expert may be adequate to tan skins, and yet be commercially perfectly worthless. Such experimental success should have little or no weight: in determining" the question of the validity or scope of the Schultz patent. In the case of Patent Co. v. Zahn, 17 C. C. A. 552, 70 Fed. 1003, the circuit court of appeals for the Third circuit, on final hearing, sustained the validity of the Schultz patents. In five oilier suits-brought by this complainant against various defendants preliminary injunctions have been granted, and in three of these cases the order was affirmed by the circuit court of appeals. Patent Co. v. Donallan, 75 Fed. 287; Same v. Adams, 77 Fed. 191; Adams v. Patent Co., 26 C. C. A. 326, 81 Fed. 178; Clerk v. Same, 28 C. C. A. 501, 84 Fed. 643; Ford Morocco Co. v. Tannage Patent Co., 28 C. C. A. 503, 84 Fed. 644. The substantial defense in the present case is anticipation of the Schultz process based upon the Francillon French and English patents of 1853. The Francillon patent was introduced in the prior injunction case against Adams, and carefully considered — 816 — by Judge Acheson in his opinion in the circuit court, and by Judge Dallas, speaking for the court, in the circuit court of appeal- It was also before this court on motion for a preliminary injunction. It is true, however, that the Francillon patent has not been heretofore considered by any court on final hearing, that this defense is now for the first time thoroughly and exhaustively presented, and that the defendant is entitled to have this question of anticipation investigated and passed upon in this case. It further appears that, in connection with the introduction of the Francillon patent, the whole prior art has been more fully presented in this case than in any prior litigation. After the most diligent-search, however, in this and foreign countries, as we have seen, no process such as is described by Schultz has been found in the prior tannage art. We have only left then to determine the one important question whether in view of Francillon there was any patentable novelty in the Schultz method. Schultz describes a process of “tawing hides and skins” with minerals. Francillon’s patent is for a process of “dyeing and printing silk, wool, and other animal fibers,” including “skins.” The Schultz patent is for a tanning process. The Francillon patent is for a dyeing process. This is the fundamental distinction between the two. The Francillon patent was taken out in 1853. It was commented on in trade publications, and was well known. It nowhere purports to disclose a tanning process. It was used for dyeing silks and wools. It does not appear that skins were ever dyed by this method. It was never used practically to tan a skin. It was not until after the discovery and great success of the Schultz process, and as a defense to the charge of infringement, that the expert witnesses for the defendant have found out by experiment that the Francillon dyeing process will in fact tan. And in this connection, and as going to show that the court should not be wholly guided by the experimental success of the most eminent experts, it may be observed that Prof. Carmichael also obtained good merchantable chrome-tanned skins from the Knapp, Cavalin, Swan, and Heinzerling processes, although, with the exception of Heinzerling, and then only to a limited extent, these old methods had proved practical failures. With the history of the development of the chrome-tanning art before us, showing for many years repeated effort and repeated failure until the Schultz patents, and with these patents repeatedly sustained by the courts in other cases, the proof of an alleged anticipation in the form of a well-known foreign patent issued 3fi years before, should be clear, convincing, and free from doubt. Before reaching the conclusion that the Francillon process is an anticipation- of Schultz, we should be satisfied — first, that the art of tanning and the art pf dyeing are so nearly analogous that there was no invention in the application of an old dyeing process to tanning; and, second, that the Francillon patent for dyeing sets out in full, clear, and exact terms the Schultz method of tanning, so that any one skilled in the art would be able to practice the Schultz process by following the directions of the Franeillon specification. If either of these propositions is doubtful, the defendant’s attack upon the Schultz patent must fail. As a matter of common knowledge, as well as scientific classification, tanning and — 817 — dyeing are distinct arts. The art of tanning is to change a raw skin into leather. The art of dyeing is to fix color. The Century Dictionary defines tanning as “the art or process of converting hides and skins into leather,” and dyeing as “the operation or practice of fixing colors in solution in texible and other .porous substances.” The En-cyclopaedia Britannica. (1894) defines leather as follows: “Leather consists of the hides and skins of certain animals, prepared by-chemical and mechanical means in such a manner as to resist influences to which in their natural condition they are subject, and also to give them certain entirely new properties and qualities, Skins in an unprepared, moist condition are readily disintegrated and destroyed by putrefaction, and if they are dried raw they become hard, homy, and intractable. The art of the leather manufacturer is principally directed to overcoming the tendency to putrefaction, to securing suppleness in the material, to rendering it impervious to and unalterable by water, and to increasing the strength of the skin, and its power to resist tear and wear.” It defines dyeing as follows: “Dyeing is the art of coloring in a permanent manner porous or absorbent substances by impregnating them with coloring bodies. Most vegetable and animal bodies are porous or absorbent, and can be dyed: some minerals also, such as marble, can absorb liquid coloring matters; but the term ‘dyeing’ is usually confined to the coloring of textile fibrous materials by penetration. The superficial application of pigments to tissues by means of adhesive vehicles, such as oil or albumen, as in painting or in some kinds of calico printing, is not considered as a case of dyeing, because the coloring bodies so applied do not penetrate the fiber, and are not intimately incorporated with it. The mere saturation of textile fiber with a solution of some colored body and subsequent drying do not constitute a case of dyeing, unless the color becomes in so far permanently attached to the fiber that it. cannot be washed out again by the solvent employed or by common water.” Dyeing, technically speaking, and as contrasted with painting, means a saturation or impregnation of the fiber in order to secure fixation of color. As applied to some animal fibers, such as silk or wool, it means a thorough saturation; as applied to skins, it may signify a thorough or a partial saturation; in other words, skins may be dyed on the surface, or a portion of the way through, or all the way through. The dyeing of skins is effected either by plunging or dipping in the dyeing solution, or by spreading the dyeing material on the surface by brushing over it. Francillon was a French dyer. His patent discloses a process for the fixation of a permanent green color on animal fibers. As practiced commercially, tins method seems to have been limited to dyeing silk and woolen fabrics. Wagner’s Jahresbericht (1858), in review of the Francillon process, says: “Francillon described the following process for dyeing woolens and silk fabrics a permanent green by means of oxide of chromium.” He then sets out the steps of the process substantially as found in the Francillon patents. The Francillon French and English patents are substantially the same. With respect to these patents, Mr. Little, complainant’s expert, says: “The Francillon patents relate directly and solely to a process of dyeing. They are directed t;o dyers, and are to be read from the dyers’ point of view. They are, moreover, primarily directed to the dyeing of silk and wool.” — 818 — In the specification of Ms English patent, Francillon says; “ My invention of improvements in dyeing and printing silk, wool, and other animal fibers relates to a method of fixing upon silk, wool, and other animal fibers, sueh as hair, feathers, or skins, the green oxide of chrome, called by french chemists sesqui-oxide of chrome, or the chromic oxide of Berzelius. This oxide may either be applied and fixed alone, or in order to produce various shades and colors the oxide may also be employed in combination with various substances, such as certain acids or oxides, or with coloring or astringent matters. This object of the invention may be effected either by the oxidation of chromous oxide, which may be effected upon the substances either in the fibrous state or after having been manufactured into the fabrics to be dyed or printed, or the same effect may he produced by the reduction of chromic acid and its conversion into chromic oxide. The fixing operation is carried on in the following manner: A cold saturated solution of bichromate of potash is laid evenly either upon the whole fabric or upon any part which it is desired to have colored, dyed, or stained; and I would here observe that there are some kinds of fibers which are better impregnated with impure chromic acid, or even with bichromate of chloride (salt of peligot), than with a perfectly pure salt. This operation is performed at the ordinary temperature, or at a temperature of thirty degrees, forty degrees, or fifty degrees of the centigrade thermometer, or even a higher temperature may be employed, according to the nature of the fiber to be operated upon. The fiber thus impregnated with chromate or chromic acid is left in repose for some hours protected from the solar rays. The operation of reducing the chromic acid is then proceeded with, in order to deprive the acid of a moiety of its oxygen, and to convert it into ehromic oxide. It is well known that many agents are capable of effecting the reduction of chromic acid either in a free state or in the form of chromate, and of converting it into green oxide. Amongst these may be particularly mentioned chloride of tin, the hydro acids, phosphorous acid, several oxy acids of sulphur, either free or in the form of a salt, but more especially sulphurous acid. This latter has been preferred, inasmuch as, besides presenting the advantage of economy, it possesses furthermore that of only requiring for its action the apparatus and processes employed for bleaching woolen and silicon fabrics by means of sulphur. When the fibers or fabrics to be dyed have been impregnated with chromic acid, they are to be exposed in a damp state to the action of sulphurous acid, either in gaseous form or in solution. The sulphurous acid instantly effects the reduction of the chromic acid, and the fibers pass from a brownish yellow color to either a grayish green or a decided green, according to vShether the chromate has been employed alone or with the addition of arsenious or arsenic acid. The fabide or material now only requires to be ivashed, and the color is fixed. The tint obtained by means of the red chromate is upon wool a gray green, and a sea green upon silk, but much less intense. By adding to the chromate arsenical preparations, a great variety of shades of green may be produced. As the. chromic acid acts as a mordant as energetically as alumina and oxide of iron, yarns or fabrics upon which the chromic acid has been previously fixed may be dyed in baths of madder, cochineal, and other matters, and by this means several fancy shades may be produced; but, in the same manner as when mordants of alumina and iron are employed together in order to produce complex shades, so the chromic oxide, mixed with the preceding mordants, serves to produce still more varying tints, which cannot easily be imitated by other processes. The coloring or astringent matter may, when they allow of it, be deposited and fixed at the same time as the chromate, and the sulphurous acid be allowed to act afterwards. In conclusion, J desire it to be understood that I claim the application to the dyeing and printing of fibers, yarns, threads, silken and woolen fabrics, and oilier animal fibers or tissues (sueh as hair, feathers, or skins) of the color produced by the fixing thereon of the green oxide of chrome (the sesqui-oxide of chrome of the Fi’ench chemists and the chromic oxide of Berzelius). This oxide I either apply and fix alone, or in order to produce various tints I combine it (either at the time of applying it to the material or afterwards) either with certain acids, such as phosphoric, phosphorous, arsenic, or arsenious acid, or with certain oxides, such as those of iron, lead, copper, or other metal, or with coloring matters which require — 819 — the assistance of an oxide in order to combine with the fiber, and which find in the chromic oxide a mordant, and, lastly, with that no loss numerous class of. astringent matters by means of which so many fast colors are produced. I do not, therefore, intend to confino myself to the process above described; bid what I consider to be new, and desire to claim as of my invention in the above-described process, is dyeing and printing animal fibers, such as wool, sills, hair, feathers, or skins, by means of chromic acid or its combinations, which, may be reduced and converted into a chromic oxide, and fixed, by any convenient chemical meams, as above described.” Schultz, in his patent !No. 291,785, says: “Bo it known that T, Augustus Schultz, a citizen of the United States, * have invented now and useful improvements in tawing hides and slsins, of which the following is a specification: This invention relates to a new process for treating hides or skins, said process consisting in subjecting said h ides or skins to ihe action of a bath prepared f rom a metallic salt, such as bichromate of potash, and of then treating the same with a bath containing sulphurous acid. In carrying out my process, I unhair the raw hides and prepare them in the same manner in whieh they are made ready for tanning. If the hides have not been pickled, I subject them to the action of a bath of bichromate of potash in an acid, such as hydrochloric acid, or, if the hides have been pickled, they may be treated in a solution of' bichromate of potash in water without the addition of an acid. In this solution the hides are left for a longer or shorter time, according to their thickness and to the strength of the solution employed. A slaver or the face of a sheepskin can be done in a strong solution, as above described, in about fifteen minutes, while a full skin “roan,” would require in (he same solution about one hour. I call the solution weak if it contains five per cent, or less of the weight of the skins of bichromate of potash, and I call the solution strong if it contains mox-e than five per cent, of bichromate of potash. The skins are done if small pieces cub from the thickest part thereof show that the solutions have entirely penetrated. The skins are then ready to be taken out of the solution, and, after the adhering liquor has run off, the skins are introduced into the second bath, which consists, by preference, of sulphite of soda dissolved in water, to whieh an acid — such as hydrochloric acid — should be added, in order to set free the sulphurous acid. The hydrochloric acid or its substitute may be added to the bath in a free state or through the medium of skins previously pickled, such skins being impregnated with the proper acid. The solution may be strong or weak of sulphite, and the quantity of acid used at first may be less Ilian requisite to exhaust the bath of the sulphite, and more acid may be added if the skins show that more is required, whieh is indicated by the color of the skins. When the skins are done, they show a whitish, blueish, or greenish color, according to ihe time they are kept in the sulphite bath. A skiver whieh first has been exposed to Ihe action of the bichromate bath for fifteen minutes will be ready by remaining in the sulphite bath about twenty minutes. For thicker skins a proportionately longer time is required. For some skins — such as calf or steers’ skins — -it is desirable that the sume, after having been withdrawn from the second or sulphite bath, shall be returned to the bichromate bath, which imparts to them a brownish color, and leaves them in a favorable condition to be eoloi-ed black. The leather coming from the sulphite bath is especially adapted for light and also for dark colors, and by proper dyeing methods heller and, brighter colors can be produced than on leather done by tannin. After the leather is done in the manner above described, it may be colored, soaped, and greased in the usual way. Leather can also be made by reversing the operation and first soaking the hid os in a sulphite bath, and then exposing them to the action of the bichromate bath. By using the baths described at a heat of about 80° Fahrenheit, the process will bo done in a shorter time than if the baths are used cold. Tawed leather made by my process is very strong, soft, and. elastic, aud my process is applicable to hides or skins of every description. Instead of using sulphite of soda, I can use other sulphites or bisulphites in presence of an acid or an aqueous solution of sulphurous acid. What I claim as uew, and desire to secure by letters patent, is the within-described process for tawing hides and skins, said process eonsisthuj in subjecting the hides or skins to the. ad ion of a bath prepared from a metallic salt, such as bichromate — 820 — of potash, and then to the action of a bath capable of evolving sulphurous acid, such as a solution of sulphite of soda, in presence of another acid, such as hydrochloric acid, substantially as described.” We have italicized some parts of the above quotations from the patents in order to draw special attention to them. The same chemicals are used in the Francillon dyeing process as in the Schultz tanning process, but the mode of treatment is not identical. The description in the Francillon patent is such as a dyer would find necessary to follow to successfully dye wool, silk, or the surface of a skin. The description in the Schultz patent is such as a tanner would find necessary to follow to successfully tan a skin. The literal following of the Francillon specification will not, in our opinion, tan a skin except by accident. It does not clearly or accurately describe or disclose a tanning process. The Francillon patent says nothing about two baths. As to the first operation it says: “A cold saturated solution of bichromate of potash is laid evenly upon the whole fabric or upon any part which it is desired to have colored, dyed, or stained;” or, in the language of the French patent, the bichromate is to be deposited “uniformly or locally on the textile fiber.” To a skin dyer this would probably mean that the solution was to be applied to the surface with a brush, which -was one customary mode in dyeing skins. By the Schultz process, the hides are first prepared for tanning, and then they are subjected to the action of a solution of bichromate of potash. In this solution the hides are left for a shorter or longer time, according to their thickness and to the strength of the solution employed. As to the second operation, Francillon says: “The sulphurous acid instantly effects the reduction of the chromic acid;” or, as the French patent says, “The latter reduces instantly the chromic acid.” This exposure to the action of sulphurous acid and the instantaneous reduction of the chromic acid is a sufficient description to the skilled dyer to enable him to dye wool, silk, or the surface of a skin, because the reduction of the chromic acid and the change of color are instantaneous; but to effect the reduction throughout the skin, which is necessary in tanning, it is required to remain in the second bath from 20 minutes to several hours. Schultz says as to the second operation: “A skiver which first has been exposed to the action of the bichromate bath for fifteen minutes will be ready by remaining in the sulphite bath about twenty minutes. For thicker skins a proportionately longer tiihe is required.” A comparison of the Francillon and Schultz specifications demonstrates, we think, that the processes described are not identical, just as the results to be accomplished are'different. To dye silk, wool, or the surface of a skin, it is only necessary to follow the instructions of Francillon, and to expose the material, after the first operation, for a few moments to the action of sulphurous acid to obtain what is sought,' — green color; but this is not the tanning process described and carried out by Schultz, and which the defendant uses with an immaterial modification. With the Schultz process before him, it may be possible for a skilled expert to tan a skin by following what he believes to be a liberal construction of the Francillon specification. But that is not the question. Francillon is not be interpreted — 821 — in the light of and with the knowledge of the Schultz process. The question is, assuming the Schultz process did not exist, does Francillon disclose a tanning process, and by following literally, his instructions have you solved the problem of a practical and commercial method of chrome tanning? We think this question must he answered in the negative. The fact that the Francillon process was publicly known for more than 30 years before Schultz, and during a time when inventors and scientists were vainly endeavoring to discover a successful method of chrome tanning, raises a strong presumption on its face that Francillon did not fully disclose a practical tanning method. The discovery of a dyeing process for the production of color, by the fixation of chromic oxide upon wool, silk, skins, and other animal fibers, is quite a different thing from the discovery of a tanning process for the production of another substance called “leather.” Indeed, if the Francillon patent for chrome dyeing disclosed a method by which chrome tanning might be effected, we think, in view of the history of the two arts contained in this record, and of the fact that they are radically distinct, it would have been invention of a high order to have discovered that an old dyeing process would produce merchsuilable chrome-tanned leather. And when we add to this what we ha re found to be the fact, that the Francillon patents do not contain a Ml, clear, and exact description of the Schultz process, the conclusion follows that the Schultz patents are not anticipated by Francillon. The main arguments relied upon in the defendant seem to be: First. Francillon’» patent was for a process for the fixation of chromic oxide upon animal fibers including, specifically, skins, and it therefore includes both chrome dye:jig and chrome tanning. The answer to this is that repeatedly in both h a French and English patents Francillon limits his invention, and - m h J?wus as new the dyeing, or the dyeing and printing, of aniur dlArs. Second. This is a case of double use, because Schultz sinn ,. \ , ¡plied the old and well-known Francillon dyeing process to tarn ,,.. The answer to this is that, in our opinion, this is not a case oí do <hie use, because the art of dyeing and the art of tanning are not analogous, since the results or products produced are different,, wci because the Francillon patent for dyeing animal fibers does not..... i a in a full and clear description of the Schultz method for chrome o•oming. It is true that the fixation of chromic oxide upon a skin ’¡-.hi unit as well as dye. It is also true that a skin dyed by the Franeiilon process may be tanned on its surface, which does not make it leather, or accidentally tanned through and through, which would make it: leather. But this result is not a sufficient reason for holding I'hfii Francillon anticipates Schultz. An accidental result not contemplated by a former inventor cannot anticipate a later patent. In Tilghman v. Proctor, 102 U. S. 707, 711, 712, Mr. Justice Bradley, speaking for the court, said: TP* not regard the accidental formation of fat acid in Perkins’ steam e: 2i’d-0 * * as of any consequence in this inquiry. What the process wa.-e *vhich it was generated or formed was never fully understood. Those >'-ng:?g-o<l in the art of making- candles, or in any other art in which fat acids are / desirable, certainly never derived the least hint from this accidental plusioinenon in regard to any practical process for manufacturing such acids. Ihc accidental effects produced in Danieh’s water barometer and in Wal — 822 — tiler’s process for purifying fats and oils preparatory to soap making are of the same character. They revealed no process for the manufacture of fat acids. If the acids were accidentally and unwittingly produced, whilst the operators were in pursuit of other and different results, without exciting attention and without its even being known what was done or how it had been done, it would be absurd to say that this was an anticipation of Tilg'hman’s discovery.” In Clough v. Manufacturing Co., 106 U. S. 166, 175, 176, 1 Sup. Ct. 198, the Clough patent was held valid, notwithstanding the prior Barker burner. The court said: “The testimony * * * amounts really to this only: that if that burner is used now in a way it which it was never designed to be used, and it is not shown to have ever been used before Clough’s invention, it may be made to furnish a supplementary.supply of gas. * * * Any further raising of the tube was accidental, and not a part of the law of the structure. * * The structure was not designed for the same purpose as Clough’s, no person looking at it or using it would understand that it was to be used in the way Clough’s is used, and it is not shown to have been really used and operated in that way.” In Pittsburgh Reduction Co. v. Cowles Electric Smelting Aluminum Co., 55 Fed. 301, 307, the court said: “Suppose it to be a fact that in De Ville’s process alumina was dissolved in the bath from the anode, and that thereupon it was electrolyzed as in the Hall process, it was a mere accident of which De Ville made no note, and which therefore, we may reasonably infer, he did not observe. Accidents of this character cannot be relied on as anticipations of a patented process, when the operator does not recognize the means by which the accidental result is accomplished, and does not thereafter consciously and purposely adopt such means as a process for reaching the result.” Upon careful consideration, we are of opinion that the Francillon patents do not anticipate the Schultz patents, and that the decision of the circuit court of appeals for the Third circuit in the Zahn Case was correct, and should be followed by this court. Decree for complainant. \